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Vasileiadou O, Nastos GG, Chatzinikolaou PN, Papoutsis D, Vrampa DI, Methenitis S, Margaritelis NV. Redox Profile of Skeletal Muscles: Implications for Research Design and Interpretation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1738. [PMID: 37760040 PMCID: PMC10525275 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian skeletal muscles contain varying proportions of Type I and II fibers, which feature different structural, metabolic and functional properties. According to these properties, skeletal muscles are labeled as 'red' or 'white', 'oxidative' or 'glycolytic', 'slow-twitch' or 'fast-twitch', respectively. Redox processes (i.e., redox signaling and oxidative stress) are increasingly recognized as a fundamental part of skeletal muscle metabolism at rest, during and after exercise. The aim of the present review was to investigate the potential redox differences between slow- (composed mainly of Type I fibers) and fast-twitch (composed mainly of Type IIa and IIb fibers) muscles at rest and after a training protocol. Slow-twitch muscles were almost exclusively represented in the literature by the soleus muscle, whereas a wide variety of fast-twitch muscles were used. Based on our analysis, we argue that slow-twitch muscles exhibit higher antioxidant enzyme activity compared to fast-twitch muscles in both pre- and post-exercise training. This is also the case between heads or regions of fast-twitch muscles that belong to different subcategories, namely Type IIa (oxidative) versus Type IIb (glycolytic), in favor of the former. No safe conclusion could be drawn regarding the mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes either pre- or post-training. Moreover, slow-twitch skeletal muscles presented higher glutathione and thiol content as well as higher lipid peroxidation levels compared to fast-twitch. Finally, mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide production was higher in fast-twitch muscles compared to slow-twitch muscles at rest. This redox heterogeneity between different muscle types may have ramifications in the analysis of muscle function and health and should be taken into account when designing exercise studies using specific muscle groups (e.g., on an isokinetic dynamometer) or isolated muscle fibers (e.g., electrical stimulation) and may deliver a plausible explanation for the conflicting results about the ergogenic potential of antioxidant supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Vasileiadou
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62100 Serres, Greece; (O.V.); (G.G.N.); (P.N.C.); (D.P.)
| | - George G. Nastos
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62100 Serres, Greece; (O.V.); (G.G.N.); (P.N.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Panagiotis N. Chatzinikolaou
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62100 Serres, Greece; (O.V.); (G.G.N.); (P.N.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Dimitrios Papoutsis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62100 Serres, Greece; (O.V.); (G.G.N.); (P.N.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Dimitra I. Vrampa
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Spyridon Methenitis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece;
| | - Nikos V. Margaritelis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62100 Serres, Greece; (O.V.); (G.G.N.); (P.N.C.); (D.P.)
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Lloyd EM, Pinniger GJ, Murphy RM, Grounds MD. Slow or fast: Implications of myofibre type and associated differences for manifestation of neuromuscular disorders. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 238:e14012. [PMID: 37306196 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many neuromuscular disorders can have a differential impact on a specific myofibre type, forming the central premise of this review. The many different skeletal muscles in mammals contain a spectrum of slow- to fast-twitch myofibres with varying levels of protein isoforms that determine their distinctive contractile, metabolic, and other properties. The variations in functional properties across the range of classic 'slow' to 'fast' myofibres are outlined, combined with exemplars of the predominantly slow-twitch soleus and fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus muscles, species comparisons, and techniques used to study these properties. Other intrinsic and extrinsic differences are discussed in the context of slow and fast myofibres. These include inherent susceptibility to damage, myonecrosis, and regeneration, plus extrinsic nerves, extracellular matrix, and vasculature, examined in the context of growth, ageing, metabolic syndrome, and sexual dimorphism. These many differences emphasise the importance of carefully considering the influence of myofibre-type composition on manifestation of various neuromuscular disorders across the lifespan for both sexes. Equally, understanding the different responses of slow and fast myofibres due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors can provide deep insight into the precise molecular mechanisms that initiate and exacerbate various neuromuscular disorders. This focus on the influence of different myofibre types is of fundamental importance to enhance translation for clinical management and therapies for many skeletal muscle disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Lloyd
