1
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Carvalho P, Gomes C, Saibo NJ. C4 Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase: Evolution and transcriptional regulation. Genet Mol Biol 2024; 46:e20230190. [PMID: 38517370 PMCID: PMC10958771 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2023-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) catalyses the irreversible carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), producing oxaloacetate (OAA). This enzyme catalyses the first step of carbon fixation in C4 photosynthesis, contributing to the high photosynthetic efficiency of C4 plants. PEPC is also involved in replenishing tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, such as OAA, being involved in the C/N balance. In plants, PEPCs are classified in two types: bacterial type (BTPC) and plant-type (PTPC), which includes photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic PEPCs. During C4 evolution, photosynthetic PEPCs evolved independently. C4 PEPCs evolved to be highly expressed and active in a spatial-specific manner. Their gene expression pattern is also regulated by developmental cues, light, circadian clock as well as adverse environmental conditions. However, the gene regulatory networks controlling C4 PEPC gene expression, namely its cell-specificity, are largely unknown. Therefore, after an introduction to the evolution of PEPCs, this review aims to discuss the current knowledge regarding the transcriptional regulation of C4 PEPCs, focusing on cell-specific and developmental expression dynamics, light and circadian regulation, as well as response to abiotic stress. In conclusion, this review aims to highlight the evolution, transcriptional regulation by different signals and importance of PEPC in C4 photosynthesis and its potential as tool for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Carvalho
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Célia Gomes
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Nelson J.M. Saibo
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Oeiras, Portugal
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2
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Marín-Peña AJ, Vega-Mas I, Busturia I, de la Osa C, González-Moro MB, Monreal JA, Marino D. Root phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity is essential for Sorghum bicolor tolerance to ammonium nutrition. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108312. [PMID: 38154297 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC; EC 4.1.1.31) is an enzyme family with pivotal roles in plant carbon and nitrogen metabolism. A main role for non-photosynthetic PEPC is as anaplerotic enzyme to load tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle with carbon skeletons that compensate the intermediates diverted for biomolecule synthesis such as amino acids. When plants are grown under ammonium (NH4+) nutrition, the excessive uptake of NH4+ often provokes a stress situation. When plants face NH4+ stress, N assimilation is greatly induced and thus, requires the supply of carbon skeletons coming from TCA cycle. In this work, we addressed the importance of root PEPC and TCA cycle for sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), a C4 cereal crop, grown under ammonium nutrition. To do so, we used RNAi sorghum lines that display a decrease expression of SbPPC3 (Ppc3 lines), the main root PEPC isoform, and reduced root PEPC activity. SbPPC3 silencing provoked ammonium hypersensitivity, meaning lower biomass accumulation in Ppc3 respect to WT plants when growing under ammonium nutrition. The silenced plants presented a deregulation of primary metabolism as highlighted by the accumulation of NH4+ in the root and the alteration of normal TCA functioning, which was evidenced by the accumulation of organic acids in the root under ammonium nutrition. Altogether, our work evidences the importance of non-photosynthetic PEPC, and root TCA cycle, in sorghum to deal with high external NH4+ availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Marín-Peña
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - I Vega-Mas
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - I Busturia
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - C de la Osa
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - M B González-Moro
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - J A Monreal
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - D Marino
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain.
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Wang P, Cao H, Quan S, Wang Y, Li M, Wei P, Zhang M, Wang H, Ma H, Li X, Yang ZB. Nitrate improves aluminium resistance through SLAH-mediated citrate exudation from roots. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3518-3541. [PMID: 37574955 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Aluminium (Al) toxicity is one of the major constraint for crop production in acidic soil, and the inappropriate utilization of nitrogen fertilizer can accelerate soil acidification. Despite previous studies investigating the regulation of nitrogen forms in Al toxicity of plants, the underlying mechanism, particularly at the molecular level, remains unclear. This study aims to uncover the potentially regulatory mechanism of nitrate (NO3 - ) in the Al resistance of maize and Arabidopsis. NO3 - conservatively improves Al resistance in maize and Arabidopsis, with nitrate-elevated citrate synthesis and exudation potentially playing critical roles in excluding Al from the root symplast. ZmSLAH2 in maize and AtSLAH1 in Arabidopsis are essential for the regulation of citrate exudation and NO3 - -promoted Al resistance, with ZmMYB81 directly targeting the ZmSLAH2 promoter to activate its activity. Additionally, NO3 - transport is necessary for NO3 - -promoted Al resistance, with ZmNRT1.1A and AtNRT1.1 potentially playing vital roles. The suppression of NO3 - transport in roots by ammonium (NH4 + ) may inhibit NO3 - -promoted Al resistance. This study provides novel insights into the understanding of the crucial role of NO3 - -mediated signalling in the Al resistance of plants and offers guidance for nitrogen fertilization on acid soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Hongrui Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Shuxuan Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Mu Li
