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Beaudet G, Paizanis E, Zoratto F, Lacivita E, Leopoldo M, Freret T, Laviola G, Boulouard M, Adriani W. LP-211, a selective 5-HT7
receptor agonist, increases novelty-preference and promotes risk-prone behavior in rats. Synapse 2017; 71. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Beaudet
- INSERM U1075 COMETE UNICAEN; University of Caen Normandie; Caen F-14000 France
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health; Rome I-00161 Italy
| | - E. Paizanis
- INSERM U1075 COMETE UNICAEN; University of Caen Normandie; Caen F-14000 France
| | - F. Zoratto
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health; Rome I-00161 Italy
| | - E. Lacivita
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro,”; Bari Italy
| | - M. Leopoldo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro,”; Bari Italy
- BIOFORDRUG s.r.l; Spin-off by Università degli Studi di Bari; Bari Italy
| | - T. Freret
- INSERM U1075 COMETE UNICAEN; University of Caen Normandie; Caen F-14000 France
| | - G. Laviola
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health; Rome I-00161 Italy
| | - M. Boulouard
- INSERM U1075 COMETE UNICAEN; University of Caen Normandie; Caen F-14000 France
| | - W. Adriani
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health; Rome I-00161 Italy
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Hloch K, Mladěnka P, Doseděl M, Adriani W, Zoratto F. The current clinical knowledge on the treatment of gambling disorder: A summary. Synapse 2017; 71. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Hloch
- Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy; Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University; Heyrovskeho 1203 Hradec Kralove 500 05 Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University; Heyrovskeho 1203 Hradec Kralove 500 05 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Doseděl
- Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy; Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University; Heyrovskeho 1203 Hradec Kralove 500 05 Czech Republic
| | - Walter Adriani
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Viale Regina Elena 299 Rome I-00161 Italy
| | - Francesca Zoratto
- Unit of Cognitive Primatology and Primate Centre; Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies of the National Research Council of Italy; Via Ulisse Aldrovandi 16/B Rome I-00197 Italy
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3
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Zoratto F, Romano E, Pascale E, Pucci M, Falconi A, Dell'Osso B, Maccarrone M, Laviola G, D'Addario C, Adriani W. Down-regulation of serotonin and dopamine transporter genes in individual rats expressing a gambling-prone profile: A possible role for epigenetic mechanisms. Neuroscience 2016; 340:101-116. [PMID: 27789384 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gambling Disorder (GD) is characterized by excessive gambling despite adverse consequences on individual functioning. In spite of some positive findings, it is difficult to draw any conclusion on the genetics of GD. Indeed, beyond DNA sequence variation, other regulatory mechanisms (like those that engage epigenetics) may explain gene alterations in this addictive disease. Wistar male rats underwent an operant task for the evaluation of individual propensity to gamble. Few rats, after having learnt to prefer nose-poking for a large over a small food reward, were sacrificed to obtain a baseline profile of gene expression at both central and peripheral levels. In the remaining rats, probability of occurrence of large-reward delivery decreased progressively to very low levels. Thus, rats were faced with temptation to "gamble", i.e. to nose-poke for a binge reward, whose delivery was omitted the majority of times. After 3weeks of testing, rats showing a clear-cut profile of either gambling proneness or aversion were selected and sacrificed after the last session. A selective down-regulation of i) serotonin transporter in prefrontal cortex, ii) tyrosine hydroxylase in ventral striatum, iii) dopamine transporter in lymphocytes was evidenced in "gambler" vs "non-gambler" rats. The exposure to such operant task (compared to home-cage alone) modulated ventrostriatal but not prefrontal genes. A consistent increase of DNA methylation, in one specific CpG site at serotonin transporter gene, was evident in prefrontal cortex of "gambler" rats. Elucidation of epigenetic changes occurring during GD progression may pave the way to the development of new therapeutic strategies through specific modulation of epigenetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Zoratto
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilia Romano
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Esterina Pascale
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences & Biotechnology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariangela Pucci
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Anastasia Falconi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Bernardo Dell'Osso
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Bipolar Disorders Clinic, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- School of Medicine and Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy; European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Laviola
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio D'Addario
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Walter Adriani