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gavin J Pinniger
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Robyn M Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miranda D Grounds
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Dowling P, Gargan S, Swandulla D, Ohlendieck K. Fiber-Type Shifting in Sarcopenia of Old Age: Proteomic Profiling of the Contractile Apparatus of Skeletal Muscles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032415. [PMID: 36768735 PMCID: PMC9916839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and concomitant reduction in contractile strength plays a central role in frailty syndrome. Age-related neuronal impairments are closely associated with sarcopenia in the elderly, which is characterized by severe muscular atrophy that can considerably lessen the overall quality of life at old age. Mass-spectrometry-based proteomic surveys of senescent human skeletal muscles, as well as animal models of sarcopenia, have decisively improved our understanding of the molecular and cellular consequences of muscular atrophy and associated fiber-type shifting during aging. This review outlines the mass spectrometric identification of proteome-wide changes in atrophying skeletal muscles, with a focus on contractile proteins as potential markers of changes in fiber-type distribution patterns. The observed trend of fast-to-slow transitions in individual human skeletal muscles during the aging process is most likely linked to a preferential susceptibility of fast-twitching muscle fibers to muscular atrophy. Studies with senescent animal models, including mostly aged rodent skeletal muscles, have confirmed fiber-type shifting. The proteomic analysis of fast versus slow isoforms of key contractile proteins, such as myosin heavy chains, myosin light chains, actins, troponins and tropomyosins, suggests them as suitable bioanalytical tools of fiber-type transitions during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dowling
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Stephen Gargan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Dieter Swandulla
- Institute of Physiology, University of Bonn, D53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kay Ohlendieck
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-1-7083842
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Cannabis Extract Effects on Metabolic Parameters and Gut Microbiota Composition in a Mice Model of NAFLD and Obesity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7964018. [PMID: 35795290 PMCID: PMC9251106 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7964018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major cause of chronic liver abnormalities and has been linked with metabolic syndrome hallmarks. Unfortunately, current treatments are limited. This work aimed to elucidate the effects of three cannabis extracts on metabolic alteration and gut microbiota composition in a mouse model of NAFLD and obesity. Male mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. Following the establishment of obesity, the HFD-fed group was subdivided into HFD or HFD that was supplemented with one of three cannabis extracts (CN1, CN2, and CN6) for additional 8 weeks. Metabolic parameters together with intestinal microbiota composition were evaluated. Except for several minor changes in gene expression, no profound metabolic effect was found due to cannabis extracts addition. Nevertheless, marked changes were observed in gut microbiota diversity and composition, with CN1 and CN6 exhibiting microbial abundance patterns that are associated with more beneficial outcomes. Taken together, specific cannabis extracts' addition to an HFD results in more favorable modifications in gut microbiota. Although no marked metabolic effect was disclosed, longer treatments duration and/or higher extracts concentrations may be needed. More research is required to ascertain this conjecture and to establish the influence of various cannabis extracts on host health in general and NAFLD in particular.