- Maize Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, China
| | - Ping Wei
- Linyi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Linyi, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhong-Bao Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
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Pérez-López J, Feria AB, Gandullo J, de la Osa C, Jiménez-Guerrero I, Echevarría C, Monreal JA, García-Mauriño S. Silencing of Sb PPCK1-3 Negatively Affects Development, Stress Responses and Productivity in Sorghum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2426. [PMID: 37446987 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) plays central roles in photosynthesis, respiration, amino acid synthesis, and seed development. PEPC is regulated by different post-translational modifications. Between them, the phosphorylation by PEPC-kinase (PEPCk) is widely documented. In this work, we simultaneously silenced the three sorghum genes encoding PEPCk (SbPPCK1-3) by RNAi interference, obtaining 12 independent transgenic lines (Ppck1-12 lines), showing different degrees of SbPPCK1-3 silencing. Among them, two T2 homozygous lines (Ppck-2 and Ppck-4) were selected for further evaluation. Expression of SbPPCK1 was reduced by 65% and 83% in Ppck-2 and Ppck-4 illuminated leaves, respectively. Expression of SbPPCK2 was higher in roots and decreased by 50% in Ppck-2 and Ppck-4 in this tissue. Expression of SbPPCK3 was low and highly variable. Despite the incomplete gene silencing, it decreased the degree of phosphorylation of PEPC in illuminated leaves, P-deficient plants, and NaCl-treated plants. Both leaves and seeds of Ppck lines had altered metabolic profiles and a general decrease in amino acid content. In addition, Ppck lines showed delayed flowering, and 20% of Ppck-4 plants did not produce flowers at all. The total amount of seeds was lowered by 50% and 36% in Ppck-2 and Ppck-4 lines, respectively. The quality of seeds was lower in Ppck lines: lower amino acid content, including Lys, and higher phytate content. These data confirm the relevance of the phosphorylation of PEPC in sorghum development, stress responses, yield, and quality of seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Pérez-López
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes nº 6, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Ana B Feria
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes nº 6, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Jacinto Gandullo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes nº 6, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Clara de la Osa
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes nº 6, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Irene Jiménez-Guerrero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes nº 6, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Cristina Echevarría
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes nº 6, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - José A Monreal
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes nº 6, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Sofía García-Mauriño
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes nº 6, 41012 Seville, Spain
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5
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Chen L, Khan S, Long X, Shao F, Huang J, Yin L. Effects of the ammonium stress on photosynthesis and ammonium assimilation in submerged leaves of Ottelia cordata - an endangered aquatic plant. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 261:106606. [PMID: 37331201 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Although ammonium (NH4+-N) is an important nutrient for plants, increases in soil nitrogen (N) input and atmospheric deposition have made ammonium toxicity a serious ecological problem. In this study, we explored the effects of NH4+-N stress on the ultrastructure, photosynthesis, and NH4+-N assimilation of Ottelia cordata (Wallich) Dandy, an endangered heteroblastic plant native to China. Results showed that 15 and 50 mg L-1 NH4+-N damaged leaf ultrastructure and decreased the values of maximal quantum yield (Fv/Fm), maximal fluorescence (Fm), and relative electron transport rate (rETR) in the submerged leaves of O. cordata. Furthermore, when NH4+-N was ≥ 2 mg L-1, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity (PEPC) and soluble sugar and starch contents decreased significantly. The content of dissolved oxygen in the culture water also decreased significantly. The activity of the NH4+-N assimilation enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS) significantly increased when NH4+-N was ≥ 10 mg L-1 and NADH-glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT) and Fd-glutamate synthase (Fd-GOGAT) increased when NH4+-N was at 50 mg L-1. However, the activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (NADH-GDH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (NADPH-GDH) did not change, indicating that GS/GOGAT cycle may play an important role in NH4+-N assimilation in the submerged leaves of O. cordata. These results show that short-term exposure to a high concentration of NH4+-N is toxic to O. cordata.
