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Leow KQ, Tonta MA, Lu J, Coleman HA, Parkington HC. Towards understanding sex differences in autism spectrum disorders. Brain Res 2024; 1833:148877. [PMID: 38513995 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by social deficits, repetitive behaviours and lack of empathy. Its significant genetic heritability and potential comorbidities often lead to diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. This review addresses the biological basis of ASD, focusing on the sex differences in gene expression and hormonal influences. ASD is more commonly diagnosed in males at a ratio of 4:1, indicating a potential oversight in female-specific ASD research and a risk of underdiagnosis in females. We consider how ASD manifests differently across sexes by exploring differential gene expression in female and male brains and consider how variations in steroid hormones influence ASD characteristics. Synaptic function, including excitation/inhibition ratio imbalance, is influenced by gene mutations and this is explored as a key factor in the cognitive and behavioural manifestations of ASD. We also discuss the role of micro RNAs (miRNAs) and highlight a novel mutation in miRNA-873, which affects a suite of key synaptic genes, neurexin, neuroligin, SHANK and post-synaptic density proteins, implicated in the pathology of ASD. Our review suggests that genetic predisposition, sex differences in brain gene expression, and hormonal factors significantly contribute to the presentation, identification and severity of ASD, necessitating sex-specific considerations in diagnosis and treatments. These findings advocate for personalized interventions to improve the outcomes for individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Q Leow
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mary A Tonta
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jing Lu
- Tianjin Institute of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Harold A Coleman
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helena C Parkington
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
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2
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Cooper JN, Mittal J, Sangadi A, Klassen DL, King AM, Zalta M, Mittal R, Eshraghi AA. Landscape of NRXN1 Gene Variants in Phenotypic Manifestations of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2067. [PMID: 38610832 PMCID: PMC11012327 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13072067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by social communication challenges and repetitive behaviors. Recent research has increasingly focused on the genetic underpinnings of ASD, with the Neurexin 1 (NRXN1) gene emerging as a key player. This comprehensive systematic review elucidates the contribution of NRXN1 gene variants in the pathophysiology of ASD. Methods: The protocol for this systematic review was designed a priori and was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42023450418). A risk of bias analysis was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool. We examined various studies that link NRXN1 gene disruptions with ASD, discussing both the genotypic variability and the resulting phenotypic expressions. Results: Within this review, there was marked heterogeneity observed in ASD genotypic and phenotypic manifestations among individuals with NRXN1 mutations. The presence of NRXN1 mutations in this population emphasizes the gene's role in synaptic function and neural connectivity. Conclusion: This review not only highlights the role of NRXN1 in the pathophysiology of ASD but also highlights the need for further research to unravel the complex genetic underpinnings of the disorder. A better knowledge about the multifaceted role of NRXN1 in ASD can provide crucial insights into the neurobiological foundations of autism and pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimee N. Cooper
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research and Communication Disorders Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (J.N.C.); (J.M.); (A.S.); (D.L.K.); (A.M.K.); (M.Z.); (R.M.)
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Jeenu Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research and Communication Disorders Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (J.N.C.); (J.M.); (A.S.); (D.L.K.); (A.M.K.); (M.Z.); (R.M.)
| | - Akhila Sangadi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research and Communication Disorders Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (J.N.C.); (J.M.); (A.S.); (D.L.K.); (A.M.K.); (M.Z.); (R.M.)
| | - Delany L. Klassen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research and Communication Disorders Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (J.N.C.); (J.M.); (A.S.); (D.L.K.); (A.M.K.); (M.Z.); (R.M.)
| | - Ava M. King
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research and Communication Disorders Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (J.N.C.); (J.M.); (A.S.); (D.L.K.); (A.M.K.); (M.Z.); (R.M.)
| | - Max Zalta
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research and Communication Disorders Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (J.N.C.); (J.M.); (A.S.); (D.L.K.); (A.M.K.); (M.Z.); (R.M.)
| | - Rahul Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research and Communication Disorders Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (J.N.C.); (J.M.); (A.S.); (D.L.K.); (A.M.K.); (M.Z.); (R.M.)
| | - Adrien A. Eshraghi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research and Communication Disorders Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (J.N.C.); (J.M.); (A.S.); (D.L.K.); (A.M.K.); (M.Z.); (R.M.)
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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3
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Sindi IA. Implications of Cell Adhesion Molecules in Autism Spectrum Disorder Pathogenesis. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2023; 11:199-205. [PMID: 38213654 PMCID: PMC10779445 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_15_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental illness that leads to repetitive behavior and debilitates social communication. Genetic changes such as susceptible genes and environmental factors promote ASD pathogenesis. Mutations in neuroligins (NLGNs) and neurexin (NRXNs) complex which encode cell adhesion molecules have a significant part in synapses formation, transcription, and excitatory-inhibitory balance. The ASD pathogenesis could partly, at the least, be related to synaptic dysfunction. Here, the NRXNs and NLGNs genes and signaling pathways involved in the synaptic malfunction that causes ASD have been reviewed. Besides, a new insight of NLGNs and NRXNs genes in ASD will be conferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikhlas A. Sindi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Genetic ablation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in rats results in an autism-like behavioral phenotype. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275937. [PMCID: PMC9668160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in communication, and social skills, as well as repetitive and/or restrictive interests and behaviors. The severity of ASD varies from mild to severe, drastically interfering with the quality of life of affected individuals. The current occurrence of ASD in the United States is about 1 in 44 children. The precise pathophysiology of ASD is still unknown, but it is believed that ASD is heterogeneous and can arise due to genetic etiology. Although various genes have been implicated in predisposition to ASD, metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is one of the most common downstream targets, which may be involved in autism. mGluR5 signaling has been shown to play a crucial role in neurodevelopment and neural transmission making it a very attractive target for understanding the pathogenesis of ASD. In the present study, we determined the effect of genetic ablation of mGluR5 (Grm5) on an ASD-like phenotype using a rat model to better understand the role of mGluR5 signaling in behavior patterns and clinical manifestations of ASD. We observed that mGluR5 Ko rats exhibited exaggerated self-grooming and increased marble burying, as well as deficits in social novelty. Our results suggest that mGluR5 Ko rats demonstrate an ASD-like phenotype, specifically impaired social interaction as well as repetitive and anxiety-like behavior, which are correlates of behavior symptoms observed in individuals with ASD. The mGluR5 Ko rat model characterized in this study may be explored to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying ASD and for developing effective therapeutic modalities.
