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Silva Brito R, Canedo A, Farias D, Rocha TL. Transgenic zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an emerging model system in ecotoxicology and toxicology: Historical review, recent advances, and trends. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157665. [PMID: 35907527 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an alternative model system for drug screening, developing new products, and assessing ecotoxic effects of pollutants and biomonitor species in environmental risk assessment. However, the history and current use of transgenic zebrafish lines in ecotoxicology and toxicology studies remain poorly explored. Thus, the present study aimed to summarize and discuss the existing data in the literature about the applications of transgenic zebrafish lines in ecotoxicology and toxicology. The articles were analyzed according to publication year, journal, geographic distribution, and collaborations. Also, the bioassays were evaluated according to the tested chemical, transgenic lines, development stage, biomarkers, and exposure conditions (i.e., concentration, time, type, and route of exposure). Revised data showed that constitutive transgenic lines are the main type of transgenic used in the studies, besides most of uses embryos and larvae under static conditions. Tg(fli1: EGFP) was the main transgenic line, while the GFP and EGFP were the main reporter proteins. Transgenic zebrafish stands out in assessing vasotoxicity, neurotoxicity, systemic toxicity, hepatoxicity, endocrine disruption, cardiotoxicity, immunotoxicity, hematotoxicity, ototoxicity, and pancreotoxicity. This review showed that transgenic zebrafish lines are emerging as a suitable in vivo model system for assessing the mechanism of action and toxicity of chemicals and new biotechnology products, and the effects of traditional and emerging pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaella Silva Brito
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Aryelle Canedo
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Davi Farias
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies (LabRisk), Center of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Thiago Lopes Rocha
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Chalise U, Becirovic-Agic M, Konfrst SR, Rodriguez-Paar JR, Cook LM, Lindsey ML. MMP-12 polarizes neutrophil signalome towards an apoptotic signature. J Proteomics 2022; 264:104636. [PMID: 35661763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
While macrophages are well-known to polarize across the inflammatory spectrum, neutrophils have only recently been found to activate in a similar fashion in response to pro- or anti-inflammatory stimuli. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-12 mediates neutrophil physiology with direct signaling mechanisms yet to be investigated. We hypothesized MMP-12 may modify neutrophil signaling. Bone marrow neutrophils were stimulated with interleukin (IL-1β; pro-inflammatory), IL-4 (anti-inflammatory), or MMP-12. The secretome was mapped by multi-analyte profiling and intracellular signaling evaluated by array. IL-1β induced a cytokine-mediated inflammatory LPS-like signalome, with upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFNγ,15.2-fold,p = 0.001), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1,8.4-fold,p = 0.005), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα,11.2-fold,p = 0.004). IL-4 induced strong intracellular signaling with upregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK1;1.9-fold,p = 0.0005) and downregulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4;0.77-fold,0.001). MMP-12 increased IL-4 secretion 20-fold and induced a robust apoptotic neutrophil signalome with upregulation of forkhead box O1 (FOXO1;1.4-fold,p < 0.0001) and downregulation of WNT signaling with MMP-12 cleavage of the adherens junction components β-catenin, cahderin-3, and catenin-α2. In conclusion, neutrophils shifted phenotype by stimuli, with MMP-12 inducing a unique apoptotic signalome with higher resemblance to the anti-inflammatory signalome. SIGNIFICANCE: This study revealed that neutrophils demonstrate unique polarization signaling responses to specific stimuli, with the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-12 signalome showing similarity to the IL-4 signalome. MMP-12 polarized neutrophils towards a strong apoptotic signature by upregulating FOXO1 and downregulating WNT signaling. Our results highlight that neutrophils display more plasticity than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendra Chalise
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Heart and Vascular Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States of America; Research Service, Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, United States of America
| | - Mediha Becirovic-Agic
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Heart and Vascular Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States of America; Research Service, Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, United States of America
| | - Shelby R Konfrst
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Heart and Vascular Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States of America; Research Service, Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, United States of America
| | - Jocelyn R Rodriguez-Paar
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Heart and Vascular Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States of America; Research Service, Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, United States of America
| | - Leah M Cook
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States of America
| | - Merry L Lindsey
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Heart and Vascular Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States of America; Research Service, Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, United States of America.