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Affiliation(s)
- La Chen
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shahbaz Khan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Tropical Crop Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xipeng Long
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Fuyao Shao
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jiaquan Huang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Tropical Crop Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Liyan Yin
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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6
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Wang P, Lu S, Cao X, Ma Z, Chen B, Mao J. Physiological and transcriptome analyses of the effects of excessive water deficit on malic acid accumulation in apple. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:851-866. [PMID: 36579825 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Acidity is a determinant of the organoleptic quality of apple, whereas its regulatory mechanism under water stress remains obscure. Fruit from apple 'Yanfu 3' of Fuji trees grown under normal water irrigation (CK), excessive water deficit treatment (DRT) and excessive water irrigation treatment (WAT) were sampled at 85, 100, 115, 130, 145, 160 and 175 days after full bloom designated stages S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6 and S7, respectively. DRT treatment reduced the individual fruit weight and fruit moisture content, and increased fruit firmness. The malate content of DRT treatment was higher than that of CK and WAT from stages S1 to S7. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of the transcriptome at stages S4, S6 and S7 indicated that malate anabolism was associated with cysteine and methionine, auxin signaling, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate and pyruvate metabolism. Overexpression of MdPEPC4 increased the malate content in apple calli induced by 4% PEG. Our study provides novel insights into the effects of water stress on the molecular mechanism underlying apple fruit acidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Shixiong Lu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xuejing Cao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zonghuan Ma
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Baihong Chen
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Juan Mao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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7
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Feria AB, Ruíz-Ballesta I, Baena G, Ruíz-López N, Echevarría C, Vidal J. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase isoenzymes play an important role in the filling and quality of Arabidopsis thaliana seed. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 190:70-80. [PMID: 36099810 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Three plant-type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PPC1 to PPC3) and two phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase (PPCKs: PPCK1 and 2) genes are present in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome. In seeds, all PPC genes were found to be expressed. Examination of individual ppc mutants showed little reduction of PEPC protein and global activity, with the notable exception of PPC2 which represent the most abundant PEPC in dry seeds. Ppc mutants exhibited moderately lower seed parameters (weight, area, yield, germination kinetics) than wild type. In contrast, ppck1-had much altered (decreased) yield. At the molecular level, ppc3-was found to be significantly deficient in global seed nitrogen (nitrate, amino-acids, and soluble protein pools). Also, N-deficiency was much more marked in ppck1-, which exhibited a tremendous loss of 95% and 90% in nitrate and proteins, respectively. The line ppck2-had accumulated amino-acids but lower levels of soluble proteins. Regarding carboxylic acid pools, Krebs cycle intermediates were found to be diminished in all mutants; this was accompanied by a consistent decrease in ATP. Lipids were stable in ppc mutants, however ppck1-seeds accumulated more lipids while ppck2-seeds showed high level of polyunsaturated fatty acid oleic and linolenic (omega 3). Altogether, the results indicate that the complete PEPC and PPCK family are needed for normal C/N metabolism ratio, growth, development, yield and quality of the seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Feria
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes Nº 6, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Isabel Ruíz-Ballesta
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes Nº 6, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Guillermo Baena
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes Nº 6, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Noemí Ruíz-López
- Dpto. de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, IHSM La Mayora, UMA-CSIC. Av. Louis Pasteur, 49, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Cristina Echevarría
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes Nº 6, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jean Vidal
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay(IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. d'Evry, Univ. Paris-Diderot, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Batiment 630, Rue Noetzlin, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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8
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Prakash V, Rai P, Sharma NC, Singh VP, Tripathi DK, Sharma S, Sahi S. Application of zinc oxide nanoparticles as fertilizer boosts growth in rice plant and alleviates chromium stress by regulating genes involved in oxidative stress. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:134554. [PMID: 35405200 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chromium toxicity impairs the productivity of rice crops and raises a major concern worldwide and thus, it calls for unconventional and sustainable means of crop production. In this study, we identified the implication of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in promoting plant growth and ameliorating chromium-induced stress in seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa). This investigation demonstrates that the exogenous supplementation of ZnO NPs at 25 μM activates defense mechanisms conferring rice seedlings significant tolerance against stress imposed by the exposure of 100 μM Cr(VI). Further, supplementation of this nanofertilizer reversed the inhibitory effects of Cr(VI) on growth and photosynthetic efficiency. The growth promotion was primarily associated with the function of ZnO NPs in inducing activity of antioxidative enzymes i.e. APX, DHAR, MDHAR and GR belonging to the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in the Cr-exposed seedlings, exceeding the levels in control. The overexpression of these antioxidative genes correlated concomitantly with the decrease of oxidants including SOR and H2O2 and the increase in the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants: AsA and GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ved Prakash
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Padmaja Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Nilesh C Sharma
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, 42101, USA
| | - Vijay Pratap Singh
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, A Constituent PG College of University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Durgesh Kumar Tripathi
- Crop Nanobiology and Molecular Stress Physiology Lab, Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture (AIOA), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India.
| | - Shivesh Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India.
| | - Shivendra Sahi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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9
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de la Osa C, Pérez‐López J, Feria A, Baena G, Marino D, Coleto I, Pérez‐Montaño F, Gandullo J, Echevarría C, García‐Mauriño S, Monreal JA. Knock-down of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase 3 negatively impacts growth, productivity, and responses to salt stress in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:231-249. [PMID: 35488514 PMCID: PMC9539949 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is a carboxylating enzyme with important roles in plant metabolism. Most studies in C4 plants have focused on photosynthetic PEPC, but less is known about non-photosynthetic PEPC isozymes, especially with respect to their physiological functions. In this work, we analyzed the precise roles of the sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) PPC3 isozyme by the use of knock-down lines with the SbPPC3 gene silenced (Ppc3 lines). Ppc3 plants showed reduced stomatal conductance and plant size, a delay in flowering time, and reduced seed production. In addition, silenced plants accumulated stress indicators such as Asn, citrate, malate, and sucrose in roots and showed higher citrate synthase activity, even in control conditions. Salinity further affected stomatal conductance and yield and had a deeper impact on central metabolism in silenced plants compared to wild type, more notably in roots, with Ppc3 plants showing higher nitrate reductase and NADH-glutamate synthase activity in roots and the accumulation of molecules with a higher N/C ratio. Taken together, our results show that although SbPPC3 is predominantly a root protein, its absence causes deep changes in plant physiology and metabolism in roots and leaves, negatively affecting maximal stomatal opening, growth, productivity, and stress responses in sorghum plants. The consequences of SbPPC3 silencing suggest that this protein, and maybe orthologs in other plants, could be an important target to improve plant growth, productivity, and resistance to salt stress and other stresses where non-photosynthetic PEPCs may be implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara de la Osa
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de BiologíaUniversidad de SevillaSevillaSpain
| | - Jesús Pérez‐López
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de BiologíaUniversidad de SevillaSevillaSpain
| | - Ana‐Belén Feria
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de BiologíaUniversidad de SevillaSevillaSpain
| | - Guillermo Baena
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de BiologíaUniversidad de SevillaSevillaSpain
| | - Daniel Marino
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Ciencia y TecnologíaUniversidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU)LeioaSpain
- IkerbasqueBasque Foundation for ScienceBilbaoSpain
| | - Inmaculada Coleto
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Ciencia y TecnologíaUniversidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU)LeioaSpain
| | | | - Jacinto Gandullo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de BiologíaUniversidad de SevillaSevillaSpain
| | - Cristina Echevarría
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de BiologíaUniversidad de SevillaSevillaSpain
| | - Sofía García‐Mauriño
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de BiologíaUniversidad de SevillaSevillaSpain
| | - José A. Monreal
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de BiologíaUniversidad de SevillaSevillaSpain
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10
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Glucose addition promotes C fixation and bacteria diversity in C-poor soils, improves root morphology, and enhances key N metabolism in apple roots. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262691. [PMID: 35045112 PMCID: PMC8773054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between plant, soil and microorganism plays a crucial role in
sustainable development of terrestrial ecosystem function and diversity.