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Godier LR, Park RJ. Compulsivity in anorexia nervosa: a transdiagnostic concept. Front Psychol 2014; 5:778. [PMID: 25101036 PMCID: PMC4101893 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The compulsive nature of weight loss behaviors central to anorexia nervosa (AN), such as relentless self-starvation and over-exercise, has led to the suggestion of parallels between AN and other compulsive disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and addictions. There is a huge unmet need for effective treatments in AN, which has high rates of morbidity and the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder, yet a grave paucity of effective treatments. Viewing compulsivity as a transdiagnostic concept, seen in various manifestations across disorders, may help delineate the mechanisms responsible for the persistence of AN, and aid treatment development. We explore models of compulsivity that suggest dysfunction in cortico-striatal circuitry underpins compulsive behavior, and consider evidence of aberrancies in this circuitry across disorders. Excessive habit formation is considered as a mechanism by which initially rewarding weight loss behavior in AN may become compulsive over time, and the complex balance between positive and negative reinforcement in this process is considered. The physiological effects of starvation in promoting compulsivity, positive reinforcement, and habit formation are also discussed. Further research in AN may benefit from a focus on processes potentially underlying the development of compulsivity, such as aberrant reward processing and habit formation. We discuss the implications of a transdiagnostic perspective on compulsivity, and how it may contribute to the development of novel treatments for AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R. Godier
- Oxford Brain-Body Research into Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of OxfordOxford, UK
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Conversano C, Marazziti D, Carmassi C, Baldini S, Barnabei G, Dell'Osso L. Pathological gambling: a systematic review of biochemical, neuroimaging, and neuropsychological findings. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2012; 20:130-48. [PMID: 22716504 DOI: 10.3109/10673229.2012.694318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pathological gambling is an emerging psychiatric disorder that has recently gained much attention because of its increasing prevalence and devastating personal, familial, and social consequences. Although its pathophysiology is largely unknown, the shared similarities with both addiction and obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders have suggested the possibility of common psychobiological substrates. As with many other psychiatric disorders, it is believed that pathological gambling may result from the interplay between individual vulnerability and environmental factors. The aim of this article is to offer a comprehensive review of the main neurobiological aspects of pathological gambling, with particular attention to neuropsychological and related findings. A deeper understanding of the biological correlates of pathological gambling is required in order to develop effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Conversano
- Dipartimento di Psichiatria, Neurobiologia, Farmacologia e Biotecnologie-University of Pisa, Italy
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6
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Nussbaum D, Honarmand K, Govoni R, Kalahani-Bargis M, Bass S, Ni X, Laforge K, Burden A, Romero K, Basarke S, Courbasson C, Deamond W. An eight component decision-making model for problem gambling: a systems approach to stimulate integrative research. J Gambl Stud 2012; 27:523-63. [PMID: 21191637 PMCID: PMC3215875 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-010-9219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Problem Gambling (PG) represents a serious problem for affected individuals, their families and society in general. Previous approaches to understanding PG have been confined to only a subset of the psychobiological factors influencing PG. We present a model that attempts to integrate potential causal factors across levels of organization, providing empirical evidence from the vast literature on PG and complimentary literatures in decision-making and addiction. The model posits that components are arranged systematically to bias decisions in favor of either immediately approaching or avoiding targets affording the opportunity for immediate reward. Dopamine, Testosterone and Endogenous Opioids favor immediate approach, while Serotonin and Cortisol favor inhibition. Glutamate is involved in associative learning between stimuli and promotes the approach response through its link to the DA reward system. GABA functions to monitor performance and curb impulsive decision-making. Finally, while very high levels of Norepinephrine can induce arousal to an extent that is detrimental to sound decision-making, the reactivity of the Norepinephrine system and its effects of Cortisol levels can shift the focus towards long-term consequences, thereby inhibiting impulsive decisions. Empirical evidence is provided showing the effects of each component on PG and decision-making across behavioural, neuropsychological, functional neuroimaging and genetic levels. Last, an effect size analysis of the growing pharmacotherapy literature is presented. It is hoped that this model will stimulate multi-level research to solidify our comprehension of biased decision-making in PG and suggest pharmacological and psychological approaches to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Nussbaum
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, SW414 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada.