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Banana Lectin from Musa paradisiaca Is Mitogenic for Cow and Pig PBMC via IL-2 Pathway and ELF1. IMMUNO 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno1030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to gain deeper insights in the potential of polyclonal stimulation of PBMC with banana lectin (BanLec) from Musa paradisiaca. BanLec induced a marked proliferative response in cow and pig PBMC, but was strongest in pigs, where it induced an even higher proliferation rate than Concanavalin A. Molecular processes associated with respective responses in porcine PBMC were examined with differential proteome analyses. Discovery proteomic experiments was applied to BanLec stimulated PBMC and cellular and secretome responses were analyzed with label free LC-MS/MS. In PBMC, 3955 proteins were identified. After polyclonal stimulation with BanLec, 459 proteins showed significantly changed abundance in PBMC. In respective PBMC secretomes, 2867 proteins were identified with 231 differentially expressed candidates as reaction to BanLec stimulation. The transcription factor “E74 like ETS transcription factor 1 (ELF1)” was solely enriched in BanLec stimulated PBMC. BanLec induced secretion of several immune regulators, amongst them positive regulators of activated T cell proliferation and Jak-STAT signaling pathway. Top changed immune proteins were CD226, CD27, IFNG, IL18, IL2, CXCL10, LAT, ICOS, IL2RA, LAG3, and CD300C. BanLec stimulates PBMC of cows and pigs polyclonally and induces IL2 pathway and further proinflammatory cytokines. Proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD027505.
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Zhang K, Tao C, Xu J, Ruan J, Xia J, Zhu W, Xin L, Ye H, Xie N, Xia B, Li C, Wu T, Wang Y, Schroyen M, Xiao X, Fan J, Yang S. CD8 + T Cells Involved in Metabolic Inflammation in Visceral Adipose Tissue and Liver of Transgenic Pigs. Front Immunol 2021; 12:690069. [PMID: 34322121 PMCID: PMC8311854 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.690069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory therapies have the potential to become an effective treatment for obesity-related diseases. However, the huge gap of immune system between human and rodent leads to limitations of drug discovery. This work aims at constructing a transgenic pig model with higher risk of metabolic diseases and outlining the immune responses at the early stage of metaflammation by transcriptomic strategy. We used CRISPR/Cas9 techniques to targeted knock-in three humanized disease risk genes, GIPRdn , hIAPP and PNPLA3I148M . Transgenic effect increased the risk of metabolic disorders. Triple-transgenic pigs with short-term diet intervention showed early symptoms of type 2 diabetes, including glucose intolerance, pancreatic lipid infiltration, islet hypertrophy, hepatic lobular inflammation and adipose tissue inflammation. Molecular pathways related to CD8+ T cell function were significantly activated in the liver and visceral adipose samples from triple-transgenic pigs, including antigen processing and presentation, T-cell receptor signaling, co-stimulation, cytotoxicity, and cytokine and chemokine secretion. The similar pro-inflammatory signaling in liver and visceral adipose tissue indicated that there might be a potential immune crosstalk between the two tissues. Moreover, genes that functionally related to liver antioxidant activity, mitochondrial function and extracellular matrix showed distinct expression between the two groups, indicating metabolic stress in transgenic pigs' liver samples. We confirmed that triple-transgenic pigs had high coincidence with human metabolic diseases, especially in the scope of inflammatory signaling at early stage metaflammation. Taken together, this study provides a valuable large animal model for the clinical study of metaflammation and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Cong Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Xu
- The Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxue Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Animal Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jihan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wenjuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Leilei Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huaqiong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Boce Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Xinhua Xiao
- The Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangao Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Digestion and Nutrition, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shulin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Sagmeister S, Merl-Pham J, Petrera A, Deeg CA, Hauck SM. High glucose treatment promotes extracellular matrix proteome remodeling in Mller glial cells. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11316. [PMID: 34046254 PMCID: PMC8139267 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The underlying pathomechanisms in diabetic retinopathy (DR) remain incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to add to the current knowledge about the particular role of retinal Mller glial cells (RMG) in the initial processes of DR. Methods Applying a quantitative proteomic workflow, we investigated changes of primary porcine RMG under short term high glucose treatment as well as glycolysis inhibition treatment. Results We revealed significant changes in RMG proteome primarily in proteins building the extracellular matrix (ECM) indicating fundamental remodeling processes of ECM as novel rapid response to high glucose treatment. Among others, Osteopontin (SPP1) as well as its interacting integrins were significantly downregulated and organotypic retinal explant culture confirmed the selective loss of SPP1 in RMG upon treatment. Since SPP1 in the retina has been described neuroprotective for photoreceptors and functions against experimentally induced cell swelling, its rapid loss under diabetic conditions may point to a direct involvement of RMG to the early neurodegenerative processes driving DR. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD015879.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sagmeister
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany.,Research Unit Protein Science and Metabolomics and Proteomics Core Facility, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Juliane Merl-Pham
- Research Unit Protein Science and Metabolomics and Proteomics Core Facility, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Agnese Petrera
