Comparative proteomic analysis of ovary for Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) exposed to chlorophenol chemicals

Effects of 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol on Clarias batrachus: a biomarkers approach

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) is a common waste among the resulting chlorophenols generated in the production of common products classified as an extremely toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic and highly persistent xenobiotic in the environment. To evaluate the impact of 2,4,6-TCP in aquatic systems, the catfish species Clarias batrachus has been selected to test its toxicity due to its high market value and consumption in India. Here is presented the impact of this compound on different physiological parameters of fish: haematological parameters (haemoglobin, total erythrocyte count, total leucocyte count and mean corpuscular haemoglobin), biochemical parameters (total serum protein and total serum glucose), growth and reproductive parameters (condition factor, hepatosomatic index, maturity index, specific growth rate, growth hormone, 17β-estradiol and testosterone), exposed to two concentrations of 2,4,6-TCP (0.5 mg/L and 1 mg/L - 1/10th and 1/20th of the LC₅₀) for a period of 15, 30 and 45 days. The results showed that C. batrachus even when exposed to the lower concentration (0.5 mg/L) for the shortest time (15 days) negatively impacted the organism in all the assessed parameters. This was highlighted by the Integrated Biomarker Response index (IBR), showing worse scores for the treatments (up to 20 × worse than the control). This work highlights the importance of continued research on the impact of 2,4,6-TCP, on an important commercial, supported by the high environmental persistence of this compound that can reach the same range of tested concentrations.

The quantitative proteomic analysis of rare minnow, Gobiocypris rarus, infected with virulent and attenuated isolates of grass carp reovirus genotype Ⅱ

Grass carp reovirus genotype Ⅱ (GCRV II) causes severe hemorrhagic disease in grass carp and affects the aquaculture industry in China. GCRV Ⅱ isolates have been collected from different epidemic areas in China, and these isolates can lead to different degrees of hemorrhagic symptoms in grass carp. Rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) is widely used as a model fish to study the mechanism of hemorrhagic disease because of its high sensitivity to GCRV. In this study, the protein levels in the spleen of rare minnow after infection with GCRV virulent isolate JZ809 and attenuated isolate XT422 were investigated using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based quantitative proteomics. 109 and 50 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the virulent and attenuated infection groups were obtained, respectively, among which 40 DEPs were identified in both groups. Combining protein expression profiling with gene ontology (GO) annotation, the responses of rare minnow to the two genotypes GCRV Ⅱ in terms of upregulated proteins were similar, focusing on ATP synthesis, in which ATP can serve as a "danger" signal to activate an immunoreaction in eukaryotes. Meanwhile, the virulent genotype JZ809 induced more immunoproteins and increased the levels of ubiquitin-proteasome system members to adapt to virus infection. However, together with a persistent and excessive inflammatory response and declining carbon metabolism, rare minnow presented more severe hemorrhagic disease and mortality after infection with virulent JZ809 than with attenuated XT422. The results provide a valuable information that will increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of viruses with different levels of virulence and the mechanism of interaction between the virus and host. Furthermore, the 6 proteins that were only significantly upregulated in the XT422 infection group all belonged to cluster 2, and 28 of 30 proteins that were only upregulated in JZ809 infection group were clustered into cluster 1. For the downregulated proteins, all DEPs in the XT422 infection group were clustered into cluster 4, and 25 of 39 proteins that were only significantly downregulated in the JZ809 infection group belonged to cluster 3. The results indicated that the DEPs in the attenuated XT422 infection group might be sensitive and their abundance changed more quickly when fish experienced virus infection.

Association Between Urinary Triclosan With Bone Mass Density and Osteoporosis in US Adult Women, 2005‒2010

CONTEXT

Laboratory studies have demonstrated that triclosan (TCS) can cause significant interstitial collagen accumulation and an increase in trabecular bone. However, little is known about the relationship between TCS exposure and human bone health.

METHODS

We used 2005 to 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data to examine the association between urinary TCS concentration and bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis in US adult women aged ≥20 years. After inclusion and exclusion, 1848 women were analyzed.

RESULTS

After adjustment for other covariates, we observed significant associations between tertile 3 of TCS concentration and lower BMD in regions of the total femur (β = -0.016; 95% CI = -0.032, -0.000), intertrochanteric region (β = -0.022; 95% CI = -0.042, -0.002), and lumbar spine (β = -0.014; 95% CI = -0.029, 0.001), respectively, relative to tertile 1. Compared with women at tertile 1, those at tertile 3 were more likely to have increased prevalence of osteoporosis in the intertrochanteric region (OR = 2.464; 95% CI = 1.190, 5.105).