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5
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Iyshwarya B, Vajagathali M, Ramakrishnan V. Investigation of Genetic Polymorphism in Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Pathogenesis of the Neurodevelopmental Disorder. ADVANCES IN NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2022; 6:136-146. [DOI: 10.1007/s41252-022-00251-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
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6
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Liu Y, Shen L, Zhang Y, Zhao R, Liu C, Luo S, Chen J, Xia L, Li T, Peng Y, Xia K. Rare NRXN1 missense variants identified in autism interfered protein degradation and Drosophila sleeping. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 143:113-122. [PMID: 34487988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
NRXN1 is involved in synaptogenesis and have been implicated in Autism spectrum disorders. However, many rare inherited missense variants of NRXN1 have not been thoroughly evaluated. Here, functional analyses in vitro and in Drosophila of three NRXN1 missense mutations, Y282H, L893V, and I1135V identified in ASD patients in our previous study were performed. Our results showed these three mutations interfered protein degradation compared with NRXN1-WT protein. Expressing human NRXN1 in Drosophila could lead to abnormal circadian rhythm and sleep behavior, and three mutated proteins caused milder phenotypes, indicating the mutations may change the function of NRXN1 slightly. These findings highlight the functional role of rare NRXN1 missense variants identified in autism patients, and provide clues for us to better understand the pathogenesis of abnormal circadian rhythm and sleep behavior of other organisms, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Major Disease Research of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yaowen Zhang
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rongjuan Zhao
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cenying Liu
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sanchuan Luo
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Xia
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Taoxi Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Major Disease Research of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kun Xia
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligences Technology (CEBSIT), Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Information Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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7
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Rodriguez-Gomez DA, Garcia-Guaqueta DP, Charry-Sánchez JD, Sarquis-Buitrago E, Blanco M, Velez-van-Meerbeke A, Talero-Gutiérrez C. A systematic review of common genetic variation and biological pathways in autism spectrum disorder. BMC Neurosci 2021; 22:60. [PMID: 34627165 PMCID: PMC8501721 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-021-00662-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction. Common genetic variation appears to play a key role in the development of this condition. In this systematic review, we describe the relationship between genetic variations and autism. We created a gene dataset of the genes involved in the pathogenesis of autism and performed an over-representation analysis to evaluate the biological functions and molecular pathways that may explain the associations between these variants and the development of ASD. Results 177 studies and a gene set composed of 139 were included in this qualitative systematic review. Enriched pathways in the over-representation analysis using the KEGG pathway database were mostly associated with neurotransmitter receptors and their subunits. Major over-represented biological processes were social behavior, vocalization behavior, learning and memory. The enriched cellular component of the proteins encoded by the genes identified in this systematic review were the postsynaptic membrane and the cell junction. Conclusions Among the biological processes that were examined, genes involved in synaptic integrity, neurotransmitter metabolism, and cell adhesion molecules were significantly involved in the development of autism. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12868-021-00662-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Alejandro Rodriguez-Gomez
- Neuroscience Research Group (NeURos), NeuroVitae Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, 111221, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Danna Paola Garcia-Guaqueta
- Neuroscience Research Group (NeURos), NeuroVitae Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, 111221, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Jesús David Charry-Sánchez
- Neuroscience Research Group (NeURos), NeuroVitae Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, 111221, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Elias Sarquis-Buitrago
- Neuroscience Research Group (NeURos), NeuroVitae Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, 111221, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Mariana Blanco
- Neuroscience Research Group (NeURos), NeuroVitae Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, 111221, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Alberto Velez-van-Meerbeke
- Neuroscience Research Group (NeURos), NeuroVitae Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, 111221, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.,NeuroVitae Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, 111221, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Claudia Talero-Gutiérrez
- Neuroscience Research Group (NeURos), NeuroVitae Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, 111221, Bogotá D.C., Colombia. .,NeuroVitae Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, 111221, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
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8
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Cuttler K, Hassan M, Carr J, Cloete R, Bardien S. Emerging evidence implicating a role for neurexins in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Open Biol 2021; 11:210091. [PMID: 34610269 PMCID: PMC8492176 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptopathies are brain disorders characterized by dysfunctional synapses, which are specialized junctions between neurons that are essential for the transmission of information. Synaptic dysfunction can occur due to mutations that alter the structure and function of synaptic components or abnormal expression levels of a synaptic protein. One class of synaptic proteins that are essential to their biology are cell adhesion proteins that connect the pre- and post-synaptic compartments. Neurexins are one type of synaptic cell adhesion molecule that have, recently, gained more pathological interest. Variants in both neurexins and their common binding partners, neuroligins, have been associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we summarize some of the key physiological functions of the neurexin protein family and the protein networks they are involved in. Furthermore, examination of published literature has implicated neurexins in both neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. There is a clear link between neurexins and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. However, multiple expression studies have also shown changes in neurexin expression in several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Therefore, this review highlights the potential importance of neurexins in brain disorders and the importance of doing more targeted studies on these genes and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Cuttler