- Research Unit Protein Science and Metabolomics and Proteomics Core Facility, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia A Deeg
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science and Metabolomics and Proteomics Core Facility, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Munich, Germany
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Miller I, de Almeida AM, Eckersall PD. Across the great divide: Proteomics becoming an essential tool for animal and veterinary sciences. J Proteomics 2021; 241:104225. [PMID: 33857699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Miller
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - André M de Almeida
- LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P David Eckersall
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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Deviant proteome profile of equine granulocytes associates to latent activation status in organ specific autoimmune disease. J Proteomics 2020; 230:103989. [PMID: 32977044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a spontaneous, remitting-relapsing autoimmune disease driven by the adaptive immune system. Although T cells are described as the main effector cells in pathogenesis, granulocytes have also emerged as possible disease mediators. To explore the role of these innate immune cells, we investigated the whole cell proteome of granulocytes from equine recurrent uveitis cases and healthy controls. Among the 2362 proteins identified by mass spectrometry, we found 96 proteins with significantly changed abundance between groups (p < 0.05, fold change >1.2), representing 4.1% of total granulocyte proteome. Within these differential identifications, calgranulin B, a protein associated with pathogenesis in other autoimmune diseases, showed highest abundance in equine recurrent uveitis (18 fold). For a better interpretation of the results from our hypothesis-generating approach, we added a threshold for biological significance (ratio ERU/controls >2: 36 proteins) to the proteins with increased abundance in equine recurrent uveitis and analyzed their allocation to the subsets within the Immune System superpathway. The 36 differentially abundant proteins predominantly associated to RAF/MAP kinase cascade, MHC-I-mediated antigen presentation and neutrophil degranulation, suggesting a latently activated phenotype of these innate immune cells in disease. Raw data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD013648. SIGNIFICANCE: Our study provides new insights into the protein repertoire of primary equine granulocytes and identifies protein abundance changes associated to equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), an organ specific, spontaneously occurring autoimmune disease. We show that granulocyte proteins with increased abundance in ERU strongly associate to RAF/MAP kinase signaling, MHC-I antigen presentation and neutrophil degranulation, pointing to a more activated state of these cells in ERU cases. Since cells were obtained in quiescent stage of disease, latent activation of granulocytes underlines the role of these innate immune cells in ERU. These findings are highly relevant for veterinary medicine, further establishing the importance of granulocytes in this T cell-driven autoimmune disease. Moreover, they have translational quality for autoimmune uveitis in man, due to strong similarity in disease occurrence, progression and pathogenesis.
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Zettler S, Renner S, Kemter E, Hinrichs A, Klymiuk N, Backman M, Riedel EO, Mueller C, Streckel E, Braun-Reichhart C, Martins AS, Kurome M, Keßler B, Zakhartchenko V, Flenkenthaler F, Arnold GJ, Fröhlich T, Blum H, Blutke A, Wanke R, Wolf E. A decade of experience with genetically tailored pig models for diabetes and metabolic research. Anim Reprod 2020; 17:e20200064. [PMID: 33029223 PMCID: PMC7534555 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2020-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus and other metabolic diseases is rapidly increasing. Animal models play pivotal roles in unravelling disease mechanisms and developing and testing therapeutic strategies. Rodents are the most widely used animal models but may have limitations in their resemblance to human disease mechanisms and phenotypes. Findings in rodent models are consequently often difficult to extrapolate to human clinical trials. To overcome this ‘translational gap’, we and other groups are developing porcine disease models. Pigs share many anatomical and physiological traits with humans and thus hold great promise as translational animal models. Importantly, the toolbox for genetic engineering of pigs is rapidly expanding. Human disease mechanisms and targets can therefore be reproduced in pigs on a molecular level, resulting in precise and predictive porcine (PPP) models. In this short review, we summarize our work on the development of genetically (pre)diabetic pig models and how they have been used to study disease mechanisms and test therapeutic strategies. This includes the generation of reporter pigs for studying beta-cell maturation and physiology. Furthermore, genetically engineered pigs are promising donors of pancreatic islets for xenotransplantation. In summary, genetically tailored pig models have become an important link in the chain of translational diabetes and metabolic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Zettler
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Simone Renner
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kemter
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Arne Hinrichs
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Mattias Backman
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich
| | | | - Christiane Mueller
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Streckel
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Christina Braun-Reichhart
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Ana Sofia Martins
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Mayuko Kurome
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Barbara Keßler
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Valeri Zakhartchenko
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | | | - Georg Josef Arnold
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich
| | - Helmut Blum
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Wanke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany.,Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich
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