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7
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Koot S, Zoratto F, Cassano T, Colangeli R, Laviola G, van den Bos R, Adriani W. Compromised decision-making and increased gambling proneness following dietary serotonin depletion in rats. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:1640-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Samuelsson M, Vainikka L, Ollinger K. Glutathione in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid: a study in healthy male volunteers. Neuropeptides 2011; 45:287-92. [PMID: 21708405 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is an important regulator of intracellular redox homeostasis. In the brain, glutathione is considered a major antioxidant, which is also found at high concentrations in the extracellular environment. Altered GSH balance in plasma, blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been observed in several disorders suggesting that an impaired antioxidant function is part of the pathophysiology. The aim of the present study was to investigate a possible relationship between glutathione in plasma and CSF. Blood samples were collected from 26 healthy male volunteers at 8a.m., noon, 4p.m. and 8 p.m. At 8a.m. the following morning, blood was drawn and three 6-ml fractions of CSF were collected by lumbar puncture. In CSF, a disrupted gradient was found showing the highest glutathione concentration in the second compared to the first and third fraction (P<0.002). Moreover, correlation and regression analyses between glutathione in plasma and CSF revealed an association between the third fraction CSF and plasma glutathione 8 p.m. the day before lumbar puncture. Thus, if carefully standardised due to the disrupted gradient in CSF, it might be possible to estimate glutathione levels in CSF by analysing plasma in healthy males.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Samuelsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Psychiatry, Linköping University, Sweden.
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9
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Contributions of serotonin in addiction vulnerability. Neuropharmacology 2011; 61:421-32. [PMID: 21466815 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) system has long been associated with mood and its dysregulation implicated in the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders. While modulation of 5-HT neurotransmission by drugs of abuse is also recognized, its role in drug addiction and vulnerability to drug relapse is a more recent focus of investigation. First, we review preclinical data supporting the serotonergic raphe nuclei and their forebrain projections as targets of drugs of abuse, with emphasis on the effects of psychostimulants, opioids and ethanol. Next, we examine the role of 5-HT receptors in impulsivity, a core behavior that contributes to the vulnerability to addiction and relapse. Finally, we discuss evidence for serotonergic dysregulation in comorbid mood and addictive disorders and suggest novel serotonergic targets for the treatment of addiction and the prevention of drug relapse.
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Pallanti S, Bernardi S, Allen A, Hollander E. Serotonin function in pathological gambling: blunted growth hormone response to sumatriptan. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24:1802-9. [PMID: 19825906 DOI: 10.1177/0269881109106907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Pathological gambling is a disruptive behaviour and an important public health concern that is classified as an impulse control disorder, and is also conceptualized as a prototype of 'behavioural addiction'. Its phenomenology cannot be reduced to a single neurobiological dysfunction; instead, it has been conceived as a complex chain of events in which the serotonergic system (5-HT) has often been suggested as one of the most prominent involved. Acute administration of Sumatriptan, a selective 5-HT(1B/1D) agonist, has been used to investigate the functional responsivity of 5-HT(1B/1D) receptors in alcoholics, resulting in a blunted growth hormone response. These findings have been interpreted as being due to the down-regulation of these receptors. However, previous studies could not rule out the possibility that the changes in receptor function were induced by chronic substance exposure. Twenty-two pathological gamblers and 19 healthy control subjects were evaluated in response to double-blind administration of both a single dose of oral Sumatriptan (100 mg) and of placebo in a crossover design. All participants were screened to ensure that they were negative for lifetime alcohol and drug addiction, and had been free of substance abuse for at least 6 months. Outcome measures included growth hormone, prolactin, gambling severity, mood, craving and 'high' change scales. A blunted growth hormone response was observed in pathological gamblers compared with healthy controls after Sumatriptan administration. No statistically significant differences were found for prolactin or behavioural measures, except for an increase in anxiety over time in pathological gamblers. These results, together with those obtained in our previous serotoninergic challenge study, document the presence of a serotonergic dysfunction in pathological gamblers similar to that reported in alcoholics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pallanti
- Department of Psychiatry, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Abstract
Pathological gambling (PG) is categorized as an impulse control disorder (ICD). Phenomenological, neurobiological and pharmacological data suggest similarities in the pathophysiologies of substance use disorders (SUDs) and PG. Both behavioral and pharmacological approaches, including those that have been empirically validated for SUDs, have shown promise in the treatment of PG. Findings from biological studies of PG are reviewed, and treatment approaches based on controlled studies are summarized.