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Lavin KM, Coen PM, Baptista LC, Bell MB, Drummer D, Harper SA, Lixandrão ME, McAdam JS, O’Bryan SM, Ramos S, Roberts LM, Vega RB, Goodpaster BH, Bamman MM, Buford TW. State of Knowledge on Molecular Adaptations to Exercise in Humans: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3193-3279. [PMID: 35578962 PMCID: PMC9186317 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
For centuries, regular exercise has been acknowledged as a potent stimulus to promote, maintain, and restore healthy functioning of nearly every physiological system of the human body. With advancing understanding of the complexity of human physiology, continually evolving methodological possibilities, and an increasingly dire public health situation, the study of exercise as a preventative or therapeutic treatment has never been more interdisciplinary, or more impactful. During the early stages of the NIH Common Fund Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) Initiative, the field is well-positioned to build substantially upon the existing understanding of the mechanisms underlying benefits associated with exercise. Thus, we present a comprehensive body of the knowledge detailing the current literature basis surrounding the molecular adaptations to exercise in humans to provide a view of the state of the field at this critical juncture, as well as a resource for scientists bringing external expertise to the field of exercise physiology. In reviewing current literature related to molecular and cellular processes underlying exercise-induced benefits and adaptations, we also draw attention to existing knowledge gaps warranting continued research effort. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3193-3279, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleen M. Lavin
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Center for Human Health, Resilience, and Performance, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Paul M. Coen
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Liliana C. Baptista
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Margaret B. Bell
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Devin Drummer
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sara A. Harper
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Manoel E. Lixandrão
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeremy S. McAdam
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Samia M. O’Bryan
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sofhia Ramos
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Lisa M. Roberts
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Rick B. Vega
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Bret H. Goodpaster
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Marcas M. Bamman
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Center for Human Health, Resilience, and Performance, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas W. Buford
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Oxidative distress in aging and age-related diseases: Spatiotemporal dysregulation of protein oxidation and degradation. Biochimie 2021; 195:114-134. [PMID: 34890732 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The concept of oxidative distress had arisen from the assessment of cellular response to high concentrations of reactive species that result from an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants and cause biomolecular damage. The intracellular distribution and flux of reactive species dramatically change in time and space contributing to the remodeling of the redox landscape and sensitivity of protein residues to oxidants. Here, we hypothesize that compromised spatiotemporal control of generation, conversions, and removal of reactive species underlies protein damage and dysfunction of protein degradation machineries. This leads to the accumulation of oxidatively damaged proteins resulted in an age-dependent decline in the organismal adaptability to oxidative stress. We highlight recent data obtained with the use of various cell cultures, animal models, and patients on irreversible and non-repairable oxidation of key redox-sensitive residues. Multiple reaction products include peptidyl hydroperoxides, alcohols, carbonyls, and carbamoyl moieties as well as Tyr-Tyr, Trp-Tyr, Trp-Trp, Tyr-Cys, His-Lys, His-Arg, and Tyr-Lys cross-links. These lead to protein fragmentation, misfolding, covalent cross-linking, oligomerization, aggregation, and ultimately, causing impaired protein function and turnover. 20S proteasome and autophagy-lysosome pathways are two major types of machinery for the degradation and elimination of oxidatively damaged proteins. Spatiotemporal dysregulation of these pathways under oxidative distress conditions is implicated in aging and age-related disorders such as neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Future investigations in this field allow the discovery of new drugs to target components of dysregulated cell signaling and protein degradation machinery to combat aging and age-related chronic diseases.
