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Kabir AH, Bennetzen JL. Molecular insights into the mutualism that induces iron deficiency tolerance in sorghum inoculated with Trichoderma harzianum. Microbiol Res 2024; 281:127630. [PMID: 38295681 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) deficiency is a common mineral stress in plants, including sorghum. Although the soil fungus Trichoderma harzianum has been shown to mitigate Fe deficiency in some circumstances, neither the range nor mechanism(s) of this process are well understood. In this study, high pH-induced Fe deficiency in sorghum cultivated in pots with natural field soil exhibited a significant decrease in biomass, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and Fe-uptake in both the root and shoot. However, the establishment of T. harzianum colonization in roots of Fe-deprived sorghum showed significant improvements in morpho-physiological traits, Fe levels, and redox status. Molecular detection of the fungal ThAOX1 (L-aminoacid oxidase) gene showed the highest colonization of T. harzianum in the root tips of Fe-deficient sorghum, a location thus targeted for further analysis. Expression studies by RNA-seq and qPCR in sorghum root tips revealed a significant upregulation of several genes associated with Fe uptake (SbTOM2), auxin synthesis (SbSAURX15), nicotianamine synthase 3 (SbNAS3), and a phytosiderophore transporter (SbYS1). Also induced was the siderophore synthesis gene (ThSIT1) in T. harzianum, a result supported by biochemical evidence for elevated siderophore and IAA (indole acetic acid) levels in roots. Given the high affinity of fungal siderophore to chelate insoluble Fe3+ ions, it is likely that elevated siderophore released by T. harzianum led to Fe(III)-siderophore complexes in the rhizosphere that were then transported into roots by the induced SbYS1 (yellow-stripe 1) transporter. In addition, the observed induction of several plant peroxidase genes and ABA (abscisic acid) under Fe deficiency after inoculation with T. harzianum may have helped induce tolerance to Fe-deficiency-induced oxidative stress and adaptive responses. This is the first mechanistic explanation for T. harzianum's role in helping alleviate Fe deficiency in sorghum and suggests that biofertilizers using T. harzianum will improve Fe availability to crops in high pH environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad H Kabir
- School of Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe, LA 71209, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Hu B, Hu S, Vymazal J, Chen Z. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in constructed wetlands with different substrates: Effects on the phytoremediation of ibuprofen and diclofenac. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 296:113217. [PMID: 34246029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) for the removal of ibuprofen (IBU) and diclofenac (DCF) in constructed wetlands (CWs) with four different substrates. Results showed that AMF colonization in adsorptive substrate (perlite, vermiculite, and biochar) systems was higher than that in sand systems. AMF enhanced the tolerance of Glyceria maxima to the stress of IBU and DCF by promoting the activities of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) and the contents of soluble protein, while decreasing the contents of malondialdehyde and O2•-. The removal efficiencies of IBU and DCF were increased by 15%-18% and 25%-38% in adsorptive substrate systems compare to sand systems. Adsorptive substrates enhanced the accumulation of IBU and DCF in the rhizosphere and promoted the uptake of IBU and DCF by plant roots. AMF promoted the removal of IBU and DCF in sand systems but limited their reduction in adsorptive substrate systems. In all scenarios, the presence of AMF decreased the contents of CECs metabolites (2-OH IBU, CA IBU, and 4'-OH IBU) in the effluents and promoted the uptake of IBU by plant roots. Therefore, these results indicated that the addition of adsorptive substrates could enhance the removal of IBU and DCF in CWs. The role of AMF on the removal of IBU and DCF was influenced by CW substrate. These may provide useful information for the application of AMF in CWs to remove contaminants of emerging concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha-Suchdol, 16500, Czech Republic
| | - Shanshan Hu
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha-Suchdol, 16500, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vymazal
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha-Suchdol, 16500, Czech Republic
| | - Zhongbing Chen
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha-Suchdol, 16500, Czech Republic.