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Zack M, Poulos CX. Effects of the atypical stimulant modafinil on a brief gambling episode in pathological gamblers with high vs. low impulsivity. J Psychopharmacol 2009; 23:660-71. [PMID: 18583430 DOI: 10.1177/0269881108091072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pathological gambling (PG) is a serious psychiatric disorder afflicting 1-3% of the general population. Experimental evidence indicates shared neurochemical substrates for PG and psychostimulant addiction. Impulsivity characterizes one key subtype of PG. Therefore, medications that ameliorate psychostimulant addiction and impulsive syndromes might also benefit impulsive PG subjects. The atypical stimulant, modafinil reduces cocaine abuse and impulsivity in patients with ADHD. The present study sought to determine if modafinil (200 mg) would reduce the reinforcing effects of slot machine gambling in PG subjects, and if this effect was stronger in high (H-I) vs. low (L-I) impulsivity subjects (N = 20). A placebo-controlled, double-blind, counterbalanced, repeated measures design was employed. Apart from bet size, which declined uniformly in both groups under drug, modafinil had bi-directional effects in the two groups. In H-I subjects, the drug decreased desire to gamble, salience of Gambling words, disinhibition and risky decision-making. In L-I subjects, modafinil increased scores on these indices. Modafinil also differentially affected blood pressure response to the game in the two groups. These findings for modafinil appear to fit well with a growing literature demonstrating bi-directional effects of D2 agonists as a function of trait impulsivity. Impulsivity could critically moderate medication response in PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zack
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Long AB, Kuhn CM, Platt ML. Serotonin shapes risky decision making in monkeys. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2009; 4:346-56. [PMID: 19553236 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsp020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some people love taking risks, while others avoid gambles at all costs. The neural mechanisms underlying individual variation in preference for risky or certain outcomes, however, remain poorly understood. Although behavioral pathologies associated with compulsive gambling, addiction and other psychiatric disorders implicate deficient serotonin signaling in pathological decision making, there is little experimental evidence demonstrating a link between serotonin and risky decision making, in part due to the lack of a good animal model. We used dietary rapid tryptophan depletion (RTD) to acutely lower brain serotonin in three macaques performing a simple gambling task for fluid rewards. To confirm the efficacy of RTD experiments, we measured total plasma tryptophan using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Reducing brain serotonin synthesis decreased preference for the safe option in a gambling task. Moreover, lowering brain serotonin function significantly decreased the premium required for monkeys to switch their preference to the risky option, suggesting that diminished serotonin signaling enhances the relative subjective value of the risky option. These results implicate serotonin in risk-sensitive decision making and, further, suggest pharmacological therapies for treating pathological risk preferences in disorders such as problem gambling and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwen B Long
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Box 3209, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Vallender EJ, Lynch L, Novak MA, Miller GM. Polymorphisms in the 3' UTR of the serotonin transporter are associated with cognitive flexibility in rhesus macaques. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:467-75. [PMID: 18655075 PMCID: PMC2702718 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The serotonin system is an important neurophysiological mediator of many behavioral phenotypes. Genetic variation within this system is thought to contribute not only to the natural range of behavioral differences, but also to neuropsychiatric pathologies. Cognitive flexibility, the ability to change patterns of response as reward context shifts, is an important trait that underlies many complex social interactions. Environmental manipulations of the serotonin system have been shown to alter performance on tests measuring cognitive flexibility. Variation at the serotonin transporter promoter region (5HTTLPR) has recently been shown to associate with the performance of rhesus monkeys on an object discrimination reversal learning task [Izquierdo et al., 2007]. Here, we demonstrate that functional genetic variation at the serotonin transporter 3' untranslated region, independent of 5HTTLPR, also associates with performance in an object discrimination reversal learning task in rhesus macaques. The polymorphisms comprising the T:G:T haplotype (T1970, G1991, and T2327) were associated with fewer errors on a reversal learning test and greater levels of cognitive flexibility. We have previously demonstrated that the T:G:T haplotype renders lower levels of gene expression in vitro, paralleling the functionality of human 3' UTR haplotypes, as well as the short allele of 5HTTLPR found in both macaques and humans. The 3' UTR haplotypes are independent and in linkage equilibrium with the 5HTTLPR locus. Together, these data lead to the intriguing possibility that differences observed in human cognitive flexibility, whether naturally or in pathological states, may be associated with genetic variation in the serotonin transporter 3' untranslated region also.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Vallender