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maryam Hassan
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Carr
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa,South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ruben Cloete
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Soraya Bardien
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa,South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
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9
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Shiota Y, Matsudaira I, Takeuchi H, Ono C, Tomita H, Kawashima R, Taki Y. The influence of NRXN1 on systemizing and the brain structure in healthy adults. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 16:692-701. [PMID: 34529206 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00530-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Certain behavioral characteristics of autism spectrum disorder can be found in otherwise healthy people. Individuals with difficulties in social adaptation may have subclinical autistic traits; however, effective biomarkers of these traits have not yet been established. There is a dire need for objective indices of these traits that combine behavior, brain images, and genetic information. In this study, we examined the association among a single nucleotide polymorphism of NRXN1 (rs858932; C/G), autistic traits, and brain structure in 311 healthy adults. We found that carriers of minor alleles (carriers of the G-allele) had significantly higher systemizing scores than major-allele (C-allele) homozygotes. Furthermore, the regional white matter volume in the right anterior limb of the internal capsule was significantly greater in carriers of the G-allele than in C-allele homozygotes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of NRXN1 rs858932 being involved in systemizing and the brain structure of healthy adults. Our findings provide insight into the effects of genetics on autistic traits and their respective neural substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Shiota
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Izumi Matsudaira
- Smart-Aging Research Center, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Hikaru Takeuchi
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ono
- Department of Disaster Psychiatry, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tomita
- Department of Disaster Psychiatry, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Advanced Brain Science, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Smart-Aging Research Center, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Taki
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Smart-Aging Research Center, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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10
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The protective effect and potential mechanism of NRXN1 on learning and memory in ADHD rat models. Exp Neurol 2021; 344:113806. [PMID: 34228999 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The learning and memory network is highly complex and remains unclear. The hippocampus is the location of learning and memory function. Impairment of synaptic morphology and synaptic plasticity (i.e., long-term potentiation) appears to cause learning and memory deficits. Several studies have indicated the role of NRXN1 in regulating the synaptic function, but little is known on its role in learning and memory dysfunction associated with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Our results showed that overexpression and interference of NRXN1 in vivo, respectively, affected learning and memory, as was assessed by Morris water maze tests, in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. We found that SD rats performed better after methylphenidate (MPH) treatment in salvage trials. Accordingly, the change of NRXN1 led to altered synapse-related gene (PSD95, SYN1, GAP43, NLGN1) expression, further providing evidence of its role in the maintenance of synaptic plasticity. We also verified that the expression of synapse-related genes synchronously changed with NRXN1expression in the behavioral assessment. The expression of NRXN1 was confirmed to affect the expression of synapse-related genes after its interference and overexpression in the primary hippocampal neurons in vitro. These results confirmed our hypothesis that NRXN1 might nucleate an overall trans-synaptic signaling network that controls synaptic plasticity and is responsible for impairments in learning and memory in ADHD. These findings suggest a possible protective role of NRXN1 in learning and memory in ADHD. Further RNA-seq sequencing revealed significant differences in the expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor (5-HT6R), which was further verified at the cellular level, and the mechanism of NRXN1 affecting synaptic plasticity was preliminarily discussed.
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11
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Cross-platform validation of neurotransmitter release impairments in schizophrenia patient-derived NRXN1-mutant neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2025598118. [PMID: 34035170 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025598118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous NRXN1 deletions constitute the most prevalent currently known single-gene mutation associated with schizophrenia, and additionally predispose to multiple other neurodevelopmental disorders. Engineered heterozygous NRXN1 deletions impaired neurotransmitter release in human neurons, suggesting a synaptic pathophysiological mechanism. Utilizing this observation for drug discovery, however, requires confidence in its robustness and validity. Here, we describe a multicenter effort to test the generality of this pivotal observation, using independent analyses at two laboratories of patient-derived and newly engineered human neurons with heterozygous NRXN1 deletions. Using neurons transdifferentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells that were derived from schizophrenia patients carrying heterozygous NRXN1 deletions, we observed the same synaptic impairment as in engineered NRXN1-deficient neurons. This impairment manifested as a large decrease in spontaneous synaptic events, in evoked synaptic responses, and in synaptic paired-pulse depression. Nrxn1-deficient mouse neurons generated from embryonic stem cells by the same method as human neurons did not exhibit impaired neurotransmitter release, suggesting a human-specific phenotype. Human NRXN1 deletions produced a reproducible increase in the levels of CASK, an intracellular NRXN1-binding protein, and were associated with characteristic gene-expression changes. Thus, heterozygous NRXN1 deletions robustly impair synaptic function in human neurons regardless of genetic background, enabling future drug discovery efforts.