However, little information is known about how plant growth, soil organic carbon
(C) fractions and microorganism respond to exogenous C addition in soils with
low organic C content. Three levels of 13C-glucose (equal to 0, 100%
and 500% of initial microbial biomass C) were added to non-sterilized
(corresponding to treatment abbreviation of CK, Glu-1, Glu-2, respectively) and
sterilized soils (corresponding to treatment abbreviation of SS, SS+Glu-1,
SS+Glu-2, respectively) planted with apple rootstock (Malus
baccata (L.) Borkh.) seedings. The objectives of this study were to
analyse the dynamics of soil organic C (SOC) fractions and soil bacterial
community diversity with glucose levels and soil sterilization, and to explore
the morphology of roots and nitrogen (N) metabolism by plant after glucose
addition to sterilized/non-sterilized soils. Results showed that the contents of
labile organic C fractions were significantly varied
(P<0.05) with the levels of glucose addition and soil
sterilization. SS+Glu-2 and Glu-2 treatments increased the contents of labile
organic C fractions, on average, by 48.47% and 35.33% compared with no glucose
addition, respectively. About 21.42% and 16.17% of glucose-C remained in
sterilized and non-sterilized soils, respectively at the end of experiment (day
45). Regardless of soil sterilized or not, the glucose addition increased the
richness and diversity indices of soil bacterial community compared with
no-glucose addition. The glucose addition optimized root zone conditions, and
enhanced root vitality, morphology and biomass. Both SS+Glu-2 and Glu-2
treatments significantly enhanced (P<0.05) the contents of
nitrate (NO3—N) and nitrite (NO2—N),
but sharply decreased (P<0.05) the ammonium
(NH4+-N) content compared with no glucose addition.
Also, these two treatments significantly (P<0.05) increased
the enzymic activities and gene transcript levels involved in root N metabolism,
which demonstrated that the high level of glucose addition promoted N
assimilation and transformation into free amino acids by root. Overall, the
addition of exogenous C to not only promotes its fixation and bacterial
community diversity in C-poor soils, but also improves root morphology and N
absorption by plant.
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11
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Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Modulate the Concentration of Bioactive Compounds in Tomato Fruits. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8110223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The application of microorganisms as bioestimulants in order to increase the yield and/or quality of agricultural products is becoming a widely used practice in many countries. In this work, five plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), isolated from cultivated rice paddy soils, were selected for their plant growth-promoting capacities (e.g., auxin synthesis, chitinase activity, phosphate solubilisation and siderophores production). Two different tomato cultivars were inoculated, Tres Cantos and cherry. Plants were grown under greenhouse conditions and different phenotypic characteristics were analysed at the time of harvesting. Results: Tres Cantos plants inoculated with PGPR produced less biomass but larger fruits. However, the photosynthetic rate was barely affected. Several antioxidant activities were upregulated in these plants, and no oxidative damage in terms of lipid peroxidation was observed. Finally, ripe fruits accumulated less sugar but, interestingly, more lycopene. By contrast, inoculation of cherry plants with PGPR had no effect on biomass, although photosynthesis was slightly affected, and the productivity was similar to the control plants. In addition, antioxidant activities were downregulated and a higher lipid peroxidation was detected. However, neither sugar nor lycopene accumulation was altered. Conclusion: These results support the use of microorganisms isolated from agricultural soils as interesting tools to manipulate the level of important bioactive molecules in plants. However, this effect seems to be very specific, even at the variety level, and deeper analyses are necessary to assess their use for specific applications.