- Division of Neurochemistry, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA
| | - Laurie Lynch
- Division of Neurochemistry, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA
| | - Melinda A. Novak
- Division of Behavioral Biology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA
| | - Gregory M. Miller
- Division of Neurochemistry, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA,Correspondence to G. M. Miller, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough Campus, Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA 01772. email:
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Braun CMJ, Léveillé C, Guimond A. An orbitofrontostriatopallidal pathway for morality: evidence from postlesion antisocial and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2008; 13:296-337. [PMID: 18622787 DOI: 10.1080/13546800802088580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A detailed proposal is made to the effect that nonlesional antisocial personality disorder (APD) is, among other things, a dysfunctional hypomoralism and that nonlesional obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is, among other things, a dysfunctional hypermoralism. METHOD To provide an empirical test of this proposal, 25 previously published cases of acquired (post lesion) APD and 39 cases of acquired OCD are reviewed and compared with multivariate inference tests. RESULTS The acquired APD patients most often present putamenal or pallidal lesions. CONCLUSION The ensemble of neurobiological, endocrine, and behavioural traits in APD and OCD, as well as the distinct lesion sites in the acquired variants, support the notion of an orbitofrontostriatopallidal brain system underlying morality.
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Nordin C, Gupta RC, Sjödin I. Cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in pathological gamblers and healthy controls. Neuropsychobiology 2008; 56:152-8. [PMID: 18259089 DOI: 10.1159/000115782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids, such as valine, isoleucine and leucine compete with tyrosine and tryptophan for transport into the brain and might thus affect the central serotonin and catecholamine patterns. Furthermore, the excitatory amino acids glutamic acid, aspartic acid and glycine are known to act on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, which is part of the reward system. Based on these facts, we have explored the role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amino acids in pathological gambling. Concentrations of amino acids were determined in CSF obtained from one female and 11 pathological male gamblers and 11 healthy male controls. In an ANCOVA with best subset regression, pathological male gamblers had higher CSF levels of the excitatory glutamic and aspartic acids, as well as of phenylalanine, isoleucine, citrulline and glycine. A negative contribution of glycine in interaction with the neuraxis distance might mirror a reduced spinal supply or an altered elimination of glycine in pathological gamblers. A decreasing CSF gradient from the first (0-6 ml) to the third (13-18 ml) CSF fraction was found for glutamic acid, glycine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, ornithine and glutamine in both pathological gamblers and healthy controls. A decreasing gradient was found, however, for aspartic acid and phenylalanine in pathological male gamblers. The altered pattern of CSF amino acids in pathological gamblers might exert an influence on central monoamines as well as on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conny Nordin
- Psychiatry Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Nordin C, Sjödin I. CSF cholecystokinin, γ-aminobutyric acid and neuropeptide Y in pathological gamblers and healthy controls. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2006; 114:499-503. [PMID: 17109076 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-006-0593-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The sulphated cholecystokinin (CCK) octapeptide (CCK-8S), the CCK tetrapeptide (CCK-4), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were determined in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from 11 pathological male gamblers and 11 healthy male controls. Compared with healthy controls, pathological male gamblers displayed higher concentrations of CCK-8S, CCK-4 and GABA (but not NPY). A gradient with decreasing concentrations from the first to the third 6-ml CSF fraction was found for CCK-8S, CCK-4 and NPY, but only in pathological gamblers. Disrupted gradients were found for GABA and for NPY in healthy controls. Given that CCK is a modulator of dopamine in the reward process, the increase in CCK-8S and CCK-4 is not unexpected. The high level of GABA in pathological gamblers is in conformity with a compensatory inhibitory action on noradrenergic neurons. The CSF gradient of CCK-8S and CCK-4 in pathological male gamblers (but not healthy controls) might indicate a difference in diurnal variation. The results obtained are in line with an altered CCK and GABA function in pathological gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nordin
- Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry Section, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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