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Yagishita-Kyo N, Ikai Y, Uekita T, Shinohara A, Koshimoto C, Yoshikawa K, Maruyama K, Yagishita S. Testosterone interrupts binding of Neurexin and Neuroligin that are expressed in a highly socialized rodent, Octodon degus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 551:54-62. [PMID: 33721831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Octodon degus is said to be one of the most human-like rodents because of its improved cognitive function. Focusing on its high sociality, we cloned and characterized some sociality-related genes of degus, in order to establish degus as a highly socialized animal model in molecular biology. We cloned degus Neurexin and Neuroligin as sociality-related genes, which are genetically related to autism spectrum disorder in human. According to our results, amino acid sequences of Neurexin and Neuroligin expressed in degus brain, are highly conserved to that of human sequences. Most notably, degus Neuroligin4 is highly similar to human Neuroligin4X, which is one of the most important autism-related genes, whereas mouse Neuroligin4 is known to be poorly similar to human Neuroligin4X. Furthermore, our work also indicated that testosterone directly binds to degus Neurexin and intercepts intercellular Neurexin-Neuroligin binding. Moreover, it is of high interest that testosterone is another key molecule of the higher incidence of autism in male. These results indicated that degus has the potential for animal model of sociality, and furthermore may promote understanding toward the pathogenic mechanism of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yagishita-Kyo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan.
| | - Yuki Ikai
- Division of Bio-Resources, Department of Biotechnology, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake-cho, Miyazaki-shi, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Tomoko Uekita
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyoto Tachibana University, 34 Yamada-cho, Oyake, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8175, Japan
| | - Akio Shinohara
- Division of Bio-Resources, Department of Biotechnology, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake-cho, Miyazaki-shi, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Chihiro Koshimoto
- Division of Bio-Resources, Department of Biotechnology, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake-cho, Miyazaki-shi, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Kei Maruyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Sosuke Yagishita
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
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13
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Autism-associated miR-873 regulates ARID1B, SHANK3 and NRXN2 involved in neurodevelopment. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:418. [PMID: 33262327 PMCID: PMC7708977 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorders with significant genetic heterogeneity. Noncoding microRNAs (miRNAs) are recognised as playing key roles in development of ASD albeit the function of these regulatory genes remains unclear. We previously conducted whole-exome sequencing of Australian families with ASD and identified four novel single nucleotide variations in mature miRNA sequences. A pull-down transcriptome analysis using transfected SH-SY5Y cells proposed a mechanistic model to examine changes in binding affinity associated with a unique mutation found in the conserved 'seed' region of miR-873-5p (rs777143952: T > A). Results suggested several ASD-risk genes were differentially targeted by wild-type and mutant miR-873 variants. In the current study, a dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed miR-873 variants have a 20-30% inhibition/dysregulation effect on candidate autism risk genes ARID1B, SHANK3 and NRXN2 and also confirmed the affected expression with qPCR. In vitro mouse hippocampal neurons transfected with mutant miR-873 showed less morphological complexity and enhanced sodium currents and excitatory neurotransmission compared to cells transfected with wild-type miR-873. A second in vitro study showed CRISPR/Cas9 miR-873 disrupted SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells acquired a neuronal-like morphology and increased expression of ASD important genes ARID1B, SHANK3, ADNP2, ANK2 and CHD8. These results represent the first functional evidence that miR-873 regulates key neural genes involved in development and cell differentiation.
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14
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Hu Z, Xiao X, Zhang Z, Li M. Genetic insights and neurobiological implications from NRXN1 in neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1400-1414. [PMID: 31138894 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders commonly share genetic risk factors. To date, the mechanisms driving the pathogenesis of these disorders, particularly how genetic variations affect the function of risk genes and contribute to disease symptoms, remain largely unknown. Neurexins are a family of synaptic adhesion molecules, which play important roles in the formation and establishment of synaptic structure, as well as maintenance of synaptic function. Accumulating genomic findings reveal that genetic variations within genes encoding neurexins are associated with a variety of psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, and some developmental abnormalities. In this review, we focus on NRXN1, one of the most compelling psychiatric risk genes of the neurexin family. We performed a comprehensive survey and analysis of current genetic and molecular data including both common and rare alleles within NRXN1 associated with psychiatric illnesses, thus providing insights into the genetic risk conferred by NRXN1. We also summarized the neurobiological evidences, supporting the function of NRXN1 and its protein products in synaptic formation, organization, transmission and plasticity, as well as disease-relevant behaviors, and assessed the mechanistic link between the mutations of NRXN1 and synaptic and behavioral pathology in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Hu
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine and Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Department of Psychiatry, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhuohua Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine and Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Mané-Damas M, Hoffmann C, Zong S, Tan A, Molenaar PC, Losen M, Martinez-Martinez P. Autoimmunity in psychotic disorders. Where we stand, challenges and opportunities. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:102348. [PMID: 31323365 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.102348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Psychotic disorders are debilitating mental illnesses associated with abnormalities in various neurotransmitter systems. The development of disease-modifing therapies has been hampered by the mostly unknown etiologies and pathophysiologies. Autoantibodies against several neuronal antigens are responsible for autoimmune encephalitis. These autoantibodies disrupt neurotransmission within the brain, resulting in a wide range of psychiatric and neurologic manifestations, including psychosis. The overlap of symptoms of autoimmune encephalitis with psychotic disorders raised the question as to whether autoantibodies against a number of receptors, ion channel and associated proteins could ultimately be responsible for some forms of psychosis. Here we review our current knowledge, on antibody mediated autoimmunity in psychotic disorders, the different diagnostic methods and their limitations, as well as on varying therapeutic approaches targeting the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Mané-Damas
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Carolin Hoffmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Shenghua Zong
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Amanda Tan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter C Molenaar