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12
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Wang H, Tang X, Chen J, Shang S, Zhu M, Liang S, Zang Y. Comparative studies on the response of Zostera marina leaves and roots to ammonium stress and effects on nitrogen metabolism. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 240:105965. [PMID: 34543784 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Coastal eutrophication has resulted in the rapid loss and deterioration of seagrass beds worldwide. The high concentration of ammonium in eutrophic aquatic environments has been invoked as the main cause. In this study, leaves and roots of the seagrass Zostera marina were treated with simulated eutrophic seawater with elevated ammonium concentrations. The tolerance to ammonium stress and mechanism of nitrogen metabolism detoxification in different tissues were investigated. The results showed that high ammonium stress significantly affected the growth of leaves and had a negative effect on photosynthesis. The root activity of Z. marina was not inhibited at ammonium concentrations of ≤100 mg/L, indicating that the roots exhibited tolerance to ammonium stress. Increasing ammonium concentrations led to a higher increase of ammonium and free amino acid (FAA) contents in leaves than in roots. However, nitrogen storage decreased in Z. marina leaves after high ammonium treatments. The enzyme activity and gene expression of glutamine synthetase (GS) in roots were significantly higher than in the leaves even under ammonium stress. Meanwhile, ammonium stress increased the enzyme activities and gene expression of glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in roots, which suggested that the roots had a strong ability to assimilate ammonium under ammonium stress. In contrast, although the GOGAT and GDH activity and gene expression in the leaves were initially increased, they significantly decreased when the ammonium concentration exceeded 100 mg/L. These results indicated that the concentration of 100 mg/L might be a threshold marking a transition from tolerance to toxicity for the leaves. Our study demonstrates that Z. marina leaves could be prone to higher damage than roots because the mechanism of ammonium assimilation in leaves is more susceptible to ammonium toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xuexi Tang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shuai Shang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou, Shandong, PR China
| | - Meiling Zhu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shuo Liang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yu Zang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China.
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13
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Caburatan L, Park J. Differential Expression, Tissue-Specific Distribution, and Posttranslational Controls of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1887. [PMID: 34579420 PMCID: PMC8468890 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is a ubiquitous cytosolic enzyme, which is crucial for plant carbon metabolism. PEPC participates in photosynthesis by catalyzing the initial fixation of atmospheric CO2 and is abundant in both C4 and crassulacean acid metabolism leaves. PEPC is differentially expressed at different stages of plant development, mostly in leaves, but also in developing seeds. PEPC is known to show tissue-specific distribution in leaves and in other plant organs, such as roots, stems, and flowers. Plant PEPC undergoes reversible phosphorylation and monoubiquitination, which are posttranslational modifications playing important roles in regulatory processes and in protein localization. Phosphorylation activates the PEPC enzyme, making it more sensitive to glucose-6-phosphate and less sensitive to malate or aspartate. PEPC phosphorylation is known to be diurnally regulated and delicately changed in response to various environmental stimuli, in addition to light. PEPCs belong to a small gene family encoding several plant-type and distantly related bacterial-type PEPCs. This paper provides a minireview of the general information on PEPCs in both C4 and C3 plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorrenne Caburatan
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea
| | - Joonho Park
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea
- Department of Nano Bio Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea
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14
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Gandullo J, Álvarez R, Feria AB, Monreal JA, Díaz I, Vidal J, Echevarría C. A conserved C-terminal peptide of sorghum phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase promotes its proteolysis, which is prevented by Glc-6P or the phosphorylation state of the enzyme. PLANTA 2021; 254:43. [PMID: 34355288 PMCID: PMC8342391 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03692-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION A synthetic peptide from the C-terminal end of C4-phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase is implicated in the proteolysis of the enzyme, and Glc-6P or phosphorylation of the enzyme modulate this effect. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is a cytosolic, homotetrameric enzyme that performs a variety of functions in plants. Among them, it is primarily responsible for CO2 fixation in the C4 photosynthesis pathway (C4-PEPC). Here we show that proteolysis of C4-PEPC by cathepsin proteases present in a semi-purified PEPC fraction was enhanced by the presence of a synthetic peptide containing the last 19 amino acids from the C-terminal end of the PEPC subunit (pC19). Threonine (Thr)944 and Thr948 in the peptide are important requirements for the pC19 effect. C4-PEPC proteolysis in the presence of pC19 was prevented by the PEPC allosteric effector glucose 6-phosphate (Glc-6P) and by phosphorylation of the enzyme. The role of these elements in the regulation of PEPC proteolysis is discussed in relation to the physiological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinto Gandullo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes nº 6, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Rosario Álvarez
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes nº 6, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana-Belén Feria
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes nº 6, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - José-Antonio Monreal
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes nº 6, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Isabel Díaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Autovía M40 (km 38), Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jean Vidal
- Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, UMR8618, Bâtiment 630, Université de Paris-Sud 11, 91405, Orsay, Cedex, France
| | - Cristina Echevarría
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes nº 6, 41012, Seville, Spain.