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Pugh JN, Stretton C, McDonagh B, Brownridge P, McArdle A, Jackson MJ, Close GL. Exercise stress leads to an acute loss of mitochondrial proteins and disruption of redox control in skeletal muscle of older subjects: An underlying decrease in resilience with aging? Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 177:88-99. [PMID: 34655746 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are recognized as important signaling molecules in healthy skeletal muscle. Redox sensitive proteins can respond to intracellular changes in ROS by oxidation of reactive thiol groups on cysteine (Cys) residues. Exercise is known to induce the generation of superoxide and nitric oxide, resulting in the activation of several adaptive signaling pathways; however, it has been suggested that aging attenuates these redox-regulated adaptations to acute exercise. In the present study, we used redox proteomics to study the vastus lateralis muscles of Adult (n = 6 male, 6 female; 18-30 yrs) and Old (n = 6 male, 6 female; 64-79 yrs) adults. Participants completed a bout of high intensity cycling exercise consisting of five sets of 2-min intervals performed at 80% maximal aerobic power output (PPO), with 2 min recovery cycling at 40% PPO between sets. Muscle biopsies were collected prior to exercise, and immediately following the first, second, and fifth high intensity interval. Global proteomic analysis indicated differences in abundance of a number of individual proteins between skeletal muscles of Adult and Old subjects at rest with a significant exacerbation of these differences induced by the acute exercise. In particular, we observed an exercise-induced decrease in abundance of mitochondrial proteins in muscles from older subjects only. Redox proteome analysis revealed cysteines from five cytosolic proteins in older subjects with lower oxidation (i.e. greater reduction) than was seen in muscle from the young adults at rest. Redox homeostasis was well maintained in Adult subjects following exercise, but there was significant increase in oxidation of multiple mitochondrial and cytosolic protein cysteines in Old subjects. We also observed that oxidation of peroxiredoxin 3 occurred following exercise in both Adult and Old groups, supporting the possibility that this is a key effector protein for mitochondrial redox signaling. Thus, we show, for the first time that exercise reveals a lack of resilience in muscle of older human participants, that is apparent as a loss of mitochondrial proteins and oxidation of multiple protein cysteines that are not seen in younger subjects. The precise consequences of this redox disruption are unclear, but this likely play a role in the attenuation of multiple adaptations to exercise that are classically seen with aging. Such changes were only seen following the acute stress of exercise., highlighting the need to consider not only basal differences seen during aging but also the difference following physiological challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie N Pugh
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Clare Stretton
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool and MRC- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research Into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), UK
| | - Brian McDonagh
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Philip Brownridge
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool and MRC- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research Into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), UK
| | - Anne McArdle
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool and MRC- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research Into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), UK
| | - Malcolm J Jackson
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool and MRC- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research Into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), UK
| | - Graeme L Close
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
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Lifelong Ulk1-Mediated Autophagy Deficiency in Muscle Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Contractile Weakness. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041937. [PMID: 33669246 PMCID: PMC7919824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of damaged mitochondria due to insufficient autophagy has been implicated in the pathophysiology of skeletal muscle aging. Ulk1 is an autophagy-related kinase that initiates autophagosome assembly and may also play a role in autophagosome degradation (i.e., autophagy flux), but the contribution of Ulk1 to healthy muscle aging is unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Ulk1-mediated autophagy in skeletal muscle aging. At age 22 months (80% survival rate), muscle contractile and metabolic function were assessed using electrophysiology in muscle-specific Ulk1 knockout mice (MKO) and their littermate controls (LM). Specific peak-isometric torque of the ankle dorsiflexors (normalized by tibialis anterior muscle cross-sectional area) and specific force of the fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus muscles was reduced in MKO mice compared to LM mice (p < 0.03). Permeabilized muscle fibers from MKO mice had greater mitochondrial content, yet lower mitochondrial oxygen consumption and greater reactive oxygen species production compared to fibers from LM mice (p ≤ 0.04). Alterations in neuromuscular junction innervation patterns as well as changes to autophagosome assembly and flux were explored as possible contributors to the pathological features in Ulk1 deficiency. Of primary interest, we found that Ulk1 phosphorylation (activation) to total Ulk1 protein content was reduced in older muscles compared to young muscles from both human and mouse, which may contribute to decreased autophagy flux and an accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria. Results from this study support the role of Ulk1-mediated autophagy in aging skeletal muscle, reflecting Ulk1′s dual role in maintaining mitochondrial integrity through autophagosome assembly and degradation.