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Hu B, Hu S, Chen Z, Vymazal J. Employ of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for pharmaceuticals ibuprofen and diclofenac removal in mesocosm-scale constructed wetlands. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124524. [PMID: 33243641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization on the growth of wetland plants (Glyceria maxima), and treatment performance in constructed wetlands (CWs) under the stress of pharmaceuticals ibuprofen (IBU) and diclofenac (DCF). Results showed that the growth of G. maxima was significantly increased by AMF colonization. AMF significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) and soluble protein content in wetland plants, but the contents of malondialdehyde and O2•- were reduced. The removal efficiencies of TOC, PO43--P, NH4+-N, and TN were increased in AMF+ treatments by 6%, 11%, 15% and 11%, respectively. AMF increased the removal efficiencies of IBU and DCF by 6-14% and 2-21%, respectively, and reduced the content of their metabolites (2-OH IBU, CA IBU and 4'-OH DCF) in the effluent. Besides, the presence of AMF increased the contents of IBU and DCF in plant roots, while decreased their transportation to shoots. AMF symbiosis decreased the contents of IBU metabolites (2-OH IBU and CA IBU) but increased the contents of DCF metabolite (4'-OH DCF) in the roots of the host plant. In conclusion, these results indicated that AMF plays a promising role in CWs for emerging pollutants removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16521 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Shanshan Hu
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16521 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zhongbing Chen
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16521 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Vymazal
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16521 Prague, Czech Republic
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He M, Tian Z, Liu Q, Guo Y. Trichoderma asperellum promotes cadmium accumulation within maize seedlings. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2021.1997155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mengting He
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Zengyuan Tian
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Yuqi Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
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Peña R, Robbins C, Corella JC, Thuita M, Masso C, Vanlauwe B, Signarbieux C, Rodriguez A, Sanders IR. Genetically Different Isolates of the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Rhizophagus irregularis Induce Differential Responses to Stress in Cassava. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:596929. [PMID: 33424891 PMCID: PMC7793890 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.596929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Water scarcity negatively impacts global crop yields and climate change is expected to greatly increase the severity of future droughts. The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can potentially mitigate the effects of water stress in plants. Cassava is a crop that feeds approximately 800 million people daily. Genetically different isolates of the AMF R. irregularis as well as their clonal progeny have both been shown to greatly alter cassava growth in field conditions. Given that cassava experiences seasonal drought in many of the regions in which it is cultivated, we evaluated whether intraspecific variation in R. irregularis differentially alters physiological responses of cassava to water stress. In a first experiment, conducted in field conditions in Western Kenya, cassava was inoculated with two genetically different R. irregularis isolates and their clonal progeny. All cassava plants exhibited physiological signs of stress during the dry period, but the largest differences occurred among plants inoculated with clonal progeny of each of the two parental fungal isolates. Because drought had not been experimentally manipulated in the field, we conducted a second experiment in the greenhouse where cassava was inoculated with two genetically different R. irregularis isolates and subjected to drought, followed by re-watering, to allow recovery. Physiological stress responses of cassava to drought differed significantly between plants inoculated with the two different fungi. However, plants that experienced higher drought stress also recovered at a faster rate following re-watering. We conclude that intraspecific genetic variability in AMF significantly influences cassava physiological responses during water stress. This highlights the potential of using naturally existing variation in AMF to improve cassava tolerance undergoing water stress. However, the fact that clonal progeny of an AMF isolate can differentially affect how cassava copes with natural drought stress in field conditions, highlights the necessity to understand additional factors, beyond genetic variation, which can account for such large differences in cassava responses to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Peña
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chanz Robbins
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joaquim Cruz Corella
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Moses Thuita
- International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cargele Masso
- International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Bernard Vanlauwe
- International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Constant Signarbieux
- Laboratory of Ecological Systems (ECOS), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alia Rodriguez
- Department of Biology, National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ian R. Sanders
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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García-Sánchez M, Cajthaml T, Filipová A, Tlustoš P, Száková J, García-Romera I. Implications of mycoremediated dry olive residue application and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on the microbial community composition and functionality in a metal-polluted soil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 247:756-765. [PMID: 31284228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Metal-polluted soils represent hostile environments affecting the composition and functions of soil microbial communities. This study evaluated the implication of combining the mycoremediated dry olive residue (MDOR) amendment application with the inoculation of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Funneliformis mosseae in restoring the quality, composition, and functionality of soil microbial communities. To achieve this aim, a mesocosms experiment was set up that included three variations: i) with and without application of Penicillium chrysogenum-10-transformed MDOR (MDOR_Pc), and Chondrosterum purpureum-transformed MDOR (MDOR_Cp) amendments; ii) with and without F. mosseae inoculation; and iii) 30-day and 60-day soil treatment time. As a result of this combined treatment, changes in the soil labile organic C and N fractions were observed throughout the experiment. Increases in the abundance of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) for bacteria, actinobacteria, and Gram- and Gram+ bacteria were also recorded at the end of the experiment. The addition of MDOR amendments boosted fungal and AM fungi communities. AM fungi root and soil colonization was also enhanced as the result of improvement nutrient turnover and spatial conditions caused by adding MDOR in combination with an inoculation of F. mosseae. The composition and functionality of microbial communities seemed to be an important ecological attribute indicating an apparently fully functional restoration of this metal-polluted soil and therefore suggesting the suitability of the combined MDOR and AM fungus treatment as a reclamation practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes García-Sánchez
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition. Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Kamýcká CZ-129 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR Eco & Sols, 2 place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 2, France.