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15
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González-Moro MB, González-Moro I, de la Peña M, Estavillo JM, Aparicio-Tejo PM, Marino D, González-Murua C, Vega-Mas I. A Multi-Species Analysis Defines Anaplerotic Enzymes and Amides as Metabolic Markers for Ammonium Nutrition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:632285. [PMID: 33584765 PMCID: PMC7873483 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.632285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate and ammonium are the main nitrogen sources in agricultural soils. In the last decade, ammonium (NH4 +), a double-sided metabolite, has attracted considerable attention by researchers. Its ubiquitous presence in plant metabolism and its metabolic energy economy for being assimilated contrast with its toxicity when present in high amounts in the external medium. Plant species can adopt different strategies to maintain NH4 + homeostasis, as the maximization of its compartmentalization and assimilation in organic compounds, primarily as amino acids and proteins. In the present study, we report an integrative metabolic response to ammonium nutrition of seven plant species, belonging to four different families: Gramineae (ryegrass, wheat, Brachypodium distachyon), Leguminosae (clover), Solanaceae (tomato), and Brassicaceae (oilseed rape, Arabidopsis thaliana). We use principal component analysis (PCA) and correlations among metabolic and biochemical data from 40 experimental conditions to understand the whole-plant response. The nature of main amino acids is analyzed among species, under the hypothesis that those Asn-accumulating species will show a better response to ammonium nutrition. Given the provision of carbon (C) skeletons is crucial for promotion of the nitrogen assimilation, the role of different anaplerotic enzymes is discussed in relation to ammonium nutrition at a whole-plant level. Among these enzymes, isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) shows to be a good candidate to increase nitrogen assimilation in plants. Overall, metabolic adaptation of different carbon anaplerotic activities is linked with the preference to synthesize Asn or Gln in their organs. Lastly, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) reveals as an important enzyme to surpass C limitation during ammonium assimilation in roots, with a disparate collaboration of glutamine synthetase (GS).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Itziar González-Moro
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Marlon de la Peña
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - José María Estavillo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Pedro M. Aparicio-Tejo
- Instituto Multidisciplinar de Biología Aplicada (IMAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Daniel Marino
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Carmen González-Murua
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Izargi Vega-Mas
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
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16
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Baena G, Feria AB, Hernández-Huertas L, Gandullo J, Echevarría C, Monreal JA, García-Mauriño S. Genetic and Pharmacological Inhibition of Autophagy increases the Monoubiquitination of Non-Photosynthetic Phospho enolpyruvate Carboxylase. PLANTS 2020; 10:plants10010012. [PMID: 33374865 PMCID: PMC7823769 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is an enzyme with key roles in carbon and nitrogen metabolisms. The mechanisms that control enzyme stability and turnover are not well known. This paper investigates the degradation of PEPC via selective autophagy, including the role of the monoubiquitination of the enzyme in this process. In Arabidopsis, the genetic inhibition of autophagy increases the amount of monoubiquitinated PEPC in the atg2, atg5, and atg18a lines. The same is observed in nbr1, which is deficient in a protein that recruits monoubiquitinated substrates for selective autophagy. In cultured tobacco cells, the chemical inhibition of the degradation of autophagic substrates increases the quantity of PEPC proteins. When the formation of the autophagosome is blocked with 3-methyladenine (3-MA), monoubiquitinated PEPC accumulates as a result. Finally, pull-down experiments with a truncated version of NBR1 demonstrate the recovery of intact and/or fragmented PEPC in Arabidopsis leaves and roots, as well as cultured tobacco cells. Taken together, the results show that a fraction of PEPC is cleaved via selective autophagy and that the monoubiquitination of the enzyme has a role in its recruitment towards this pathway. Although autophagy seems to be a minor pathway, the results presented here increase the knowledge about the role of monoubiquitination and the regulation of PEPC degradation.
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17
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Tripthi DK, Varma RK, Singh S, Sachan M, Guerriero G, Kushwaha BK, Bhardwaj S, Ramawat N, Sharma S, Singh VP, Prasad SM, Chauhan DK, Dubey NK, Sahi S. Silicon tackles butachlor toxicity in rice seedlings by regulating anatomical characteristics, ascorbate-glutathione cycle, proline metabolism and levels of nutrients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14078. [PMID: 32826929 PMCID: PMC7442639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Reckless use of herbicides like butachlor (Buta) in the fields represents a serious threat to crop plants, and hence to their productivity. Silicon (Si) is well known for its implication in the alleviation of the effects of abiotic stresses; however, its role in mitigating Buta toxicity is not yet known. Therefore, this study was carried out to explore the role of Si (10 µM) in regulating Buta (4 µM) toxicity in rice seedlings. Buta reduced growth and photosynthesis, altered nitric oxide (NO) level and leaf and root anatomy, inhibited enzyme activities of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle (while transcripts of associated enzymes, increased except OsMDHAR), as well as its metabolites (ascorbate and glutathione) and uptake of nutrients (Mg, P, K, S, Ca, Fe, etc. except Na), while addition of Si reversed Buta-induced alterations. Buta stimulated the expression of Si channel and efflux transporter genes- Lsi1 and Lsi2 while the addition of Si further greatly induced their expression under Buta toxicity. Buta increased free proline accumulation by inducing the activity of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and decreasing proline dehydrogenase (PDH) activity, while Si reversed these effects caused by Buta. Our results suggest that Si-governed mitigation of Buta toxicity is linked with favorable modifications in energy flux parameters of photosynthesis and leaf and root anatomy, up-regulation of Si channel and transporter genes, ascorbate-glutathione cycle and nutrient uptake, and lowering in oxidative stress. We additionally demonstrate that NO might have a crucial role in these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durgesh Kumar Tripthi
- Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture (AIOA), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India.,Center of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Rishi Kumar Varma
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, 211004, India
| | - Swati Singh
- D D Pant Interdisciplinary Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 211002, India
| | - Manisha Sachan
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, 211004, India
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Hautcharage, Luxembourg
| | - Bishwajit Kumar Kushwaha
- Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, A Constituent Post Graduate College of University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 211002, India
| | - Shruti Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, 211004, India
| | - Naleeni Ramawat
- Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture (AIOA), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Shivesh Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, 211004, India.