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Uchiyama K, Wakino S, Irie J, Miyamoto J, Matsui A, Tajima T, Itoh T, Oshima Y, Yoshifuji A, Kimura I, Itoh H. Contribution of uremic dysbiosis to insulin resistance and sarcopenia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 35:1501-1517. [PMID: 32535631 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to insulin resistance (IR) and sarcopenia, which are associated with a high mortality risk in CKD patients; however, their pathophysiologies remain unclear. Recently, alterations in gut microbiota have been reported to be associated with CKD. We aimed to determine whether uremic dysbiosis contributes to CKD-associated IR and sarcopenia. METHODS CKD was induced in specific pathogen-free mice via an adenine-containing diet; control animals were fed a normal diet. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed by oral gavage in healthy germ-free mice using cecal bacterial samples obtained from either control mice (control-FMT) or CKD mice (CKD-FMT). Vehicle mice were gavaged with sterile phosphate-buffered saline. Two weeks after inoculation, mice phenotypes, including IR and sarcopenia, were evaluated. RESULTS IR and sarcopenia were evident in CKD mice compared with control mice. These features were reproduced in CKD-FMT mice compared with control-FMT and vehicle mice with attenuated insulin-induced signal transduction and mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscles. Intestinal tight junction protein expression and adipocyte sizes were lower in CKD-FMT mice than in control-FMT mice. Furthermore, CKD-FMT mice showed systemic microinflammation, increased concentrations of serum uremic solutes, fecal bacterial fermentation products and elevated lipid content in skeletal muscle. The differences in gut microbiota between CKD and control mice were mostly consistent between CKD-FMT and control-FMT mice. CONCLUSIONS Uremic dysbiosis induces IR and sarcopenia, leaky gut and lipodystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Uchiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shu Wakino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichiro Irie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junki Miyamoto
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Matsui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaya Tajima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Itoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Oshima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Yoshifuji
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ikuo Kimura
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Jackson MJ. On the mechanisms underlying attenuated redox responses to exercise in older individuals: A hypothesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 161:326-338. [PMID: 33099002 PMCID: PMC7754707 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Responding appropriately to exercise is essential to maintenance of skeletal muscle mass and function at all ages and particularly during aging. Here, a hypothesis is presented that a key component of the inability of skeletal muscle to respond effectively to exercise in aging is a denervation-induced failure of muscle redox signalling. This novel hypothesis proposes that an initial increase in oxidation in muscle mitochondria leads to a paradoxical increase in the reductive state of specific cysteines of signalling proteins in the muscle cytosol that suppresses their ability to respond to normal oxidising redox signals during exercise. The following are presented for consideration:Transient loss of integrity of peripheral motor neurons occurs repeatedly throughout life and is normally rapidly repaired by reinnervation, but this repair process becomes less efficient with aging. Each transient loss of neuromuscular integrity leads to a rapid, large increase in mitochondrial peroxide production in the denervated muscle fibers and in neighbouring muscle fibers. This peroxide may initially act to stimulate axonal sprouting and regeneration, but also stimulates retrograde mitonuclear communication to increase expression of a range of cytoprotective proteins in an attempt to protect the fiber and neighbouring tissues against oxidative damage. The increased peroxide within mitochondria does not lead to an increased cytosolic peroxide, but the increases in adaptive cytoprotective proteins include some located to the muscle cytosol which modify the local cytosol redox environment to induce a more reductive state in key cysteines of specific signalling proteins. Key adaptations of skeletal muscle to exercise involve transient peroxiredoxin oxidation as effectors of redox signalling in the cytosol. This requires sensitive oxidation of key cysteine residues. In aging, the chronic change to a more reductive cytosolic environment prevents the transient oxidation of peroxiredoxin 2 and hence prevents essential adaptations to exercise, thus contributing to loss of muscle mass and function. Experimental approaches suitable for testing the hypothesis are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm J Jackson
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research Into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.
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Steil AW, Kailing JW, Armstrong CJ, Walgenbach DG, Klein JC. The calmodulin redox sensor controls myogenesis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239047. [PMID: 32941492 PMCID: PMC7498019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle aging is accompanied by blunted muscle regeneration in response to injury and disuse. Oxidative stress likely underlies this diminished response, but muscle redox sensors that act in regeneration have not yet been characterized. Calmodulin contains multiple redox sensitive methionines whose oxidation alters the regulation of numerous cellular targets. We have used the CRISPR-Cas9 system to introduce a single amino acid substitution M109Q that mimics oxidation of methionine to methionine sulfoxide in one or both alleles of the CALM1 gene, one of three genes encoding the muscle regulatory protein calmodulin, in C2C12 mouse myoblasts. When signaled to undergo myogenesis, mutated myoblasts failed to differentiate into myotubes. Although early myogenic regulatory factors were present, cells with the CALM1 M109Q mutation in one or both alleles were unable to withdraw from the cell cycle and failed to express late myogenic factors. We have shown that a single oxidative modification to a redox-sensitive muscle regulatory protein can halt myogenesis, suggesting a molecular target for mitigating the impact of oxidative stress in age-related muscle degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex W. Steil