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Mario Losen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Pilar Martinez-Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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16
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Yuan H, Wang Q, Liu Y, Yang W, He Y, Gusella JF, Song J, Shen Y. A rare exonic NRXN3 deletion segregating with neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric conditions in a three-generation Chinese family. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2018; 177:589-595. [PMID: 30076746 PMCID: PMC6445570 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Members of the neurexin gene family, neurexin 1 (NRXN1), neurexin 2 (NRXN2), and neurexin 3 (NRXN3) encode important components of synaptic function implicated in autism and other neurodevelopmental/neuropsychiatric disorders. Loss of function variants have been reported predominantly in NRXN1, with fewer such variants detected in NRXN2 and NRXN3. Evidence for segregating NRNX3 variants has particularly been lacking. Here, we report identification by chromosomal microarray analysis of a rare exonic deletion affecting the NRXN3 alpha isoform in a three-generation Chinese family. The proband, a 7-year-old boy, presented with motor and language delay and met the clinical diagnostic criteria for autism. He also presented with moderate intellectual disability, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and facial dysmorphic features. The mother and maternal grandfather, both deletion carriers, presented with variable degrees of language and communication difficulties, as well as neuropsychiatric problems such as schizophrenia and temper tantrums. A compilation of sporadic cases with deletions involving part or all of NRXN3 revealed that 9 of 23 individuals (39%) displayed features of autism. The evidence for cosegregation in our family further supports a role for NRXN3 in autism and neurodevelopmental/neuropsychiatric disorders but demonstrates intrafamily variable expressivity due to this NRXN3 deletion, with schizophrenia and facial dysmorphism being potential novel features of NRXN3 haploinsufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Yuan
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital. Dongguan 523120, China
- Dongguan Institute of Reproductive and Genetic Research. Dongguan 523120, China
| | - Qingming Wang
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital. Dongguan 523120, China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital. Dongguan 523120, China
- Dongguan Institute of Reproductive and Genetic Research. Dongguan 523120, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital. Dongguan 523120, China
| | - Yi He
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital. Dongguan 523120, China
| | - James F. Gusella
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jiage Song
- Fengcheng No.1 High School. Liaoning 118100, China
| | - Yiping Shen
- Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Birth Defect Prevention Research Institute, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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Li Y, Liu H, Dong Y. Significance of neurexin and neuroligin polymorphisms in regulating risk of Hirschsprung's disease. J Investig Med 2018; 66:1-8. [PMID: 29622757 PMCID: PMC5992363 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2017-000623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
By performing a basic case-control study among a Chinese population, the aims of this study were to explore if single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within neurexin and neuroligin were associated with susceptibility to Hirschsprung's disease (HD). Eleven SNPs within neurexin and neuroligin were selected in this basic case-control study, and this study recruited 210 children with HD and 187 healthy children. The t-test and Χ2 test were used to find the difference between case and control in their clinical variables. OR and 95% CI were used to assess the association between HD susceptibility and neurexin/neuroligin polymorphisms/haplotypes. Several SNPs were significantly associated with altered risk of HD in the Chinese Han population, including rs1421589 within NRXN1, rs11795613 and rs4844285 within NLGN3, as well as rs5961397, rs7157669 and rs724373 within NLGX4X (all P<0.05). Further studies presented that the effects of rs1421589 within NRXN1, rs4844285 and rs11795613 within NLGN3, as well as rs5961397 within NLGX4X on HD phenotypes were also statistically significant (all P<0.05). Conclusively, the polymorphisms and haplotypes situated within neurexin and neuroligin were markedly associated with the onset of HD, implying that mutations of neurexin and neuroligin might serve as the treatment target for HD for the Chinese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhoukou Central Hospital, Zhoukou, Henan Province, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhoukou Central Hospital, Zhoukou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yubin Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhoukou Central Hospital, Zhoukou, Henan Province, China
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18
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Kasem E, Kurihara T, Tabuchi K. Neurexins and neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci Res 2017; 127:53-60. [PMID: 29221905 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neurexins are a family of presynaptic single-pass transmembrane proteins that act as synaptic organizers in mammals. The neurexins consist of three genes (NRXN1, NRXN2, and NRXN3), each of which produces a longer α- and shorter β-form. Genomic alterations in NRXN genes have been identified in a wide variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), schizophrenia, intellectual disability (ID), and addiction. Remarkably, a bi-allelic deficiency of NRXN1 was recently linked to Pitt-Hopkins syndrome. The fact that some mono-allelic functional variants of NRXNs are also found in healthy controls indicates that other genetic or environmental factors affect the penetrance of NRXN deficiency. In this review, we summarize the common research methods and representative results of human genetic studies that have implicated NRXN variants in various neuropsychiatric disorders. We also summarize studies of rodent models with NRXN deficiencies that complement our knowledge of human genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas Kasem
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621 Japan
| | - Taiga Kurihara
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621 Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tabuchi
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621 Japan; Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
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19
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Sekine M, Makino T. Inference of Causative Genes for Alzheimer's Disease Due to Dosage Imbalance. Mol Biol Evol 2017; 34:2396-2407. [PMID: 28666362 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msx183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy number variations (CNVs) have recently drawn attention as an important genetic factor for diseases, especially common neuropsychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because most of the pathogenic CNV regions overlap with multiple genes, it has been challenging to identify the true disease-causing genes amongst them. Notably, a recent study reported that CNV regions containing ohnologs, which are dosage-sensitive genes, are likely to be deleterious. Utilizing the unique feature of ohnologs could be useful for identifying causative genes with pathogenic CNVs, however its effectiveness is still unclear. Although it has been reported that AD is strongly affected by CNVs, most of AD-causing genes with pathogenic CNVs have not been identified yet. Here, we show that dosage-sensitive ohnologs within CNV regions reported in patients with AD are related to the nervous system and are highly expressed in the brain, similar to other known susceptible genes for AD. We found that CNV regions in patients with AD contained dosage-sensitive genes, which are ohnologs not overlapping with control CNV regions, frequently. Furthermore, these dosage-sensitive genes in pathogenic CNV regions had a strong enrichment in the nervous system for mouse knockout phenotype and high expression in the brain similar to the known susceptible genes for AD. Our results demonstrated that selecting dosage-sensitive ohnologs out of multiple genes with pathogenic CNVs is effective in identifying the causative genes for AD. This methodology can be applied to other diseases caused by dosage imbalance and might help to establish the medical diagnosis by analysis of CNVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuka Sekine