CONCLUSION

This epidemiological study investigated the association between urinary TCS concentration and BMD and osteoporosis in US adult women. We found urinary TCS concentration was negatively associated with BMD and was positively associated with the prevalence of osteoporosis. The evidence was stronger in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women. Future prospective studies are needed to validate these findings.

The toxic effects of chlorophenols and associated mechanisms in fish

Chlorophenols (CPs) are ubiquitous contaminants in the environment primarily released from agricultural and industrial wastewater. These compounds are not readily degraded naturally, and easily accumulate in organs, tissues and cells via food chains, further leading to acute and chronic toxic effects on aquatic organisms. Herein, we review the available literature regarding CP toxicity in fish, with special emphasis on the potential toxic mechanisms. CPs cause oxidative stress via generation of reactive oxygen species, induction of lipid peroxidation and/or oxidative DNA damage along with inhibition of antioxidant systems. CPs affect immune system by altering the number of mature B cells and macrophages, while suppressing phagocytosis and down-regulating the expression of immune factors. CPs also disrupt endocrine function by affecting hormone levels, or inducing abnormal gene expression and interference with hormone receptors. CPs at relatively higher concentrations induce apoptosis via mitochondria-mediated pathway, cell death receptor-mediated pathway, and/or DNA damage-mediated pathway. CPs at relatively lower concentrations promote cell proliferation, and foster cancers-prone environment by increasing the rate of point mutations and oxidative DNA lesions. These toxic effects in fish are induced directly by CPs per se or indirectly by their metabolic products. In addition, recent studies on the alteration of DNA methylation by CPs through high-throughput DNA sequencing analysis provide new insights into our understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms underlying CPs toxicity.

Triclosan exposure, transformation, and human health effects

Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial used so ubiquitously that 75% of the US population is likely exposed to this compound via consumer goods and personal care products. In September 2016, TCS was banned from soap products following the risk assessment by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, TCS still remains, at high concentrations, in other personal care products such as toothpaste, mouthwash, hand sanitizer, and surgical soaps. TCS is readily absorbed into human skin and oral mucosa and found in various human tissues and fluids. The aim of this review was to describe TCS exposure routes and levels as well as metabolism and transformation processes. The burgeoning literature on human health effects associated with TCS exposure, such as reproductive problems, was also summarized.

Proteomic profiling of heat acclimation in cerebrospinal fluid of rabbit

Heat acclimation (AC) is a phenotypic adaptation to the high ambient temperatures. So far, the physiological effects of AC have been well studied, but the molecular mechanisms underlying it, especially the proteomic studies have been rarely reported. Conducting a protein profile of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can facilitate the understanding of molecular pathways involved in AC and identifying stress-specific proteins as a laboratory biomarker. In this study we carried out proteomic profiling of the AC in CSF of rabbit, which would allow a deep insight into molecular signals underlying the AC. For this purpose, rabbits were subjected to AC (dry bulb temperature of (36±1)°C, wet bulb temperature of (29±0.5)°C, black-bulb temperature of (40±1.0)°C, 100min per day for 21days, untreated rabbits were used as controls. We adopted a gel-free proteomic approach (iTRAQ) method to identify protein composition in CSF of rabbits with AC. In total, 1310 proteins were identified. Among which 127 were significant up-regulated and 77 were down-regulated. According to the functions, all AC-induced proteins were classified into 8 categories, including plasma protein factors, metabolism-related proteins, energy metabolism-related proteins, cell surface/intercellular matrix proteins, stress related proteins, tumor-related proteins, as well as housekeeping proteins and putative proteins. Meanwhile, a total of 21 pathways were found involved in the developing of AC. Further analysis indicated that proteins mostly close to AC were grouped into two signal pathways, the immune-related signal pathways and the carbohydrate/lipoprotein metabolism-related signal pathways. Our study was first to carry out the whole proteomic picture of AC, and screen out the critical signaling pathways involved in this physical procedure.

BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE

This study reported the comparative proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid of rabbits between heat acclimation and normal conditions using the gel-free proteomic mass-spectrometry approach with isotope-labeled samples (iTRAQ) techniques. Mass spectrometry analysis of the proteins from heat acclimated rabbits resulted in the identification of a total of 1310 proteins, among these, 204 proteins were related to the formation of heat acclimation. These proteins were assigned to 8 categories according to their functions. Additionally, 21 pathways involved in infectious diseases, metabolism, immunology, blood circulation, transcriptional regulation and renin-angiotensin were identified by pathway analysis in heat acclimation. This study was the first to use rabbits as a model for unraveling the molecular pathways underlying the establishment of integrative heat acclimation.