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, United States of America
| | - Jacob W. Kailing
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, United States of America
| | - Cade J. Armstrong
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, United States of America
| | - Daniel G. Walgenbach
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, United States of America
| | - Jennifer C. Klein
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, United States of America
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12
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Bimro ET, Hovav R, Nyska A, Glazer TA, Madar Z. High oleic peanuts improve parameters leading to fatty liver development and change the microbiota in mice intestine. Food Nutr Res 2020; 64:4278. [PMID: 33033472 PMCID: PMC7520627 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v64.4278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oleic-acid consumption can possibly prevent or delay metabolic diseases. In Israel, a Virginia-type peanut cultivar with a high content of oleic acid has been developed. Objective This study examined the effect of consuming high oleic peanuts (D7) on the development of fatty liver compared to the standard HN strain. Design The two peanut cultivars were added to normal diet (ND) and high-fat (HF) mouse diet. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed for 8 and 10 weeks on a 4% D7, 4% HN, or control diet. At the end of the experiments, blood and tissues were collected. Triglyceride, lipid levels, histology, and protein expression were examined. The diets’ effects on intestinal microbiota were also evaluated. Results Both D7 and HFD7 led to a reduction in plasma triglycerides. Lipids, triglycerides, and free fatty acids in the liver were low in diets containing D7. Additionally, CD36 expression decreased in the D7 group. Consumption of D7 led to higher Prevotella levels, and consumption of ND that contained HN or D7 led to a lower Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. Conclusion These findings suggest that consumption of peanuts high in oleic acid (D7) may have the potential to delay primary fatty liver symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Taieb Bimro
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ran Hovav
- Department of Field Crops and Vegetables Research, Plant Sciences Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Abraham Nyska
- Toxicologic Pathology, Timrat and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tal Assa Glazer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zecharia Madar
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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13
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Zhang X, Wang J, Zubarev RA. Slight Deuterium Enrichment in Water Acts as an Antioxidant: Is Deuterium a Cell Growth Regulator? Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:1790-1804. [PMID: 32769093 PMCID: PMC7664117 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Small admixtures in water, e.g. of metal ions, often act as cell growth regulators. Here we report that enrichment of deuterium content in water, normally found at 8 mm concentration, two-three folds increases cell proliferation and lowers the oxidative stress level as well. Acting as an anti-oxidant, deuterium-enriched water prevents the toxic effect of such oxidative agents as hydrogen peroxide and auranofin. This action is opposite to that of deuterium depletion that is known to suppress cell growth and induce oxidative stress in mitochondria. We thus hypothesize that deuterium may be a natural cell growth regulator that controls mitochondrial oxidation-reduction balance. Because growth acceleration is reduced approximately by half by addition to water a minute amount (0.15%) of 18O isotope, at least part of the deuterium effect on cell growth can be explained by the isotopic resonance phenomenon. A slight (≈2-fold) enrichment of deuterium in water accelerates human cell growth. Quantitative MS based proteomics determined changes in protein abundances and redox states and found that deuterium-enriched water acts mainly through decreasing ROS production in mitochondria. This action is opposite to that of deuterium depletion that suppresses cell growth by inducing oxidative stress. Thus deuterium may be a natural cell growth regulator that controls mitochondrial oxidation-reduction balance. The role of isotopic resonance in this effect was validated by further experiments on bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuepei Zhang
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jin Wang
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shannxi, P.R. China
| | - Roman A Zubarev
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; SciLIfeLab, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pharmacological & Technological Chemistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
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14