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Makino
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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20
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Wang J, Gong J, Li L, Chen Y, Liu L, Gu H, Luo X, Hou F, Zhang J, Song R. Neurexin gene family variants as risk factors for autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 2017; 11:37-43. [DOI: 10.1002/aur.1881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Jianhua Gong
- Maternity and Children Health Care Hospital of Luohu District; Shenzhen 518019 China
| | - Li Li
- Maternity and Children Health Care Hospital of Luohu District; Shenzhen 518019 China
| | - Yanlin Chen
- Maternity and Children Health Care Hospital of Luohu District; Shenzhen 518019 China
| | - Lingfei Liu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - HuaiTing Gu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Xiu Luo
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Fang Hou
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health; University of South Carolina; Columbia SC 29208
| | - Ranran Song
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health; Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430030 China
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21
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Schmeisser K, Parker JA. Worms on the spectrum - C. elegans models in autism research. Exp Neurol 2017; 299:199-206. [PMID: 28434869 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The small non-parasitic nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is widely used in neuroscience thanks to its well-understood development and lineage of the nervous system. Furthermore, C. elegans has been used to model many human developmental and neurological conditions to better understand disease mechanisms and identify potential therapeutic strategies. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the most prevalent of all neurodevelopmental disorders, and the C. elegans system may provide opportunities to learn more about this complex disorder. Since basic cell biology and biochemistry of the C. elegans nervous system is generally very similar to mammals, cellular or molecular phenotypes can be investigated, along with a repertoire of behaviours. For instance, worms have contributed greatly to the understanding of mechanisms underlying mutations in genes coding for synaptic proteins such as neuroligin and neurexin. Using worms to model neurodevelopmental disorders like ASD is an emerging topic that harbours great, untapped potential. This review summarizes the numerous contributions of C. elegans to the field of neurodevelopment and introduces the nematode system as a potential research tool to study essential roles of genes associated with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Schmeisser
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montreál (CRCHUM), 900 St-Denis Street, Montreál, Queb́ec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - J Alex Parker
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montreál (CRCHUM), 900 St-Denis Street, Montreál, Queb́ec H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montreál, 2960 Chemin de la Tour, Montreál, Queb́ec H3T 1J4, Canada.
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22
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Dalmau J, Geis C, Graus F. Autoantibodies to Synaptic Receptors and Neuronal Cell Surface Proteins in Autoimmune Diseases of the Central Nervous System. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:839-887. [PMID: 28298428 PMCID: PMC5539405 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00010.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations in the last 10 years have revealed a new category of neurological diseases mediated by antibodies against cell surface and synaptic proteins. There are currently 16 such diseases all characterized by autoantibodies against neuronal proteins involved in synaptic signaling and plasticity. In clinical practice these findings have changed the diagnostic and treatment approach to potentially lethal, but now treatable, neurological and psychiatric syndromes previously considered idiopathic or not even suspected to be immune-mediated. Studies show that patients' antibodies can impair the surface dynamics of the target receptors eliminating them from synapses (e.g., NMDA receptor), block the function of the antigens without changing their synaptic density (e.g., GABAb receptor), interfere with synaptic protein-protein interactions (LGI1, Caspr2), alter synapse formation (e.g., neurexin-3α), or by unclear mechanisms associate to a new form of tauopathy (IgLON5). Here we first trace the process of discovery of these diseases, describing the triggers and symptoms related to each autoantigen, and then review in detail the structural and functional alterations caused by the autoantibodies with special emphasis in those (NMDA receptor, amphiphysin) that have been modeled in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Dalmau
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain; Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Servei de Neurologia, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Geis
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain; Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Servei de Neurologia, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Graus
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain; Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Servei de Neurologia, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Lin YC, Frei JA, Kilander MBC, Shen W, Blatt GJ. A Subset of Autism-Associated Genes Regulate the Structural Stability of Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:263. [PMID: 27909399 PMCID: PMC5112273 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a range of neurological conditions that affect individuals’ ability to communicate and interact with others. People with ASD often exhibit marked qualitative difficulties in social interaction, communication, and behavior. Alterations in neurite arborization and dendritic spine morphology, including size, shape, and number, are hallmarks of almost all neurological conditions, including ASD. As experimental evidence emerges in recent years, it becomes clear that although there is broad heterogeneity of identified autism risk genes, many of them converge into similar cellular pathways, including those regulating neurite outgrowth, synapse formation and spine stability, and synaptic plasticity. These mechanisms together regulate the structural stability of neurons and are vulnerable targets in ASD. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of those autism risk genes that affect the structural connectivity of neurons. We sub-categorize them into (1) cytoskeletal regulators, e.g., motors and small RhoGTPase regulators; (2) adhesion molecules, e.g., cadherins, NCAM, and neurexin superfamily; (3) cell surface receptors, e.g., glutamatergic receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases; (4) signaling molecules, e.g., protein kinases and phosphatases; and (5) synaptic proteins, e.g., vesicle and scaffolding proteins. Although the roles of some of these genes in maintaining neuronal structural stability are well studied, how mutations contribute to the autism phenotype is still largely unknown. Investigating whether and how the neuronal structure and function are affected when these genes are mutated will provide insights toward developing effective interventions aimed at improving the lives of people with autism and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chih Lin