| | - Tomáš Cajthaml
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Videnská 1083, CZ-142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University. Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Filipová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Videnská 1083, CZ-142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University. Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Tlustoš
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition. Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Kamýcká CZ-129 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jirina Száková
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition. Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Kamýcká CZ-129 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Inmaculada García-Romera
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems. Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científica (EEZ-CSIC), C/ Profesor Albareda 1, C.P. 18001, Granada, Spain
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7
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Johnson JM, Ludwig A, Furch ACU, Mithöfer A, Scholz S, Reichelt M, Oelmüller R. The Beneficial Root-Colonizing Fungus Mortierella hyalina Promotes the Aerial Growth of Arabidopsis and Activates Calcium-Dependent Responses That Restrict Alternaria brassicae-Induced Disease Development in Roots. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:351-363. [PMID: 30252617 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-18-0115-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The endophytic fungus Mortierella hyalina colonizes the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana and stimulates growth and biomass production of the aerial parts but not of roots. An exudate fraction from the fungus induces rapid and transient cytoplasmic Ca2+elevation in the roots. The Ca2+ response does not require the well-characterized (co)receptors BAK1, CERK1, and FLS2 for pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and the Ca2+ channels GLR-2.4, GLR-2.5, and GLR-3.3 or the vacuolar TWO PORE CHANNEL1, which might be involved in cytoplasmic Ca2+ elevation. We isolated an ethyl-methane-sulfonate-induced Arabidopsis mutant that is impaired in this Ca2+ response. The roots of the mutant are impaired in M. hyalina-mediated suppression of immune responses after Alternaria brassicae infection, i.e., jasmonate accumulation, generation of reactive oxygen species, as well as the activation of jasmonate-related defense genes. Furthermore, they are more colonized by M. hyalina than wild-type roots. We propose that the mutant gene product is involved in a Ca2+-dependent signaling pathway activated by M. hyalina to suppress immune responses in Arabidopsis roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Michal Johnson
- 1 Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Bioinformatics, Genetics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Anatoli Ludwig
- 1 Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Bioinformatics, Genetics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexandra C U Furch
- 1 Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Bioinformatics, Genetics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- 2 Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- 3 Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
| | - Sandra Scholz
- 1 Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Bioinformatics, Genetics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- 4 Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- 1 Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Bioinformatics, Genetics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
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8
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Ebrahim MK, Saleem AR. Alleviating salt stress in tomato inoculated with mycorrhizae: Photosynthetic performance and enzymatic antioxidants. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtusci.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen K.H. Ebrahim
- Biology Department, Faculty of ScienceTaibah University, 344 Almadinah Almunawarah, Saudi Arabia
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science Tanta University, 31527 Tanta, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Rahman Saleem
- Biology Department, Faculty of ScienceTaibah University, 344 Almadinah Almunawarah, Saudi Arabia
- Botany Department, Faculty of ScienceSouth Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
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Reina R, García-Sánchez M, Liers C, García-Romera I, Aranda E. An Overview of Fungal Applications in the Valorization of Lignocellulosic Agricultural By-Products: The Case of Two-Phase Olive Mill Wastes. Fungal Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-77386-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Sevastos A, Labrou NE, Flouri F, Malandrakis A. Glutathione transferase-mediated benzimidazole-resistance in Fusarium graminearum. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 141:23-28. [PMID: 28911737 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum laboratory mutants moderately (MR) and highly (HR) benzimidazole-resistant, carrying or not target-site mutations at the β2-tubulin gene were utilized in an attempt to elucidate the biochemical mechanism(s) underlying the unique BZM-resistance paradigm of this fungal plant pathogen. Relative expression analysis in the presence or absence of carbendazim (methyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate) using a quantitative Real Time qPCR (RT-qPCR) revealed differences between resistant and the wild-type parental strain although no differences in expression levels of either β1- or β2-tubulin homologue genes were able to fully account for two of the highly resistant phenotypes. Glutathione transferase (GST)-mediated detoxification was shown to be -at least partly- responsible for the elevated resistance levels of a HR isolate bearing the β2-tubulin Phe200Tyr resistance mutation compared with another MR isolate carrying the same mutation. This benzimidazole-resistance mechanism is reported for the first time in F. graminearum. No indications of detoxification involved in benzimidazole resistance were found for the rest of the isolates as revealed by GST and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and bioassays using monoxygenase and hydrolase detoxification enzyme inhibiting synergists. Interestingly, besides the Phe200Tyr mutation-carrying HR isolate, the remaining highly-carbendazim resistant phenotypes could not be associated with any of the target site modification/overproduction, detoxification or reduced uptake-increased efflux mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sevastos
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Votanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece
| | - N E Labrou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855-Athens, Greece
| | - F Flouri
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Votanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece
| | - A Malandrakis
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Votanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece.