| | - Vijay Pratap Singh
- Department of Botany, C.M.P. Degree College, A Constituent Post Graduate College of University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 211002, India
| | - Sheo Mohan Prasad
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India, 211002.
| | - Devendra Kumar Chauhan
- D D Pant Interdisciplinary Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 211002, India.
| | - Nawal Kishore Dubey
- Center of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Shivendra Sahi
- University of the Sciences in Philadelphia (USP), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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18
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Xian L, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Wan T, Gong Y, Dai C, Ochieng WA, Nasimiyu AT, Li W, Liu F. Glutamate dehydrogenase plays an important role in ammonium detoxification by submerged macrophytes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 722:137859. [PMID: 32182513 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium is a paradoxical chemical because it is a nutrient but also damages ecosystems at high concentration. As the most eco-friendly method of water restoration, phytoremediation technology still faces great challenges. To provide more theoretical support, we exploited six common submerged macrophytes and selected the most ammonium-tolerant and -sensitive species; then further explored and compared the mechanisms underlying ammonium detoxification. Our results showed the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in the ammonium-tolerant species Myriophyllum spicatum leaves performed a dose-response curve (increased 169% for NADH-dependent GDH and 103% for NADPH-dependent GDH) with the [NH4+-N] increasing from 0 to 100 mg/L while glutamine synthetase (GS) activity slightly changed. But for the ammonium-sensitive species, Potamogeton lucens, the activity of GDH recorded no major changes, while the GS increased slightly (17%). Based on this, we conclude that the alternative pathway of GDH is more important than the pathway catalyzed by GS in determining the tolerance of submerged macrophytes to high ammonium concentration (up to 100 mg N/L). Our present study identifies submerged macrophytes that are tolerant of high concentrations of ammonium and provides mechanistic support for practical water restoration by aquatic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xian
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yizhi Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, PR China.
| | - Yu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, PR China
| | - Tao Wan
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Southern Subtropical Plant Diversity, Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen & Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen 518004, PR China
| | - Yanbing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Can Dai
- School of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Wyckliffe Ayoma Ochieng
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, Beijing, PR China
| | - Annah Timinah Nasimiyu
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, PR China
| | - Fan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, PR China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, PR China.
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19
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González-Hernández AI, Scalschi L, García-Agustín P, Camañes G. Tomato root development and N assimilation depend on C and ABA content under different N sources. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 148:368-378. [PMID: 32028134 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Root plasticity is controlled by hormonal homeostasis and nutrient availability. In this work, we have determined the influence of different N regimens on growth parameters and on the expression of genes involved in auxin transport and N-assimilation in tomato seedlings. NH4+ nutrition led to an inhibitory effect on root fresh weight (FW), lateral root (LR) number and root density, while an increase in the primary root (PR) length was observed. The expression of N assimilation genes GS2 and ASN1, is affected by NH4+ nutrition. Moreover, in order to relieve the toxic effect of NH4+ on root development, glucose or 2-oxoglutarate was supplied as a C source during NH4+ treatment. The addition of 2-oxoglutarate improved root parameters compared to the NH4+ regimen. N-assimilation gene analysis showed that NH4+-fed tomato plants try to alleviate the toxic effect by concurrently upregulating ASN1 and anaplerotic PEPC2 expression, whereas when 2-oxoglutarate is supplied, ASN1 induction was not observed. The addition of both C skeletons induced the expression of the ROS-scavenging genes GSH and SOD. In addition, since ABA plays a role in root development, the ABA-synthesis-defective mutant flacca was studied under NO3- and NH4+ regimens. It displayed a decrease in LR number under NO3- conditions, whereas, the NH4+-fed seedlings showed a decrease solely in PR length that was reverted when ABA was exogenously supplied. Moreover, flacca seedlings displayed a reprogramming of the N/C assimilation genes. Altogether, these results reflect the importance of N and C sources and ABA homeostasis in root development of tomato seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel González-Hernández
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y Del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Loredana Scalschi
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y Del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Pilar García-Agustín
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y Del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Gemma Camañes
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y Del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
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20