- Laboratory of Neuronal Connectivity, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Jeannine A Frei
- Laboratory of Neuronal Connectivity, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Michaela B C Kilander
- Laboratory of Neuronal Connectivity, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Wenjuan Shen
- Laboratory of Neuronal Connectivity, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Gene J Blatt
- Laboratory of Autism Neurocircuitry, Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore MD, USA
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24
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Gresa-Arribas N, Planagumà J, Petit-Pedrol M, Kawachi I, Katada S, Glaser CA, Simabukuro MM, Armangué T, Martínez-Hernández E, Graus F, Dalmau J. Human neurexin-3α antibodies associate with encephalitis and alter synapse development. Neurology 2016; 86:2235-42. [PMID: 27170573 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report a novel autoimmune encephalitis in which the antibodies target neurexin-3α, a cell adhesion molecule involved in the development and function of synapses. METHODS Five patients with encephalitis and antibodies with a similar pattern of brain reactivity were selected. Antigen precipitation and determination of antibody effects on cultured rat embryonic neurons were performed with reported techniques. RESULTS Immunoprecipitation and cell-based assays identified neurexin-3α as the autoantigen of patients' antibodies. All 5 patients (median age 44 years, range 23-50; 4 female) presented with prodromal fever, headache, or gastrointestinal symptoms, followed by confusion, seizures, and decreased level of consciousness. Two developed mild orofacial dyskinesias, 3 needed respiratory support, and 4 had findings suggesting propensity to autoimmunity. CSF was abnormal in all patients (4 pleocytosis, 1 elevated immunoglobulin G [IgG] index), and brain MRI was abnormal in 1 (increased fluid-attenuated inversion recovery/T2 in temporal lobes). All received steroids, 1 IV immunoglobulin, and 1 cyclophosphamide; 3 partially recovered, 1 died of sepsis while recovering, and 1 had a rapid progression to death. At autopsy, edema but no inflammatory cells were identified. Cultures of neurons exposed during days in vitro (div) 7-17 to patients' IgG showed a decrease of neurexin-3α clusters as well as the total number of synapses. No reduction of synapses occurred in mature neurons (div 18) exposed for 48 hours to patients' IgG. Neuronal survival, dendritic morphology, and spine density were unaffected. CONCLUSION Neurexin-3α autoantibodies associate with a severe but potentially treatable encephalitis in which the antibodies cause a decrease of neurexin-3α and alter synapse development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Gresa-Arribas
- From the Neuroimmunology Program, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (N.G.-A., J.P., M.P.-P., T.A., E.M.-H., F.G., J.D.), and Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.K., S.K.), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (C.A.G.), Kaiser Permanente, Oakland Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco; Neurology Division (M.M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University (HC/FMUSP), Brazil; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain. N.G.-A. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesús Planagumà
- From the Neuroimmunology Program, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (N.G.-A., J.P., M.P.-P., T.A., E.M.-H., F.G., J.D.), and Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.K., S.K.), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (C.A.G.), Kaiser Permanente, Oakland Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco; Neurology Division (M.M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University (HC/FMUSP), Brazil; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain. N.G.-A. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mar Petit-Pedrol
- From the Neuroimmunology Program, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (N.G.-A., J.P., M.P.-P., T.A., E.M.-H., F.G., J.D.), and Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.K., S.K.), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (C.A.G.), Kaiser Permanente, Oakland Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco; Neurology Division (M.M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University (HC/FMUSP), Brazil; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain. N.G.-A. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Izumi Kawachi
- From the Neuroimmunology Program, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (N.G.-A., J.P., M.P.-P., T.A., E.M.-H., F.G., J.D.), and Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.K., S.K.), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (C.A.G.), Kaiser Permanente, Oakland Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco; Neurology Division (M.M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University (HC/FMUSP), Brazil; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain. N.G.-A. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shinichi Katada
- From the Neuroimmunology Program, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (N.G.-A., J.P., M.P.-P., T.A., E.M.-H., F.G., J.D.), and Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.K., S.K.), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (C.A.G.), Kaiser Permanente, Oakland Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco; Neurology Division (M.M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University (HC/FMUSP), Brazil; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain. N.G.-A. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carol A Glaser
- From the Neuroimmunology Program, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (N.G.-A., J.P., M.P.-P., T.A., E.M.-H., F.G., J.D.), and Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.K., S.K.), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (C.A.G.), Kaiser Permanente, Oakland Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco; Neurology Division (M.M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University (HC/FMUSP), Brazil; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain. N.G.-A. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mateus M Simabukuro
- From the Neuroimmunology Program, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (N.G.-A., J.P., M.P.-P., T.A., E.M.-H., F.G., J.D.), and Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.K., S.K.), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (C.A.G.), Kaiser Permanente, Oakland Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco; Neurology Division (M.M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University (HC/FMUSP), Brazil; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain. N.G.-A. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thaís Armangué
- From the Neuroimmunology Program, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (N.G.-A., J.P., M.P.-P., T.A., E.M.-H., F.G., J.D.), and Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.K., S.K.), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (C.A.G.), Kaiser Permanente, Oakland Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco; Neurology Division (M.M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University (HC/FMUSP), Brazil; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain. N.G.-A. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eugenia Martínez-Hernández
- From the Neuroimmunology Program, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (N.G.-A., J.P., M.P.-P., T.A., E.M.-H., F.G., J.D.), and Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.K., S.K.), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (C.A.G.), Kaiser Permanente, Oakland Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco; Neurology Division (M.M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University (HC/FMUSP), Brazil; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain. N.G.-A. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesc Graus