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Goljanek‐Whysall K, Soriano‐Arroquia A, McCormick R, Chinda C, McDonagh B. miR-181a regulates p62/SQSTM1, parkin, and protein DJ-1 promoting mitochondrial dynamics in skeletal muscle aging. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13140. [PMID: 32291905 PMCID: PMC7189996 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the key mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle functional deterioration during aging is disrupted mitochondrial dynamics. Regulation of mitochondrial dynamics is essential to maintain a healthy mitochondrial population and prevent the accumulation of damaged mitochondria; however, the regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. We demonstrated loss of mitochondrial content and disrupted mitochondrial dynamics in muscle during aging concomitant with dysregulation of miR‐181a target interactions. Using functional approaches and mito‐QC assay, we have established that miR‐181a is an endogenous regulator of mitochondrial dynamics through concerted regulation of Park2, p62/SQSTM1, and DJ‐1 in vitro. Downregulation of miR‐181a with age was associated with an accumulation of autophagy‐related proteins and abnormal mitochondria. Restoring miR‐181a levels in old mice prevented accumulation of p62, DJ‐1, and PARK2, and improved mitochondrial quality and muscle function. These results provide physiological evidence for the potential of microRNA‐based interventions for age‐related muscle atrophy and of wider significance for diseases with disrupted mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Goljanek‐Whysall
- Discipline of Physiology School of Medicine National University of Ireland Galway Ireland
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Ana Soriano‐Arroquia
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Rachel McCormick
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Caroline Chinda
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Brian McDonagh
- Discipline of Physiology School of Medicine National University of Ireland Galway Ireland
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15
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Kaiser H, Yu K, Pandya C, Mendhe B, Isales CM, McGee-Lawrence ME, Johnson M, Fulzele S, Hamrick MW. Kynurenine, a Tryptophan Metabolite That Increases with Age, Induces Muscle Atrophy and Lipid Peroxidation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9894238. [PMID: 31737181 PMCID: PMC6815546 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9894238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying loss of muscle mass with age (sarcopenia) are not well-understood; however, heterochronic parabiosis experiments show that circulating factors are likely to play a role. Kynurenine (KYN) is a circulating tryptophan metabolite that is known to increase with age and is a ligand of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr). Here, we tested the hypothesis that KYN activation of Ahr plays a role in muscle loss with aging. Results indicate that KYN treatment of mouse and human myoblasts increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) 2-fold and KYN treatment in vivo reduced muscle size and strength and increased muscle lipid peroxidation in young mice. PCR array data indicate that muscle fiber size reduction with KYN treatment reduces protein synthesis markers whereas ubiquitin ligase gene expression is not significantly increased. KYN is generated by the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), and aged mice treated with the IDO inhibitor 1-methyl-D-tryptophan showed an increase in muscle fiber size and muscle strength. Small-molecule inhibition of Ahr in vitro, and Ahr knockout in vivo, did not prevent KYN-induced increases in ROS, suggesting that KYN can directly increase ROS independent of Ahr activation. Protein analysis identified very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase as a factor activated by KYN that may increase ROS and lipid peroxidation. Our data suggest that IDO inhibition may represent a novel therapeutic approach for the prevention of sarcopenia and possibly other age-associated conditions associated with KYN accumulation such as bone loss and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Kaiser
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Kanglun Yu
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Chirayu Pandya
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Bharati Mendhe
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Carlos M. Isales
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | | | - Maribeth Johnson
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Mark W. Hamrick
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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16
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Yanar K, Simsek B, Atukeren P, Aydin S, Cakatay U. Is D-Galactose a Useful Agent for Accelerated Aging Model of Gastrocnemius and Soleus Muscle of Sprague-Dawley Rats? Rejuvenation Res 2019; 22:521-528. [PMID: 31131732 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2019.2185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Elderly population and age-related diseases are on the rise. On the contrary, aging studies are technically hard to conduct, because they require elderly animals, the maintenance of which requires ample effort and is expensive. To tackle this problem, D-galactose is used to hasten the aging process in various tissues in rodent models and it has been shown to successfully mimic the oxidative alterations that take place in the natural aging process in various tissues both by our group and others. In the present study, the validity of D-galactose aging model in skeletal muscles was tested both on predominantly slow-twitch (soleus) and rather fast-twitch (gastrocnemius) muscle in male Sprague-Dawley rats and the results are compared with young littermate controls and naturally aged rats. Redox-related modifications in soleus and gastrocnemius were assessed by measurement of protein carbonyl groups, advanced oxidation protein products, lipid hydroperoxides, total thiol, and Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase activities. In the present study, we provide biochemical evidence demonstrating that D-galactose-induced mimetic aging does result in oxidative stress-related redox alterations that are comparable with the alterations that occur in natural aging in soleus. On the contrary, in the D-galactose-induced mimetic aging of gastrocnemius, even though the oxidative stress markers were significantly increased, the endpoint redox homeostasis markers were not statistically comparable with the redox status of naturally aged group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Yanar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bahadir Simsek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Atukeren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seval Aydin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Cakatay