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Montes N, Reina R, Ortiz T, Ocampo JA, García-Romera I, Aranda E. Interactions between phenolic compounds present in dry olive residues and the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Mycol Prog 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-017-1293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Chialva M, Zouari I, Salvioli A, Novero M, Vrebalov J, Giovannoni JJ, Bonfante P. Gr and hp-1 tomato mutants unveil unprecedented interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and fruit ripening. PLANTA 2016; 244:155-165. [PMID: 27002971 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2491-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Systemic responses to an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus reveal opposite phenological patterns in two tomato ripening mutants depending whether ethylene or light reception is involved. The availability of tomato ripening mutants has revealed many aspects of the genetics behind fleshy fruit ripening, plant hormones and light signal reception. Since previous analyses revealed that arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis influences tomato berry ripening, we wanted to test the hypothesis that an interplay might occur between root symbiosis and fruit ripening. With this aim, we screened seven tomato mutants affected in the ripening process for their responsiveness to the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae. Following their phenological responses we selected two mutants for a deeper analysis: Green ripe (Gr), deficient in fruit ethylene perception and high-pigment-1 (hp-1), displaying enhanced light signal perception throughout the plant. We investigated the putative interactions between ripening processes, mycorrhizal establishment and systemic effects using biochemical and gene expression tools. Our experiments showed that both mutants, notwithstanding a normal mycorrhizal phenotype at root level, exhibit altered arbuscule functionality. Furthermore, in contrast to wild type, mycorrhization did not lead to a higher phosphate concentration in berries of both mutants. These results suggest that the mutations considered interfere with arbuscular mycorrhiza inducing systemic changes in plant phenology and fruits metabolism. We hypothesize a cross talk mechanism between AM and ripening processes that involves genes related to ethylene and light signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Chialva
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Inès Zouari
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Salvioli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Mara Novero
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Julia Vrebalov
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - James J Giovannoni
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- US Department of Agriculture Robert W. Holley Centre for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Turin, Italy.
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Krishnamoorthy R, Kim CG, Subramanian P, Kim KY, Selvakumar G, Sa TM. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community structure, abundance and species richness changes in soil by different levels of heavy metal and metalloid concentration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128784. [PMID: 26035444 PMCID: PMC4452772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) play major roles in ecosystem functioning such as carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, and plant growth promotion. It is important to know how this ecologically important soil microbial player is affected by soil abiotic factors particularly heavy metal and metalloid (HMM). The objective of this study was to understand the impact of soil HMM concentration on AMF abundance and community structure in the contaminated sites of South Korea. Soil samples were collected from the vicinity of an abandoned smelter and the samples were subjected to three complementary methods such as spore morphology, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) for diversity analysis. Spore density was found to be significantly higher in highly contaminated soil compared to less contaminated soil. Spore morphological study revealed that Glomeraceae family was more abundant followed by Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae in the vicinity of the smelter. T-RFLP and DGGE analysis confirmed the dominance of Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizophagus intraradices in all the study sites. Claroideoglomus claroideum, Funneliformis caledonium, Rhizophagus clarus and Funneliformis constrictum were found to be sensitive to high concentration of soil HMM. Richness and diversity of Glomeraceae family increased with significant increase in soil arsenic, cadmium and zinc concentrations. Our results revealed that the soil HMM has a vital impact on AMF community structure, especially with Glomeraceae family abundance, richness and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Gi Kim
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Parthiban Subramanian
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Yoon Kim
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Gopal Selvakumar
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Tong-Min Sa
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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