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de la Peña M, González-Moro MB, Marino D. Providing carbon skeletons to sustain amide synthesis in roots underlines the suitability of Brachypodium distachyon for the study of ammonium stress in cereals. AOB PLANTS 2019; 11:plz029. [PMID: 31139336 PMCID: PMC6534281 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants mainly acquire N from the soil in the form of nitrate (NO3 -) or ammonium (NH4 +). Ammonium-based nutrition is gaining interest because it helps to avoid the environmental pollution associated with nitrate fertilization. However, in general, plants prefer NO3 - and indeed, when growing only with NH4 + they can encounter so-called ammonium stress. Since Brachypodium distachyon is a useful model species for the study of monocot physiology and genetics, we chose it to characterize performance under ammonium nutrition. Brachypodium distachyon Bd21 plants were grown hydroponically in 1 or 2.5 mM NO3 - or NH4 +. Nitrogen and carbon metabolism associated with NH4 + assimilation was evaluated in terms of tissue contents of NO3 -, NH4 +, K, Mg, Ca, amino acids and organic acids together with tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and NH4 +-assimilating enzyme activities and RNA transcript levels. The roots behaved as a physiological barrier preventing NH4 + translocation to aerial parts, as indicated by a sizeable accumulation of NH4 +, Asn and Gln in the roots. A continuing high NH4 + assimilation rate was made possible by a tuning of the TCA cycle and its associated anaplerotic pathways to match 2-oxoglutarate and oxaloacetate demand for Gln and Asn synthesis. These results show B. distachyon to be a highly suitable tool for the study of the physiological, molecular and genetic basis of ammonium nutrition in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon de la Peña
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | | | - Daniel Marino
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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21
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Zhao Y, Guo A, Wang Y, Hua J. Evolution of PEPC gene family in Gossypium reveals functional diversification and GhPEPC genes responding to abiotic stresses. Gene 2019; 698:61-71. [PMID: 30825597 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) family genes play important roles in regulating plant growth and abiotic stress response. Based on the sequenced Gossypium genomes, we performed comprehensive analysis of PEPC homolog genes in cotton, which six, six, eleven and ten PEPC genes were identified in Gossypium arboreum (A2), G. raimondii (D5), G. hirsutum (AD1) and G. barbadense (AD2), respectively. These genes were divided into six subgroups: PEPC-i, PEPC-ii, PEPC-iii, PEPC-iv, PEPC-v and PEPC-vi; PEPC genes in each subgroup displayed conserved gene structure and motifs. Segmental duplication and whole genome duplication (WGD) events yielded the expansion of PEPC genes. Expression assays showed that the duplicated PEPC genes displayed diverse expression patterns, indicating that they experienced functional divergence. Of which, genes in PEPC-iv subgroup played crucial role for substrate distribution in cottonseed. Cis-elements, putative miRNAs and expression analyses showed that GhPEPC homologs might respond to abiotic stresses, expression levels of GhPEPC1 and GhPEPC2/GhPEPC2D genes were larger induced than other GhPEPC genes under cold, heat, salt, and drought stresses, indicating the crucial roles in abiotic stresses response. Present study serves new information to decipher the evolution and function of PEPC genes in Gossypium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Zhao
- Laboratory of Cotton Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Anhui Guo
- Laboratory of Cotton Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yumei Wang
- Research Institute of Cash Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, Hubei, China
| | - Jinping Hua
- Laboratory of Cotton Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Baena G, Feria AB, Echevarría C, Monreal JA, García-Mauriño S. Salinity promotes opposite patterns of carbonylation and nitrosylation of C 4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in sorghum leaves. PLANTA 2017; 246:1203-1214. [PMID: 28828537 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2764-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbonylation inactivates sorghum C 4 PEPCase while nitrosylation has little impact on its activity but holds back carbonylation. This interplay could be important to preserve photosynthetic C4 PEPCase activity in salinity. Previous work had shown that nitric acid (NO) increased phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase (PEPCase-k) activity, promoting the phosphorylation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) in sorghum leaves (Monreal et al. in Planta 238:859-869, 2013b). The present work investigates the effect of NO on C4 PEPCase in sorghum leaves and its interplay with carbonylation, an oxidative modification frequently observed under salt stress. The PEPCase of sorghum leaves could be carbonylated in vitro and in vivo, and this post-translational modification (PTM) was accompanied by a loss of its activity. Similarly, PEPCase could be S-nitrosylated in vitro and in vivo, and this PTM had little impact on its activity. The S-nitrosylated PEPCase showed increased resistance towards subsequent carbonylation, both in vitro and in vivo. Under salt shock, carbonylation of PEPCase increased in parallel with decreased S-nitrosylation of the enzyme. Subsequent increase of S-nitrosylation was accompanied by decreased carbonylation. Taken together, the results suggest that S-nitrosylation could contribute to maintain C4 PEPCase activity in stressed sorghum plants. Thus, salt-induced NO synthesis would be protecting photosynthetic PEPCase activity from oxidative inactivation while promoting its phosphorylation, which will guarantee its optimal functioning in suboptimal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Baena
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes nº 6, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana B Feria
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes nº 6, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Cristina Echevarría
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes nº 6, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - José A Monreal
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes nº 6, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Sofía García-Mauriño
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes nº 6, 41012, Seville, Spain.
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