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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17
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Cobley JN, Sakellariou GK, Husi H, McDonagh B. Proteomic strategies to unravel age-related redox signalling defects in skeletal muscle. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 132:24-32. [PMID: 30219702 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Increased oxidative damage and disrupted redox signalling are consistently associated with age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function. Redox signalling can directly regulate biogenesis and degradation pathways and indirectly via activation of key transcription factors. Contracting skeletal muscle fibres endogenously generate free radicals (e.g. superoxide) and non-radical derivatives (e.g. hydrogen peroxide). Exercise induced redox signalling can promote beneficial adaptive responses that are disrupted by age-related redox changes. Identifying and quantifying the redox signalling pathways responsible for successful adaptation to exercise makes skeletal muscle an attractive physiological model for redox proteomic approaches. Site specific identification of the redox modification and quantification of site occupancy in the context of protein abundance remains a crucial concept for redox proteomics approaches. Notwithstanding, the technical limitations associated with skeletal muscle for proteomic analysis, we discuss current approaches for the identification and quantification of transient and stable redox modifications that have been employed to date in ageing research. We also discuss recent developments in proteomic approaches in skeletal muscle and potential implications and opportunities for investigating disrupted redox signalling in skeletal muscle ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Cobley
- Free Radical Laboratory, Departments of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Health Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness IV2 3JH, UK
| | | | - Holger Husi
- Free Radical Laboratory, Departments of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Health Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness IV2 3JH, UK
| | - Brian McDonagh
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, Ireland.
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18
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Fiorillo M, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. "Energetic" Cancer Stem Cells (e-CSCs): A New Hyper-Metabolic and Proliferative Tumor Cell Phenotype, Driven by Mitochondrial Energy. Front Oncol 2019; 8:677. [PMID: 30805301 PMCID: PMC6370664 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we provide the necessary evidence that mitochondrial metabolism drives the anchorage-independent proliferation of CSCs. Two human breast cancer cell lines, MCF7 [ER(+)] and MDA-MB-468 (triple-negative), were used as model systems. To directly address the issue of metabolic heterogeneity in cancer, we purified a new distinct sub-population of CSCs, based solely on their energetic profile. We propose the term “energetic” cancer stem cells (e-CSCs), to better describe this novel cellular phenotype. In a single step, we first isolated an auto-fluorescent cell sub-population, based on their high flavin-content, using flow-cytometry. Then, these cells were further subjected to a detailed phenotypic characterization. More specifically, e-CSCs were more glycolytic, with higher mitochondrial mass and showed significantly elevated oxidative metabolism. e-CSCs also demonstrated an increased capacity to undergo cell cycle progression, as well as enhanced anchorage-independent growth and ALDH-positivity. Most importantly, these e-CSCs could be effectively targeted by treatments with either (i) OXPHOS inhibitors (DPI) or (ii) a CDK4/6 inhibitor (Ribociclib). Finally, we were able to distinguish two distinct phenotypic sub-types of e-CSCs, depending on whether they were grown as 2D-monolayers or as 3D-spheroids. Remarkably, under 3D anchorage-independent growth conditions, e-CSCs were strictly dependent on oxidative mitochondrial metabolism. Unbiased proteomics analysis demonstrated the up-regulation of gene products specifically related to the anti-oxidant response, mitochondrial energy production, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore, mitochondrial inhibitors should be further developed as promising anti-cancer agents, to directly target and eliminate the “fittest” e-CSCs. Our results have important implications for using e-CSCs, especially those derived from 3D-spheroids, (i) in tumor tissue bio-banking and (ii) as a new cellular platform for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fiorillo
- Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Translational Medicine, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom.,The Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Federica Sotgia
- Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Translational Medicine, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P Lisanti
- Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Translational Medicine, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
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