- From the Neuroimmunology Program, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (N.G.-A., J.P., M.P.-P., T.A., E.M.-H., F.G., J.D.), and Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.K., S.K.), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (C.A.G.), Kaiser Permanente, Oakland Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco; Neurology Division (M.M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University (HC/FMUSP), Brazil; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain. N.G.-A. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josep Dalmau
- From the Neuroimmunology Program, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (N.G.-A., J.P., M.P.-P., T.A., E.M.-H., F.G., J.D.), and Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.K., S.K.), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (C.A.G.), Kaiser Permanente, Oakland Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco; Neurology Division (M.M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University (HC/FMUSP), Brazil; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain. N.G.-A. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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25
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Degenhardt F, Niklowitz P, Szymczak S, Jacobs G, Lieb W, Menke T, Laudes M, Esko T, Weidinger S, Franke A, Döring F, Onur S. Genome-wide association study of serum coenzyme Q10 levels identifies susceptibility loci linked to neuronal diseases. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:2881-2891. [PMID: 27149984 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a lipophilic redox molecule that is present in membranes of almost all cells in human tissues. CoQ10 is, amongst other functions, essential for the respiratory transport chain and is a modulator of inflammatory processes and gene expression. Rare monogenetic CoQ10 deficiencies show noticeable symptoms in tissues (e.g. kidney) and cell types (e.g. neurons) with a high energy demand. To identify common genetic variants influencing serum CoQ10 levels, we performed a fixed effects meta-analysis in two independent cross-sectional Northern German cohorts comprising 1300 individuals in total. We identified two genome-wide significant susceptibility loci. The best associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was rs9952641 (P value = 1.31 × 10 -8, β = 0.063, CI0.95 [0.041, 0.085]) within the COLEC12 gene on chromosome 18. The SNP rs933585 within the NRXN-1 gene on chromosome 2 also showed genome wide significance (P value = 3.64 × 10 -8, β = -0.034, CI0.95 [-0.046, -0.022]). Both genes have been previously linked to neuronal diseases like Alzheimer's disease, autism and schizophrenia. Among our 'top-10' associated variants, four additional loci with known neuronal connections showed suggestive associations with CoQ10 levels. In summary, this study demonstrates that serum CoQ10 levels are associated with common genetic loci that are linked to neuronal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Degenhardt
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Schittenhelmstr. 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Petra Niklowitz
- Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University, Dr.-Friedrich-Steiner Str. 5, 45711 Datteln, Germany
| | - Silke Szymczak
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Schittenhelmstr. 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gunnar Jacobs
- Institute of Epidemiology and Biobank PopGen, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Niemannsweg 11, Haus 1, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology and Biobank PopGen, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Niemannsweg 11, Haus 1, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Menke
- Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University, Dr.-Friedrich-Steiner Str. 5, 45711 Datteln, Germany
| | - Matthias Laudes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, Haus 6, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Research Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estland
| | - Stephan Weidinger
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schittenhelmstraße 7, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Schittenhelmstr. 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Frank Döring
- Division of Molecular Prevention, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Heinrich-Hecht-Platz 10, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Simone Onur
- Division of Molecular Prevention, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Heinrich-Hecht-Platz 10, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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26
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Hua R, Wei M, Zhang C. The complex genetics in autism spectrum disorders. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 58:933-45. [PMID: 26335739 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4893-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a pervasive neurodevelopmental disease characterized by deficits in social interaction and nonverbal communication, as well as restricted interests and stereotypical behavior. Genetic changes/heritability is one of the major contributing factors, and hundreds to thousands of causative and susceptible genes, copy number variants (CNVs), linkage regions, and microRNAs have been associated with ASD which clearly indicates that ASD is a complex genetic disorder. Here, we will briefly summarize some of the high-confidence genetic changes in ASD and their possible roles in their pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - MengPing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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27
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Born G, Grayton HM, Langhorst H, Dudanova I, Rohlmann A, Woodward BW, Collier DA, Fernandes C, Missler M. Genetic targeting of NRXN2 in mice unveils role in excitatory cortical synapse function and social behaviors. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2015; 7:3. [PMID: 25745399 PMCID: PMC4333794 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2015.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human genetics has identified rare copy number variations and deleterious mutations for all neurexin genes (NRXN1-3) in patients with neurodevelopmental diseases, and electrophysiological recordings in animal brains have shown that Nrxns are important for synaptic transmission. While several mouse models for Nrxn1α inactivation have previously been studied for behavioral changes, very little information is available for other variants. Here, we validate that mice lacking Nrxn2α exhibit behavioral abnormalities, characterized by social interaction deficits and increased anxiety-like behavior, which partially overlap, partially differ from Nrxn1α mutant behaviors. Using patch-clamp recordings in Nrxn2α knockout brains, we observe reduced spontaneous transmitter release at excitatory synapses in the neocortex. We also analyse at this cellular level a novel NRXN2 mouse model that carries a combined deletion of Nrxn2α and Nrxn2β. Electrophysiological analysis of this Nrxn2-mutant mouse shows surprisingly similar defects of excitatory release to Nrxn2α, indicating that the β-variant of Nrxn2 has no strong function in basic transmission at these synapses. Inhibitory transmission as well as synapse densities and ultrastructure remain unchanged in the neocortex of both models. Furthermore, at Nrxn2α and Nrxn2-mutant excitatory synapses we find an altered facilitation and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) function because NMDAR-dependent decay time and NMDAR-mediated responses are reduced. As Nrxn can indirectly be linked to NMDAR via neuroligin and PSD-95, the trans-synaptic nature of this complex may help to explain occurrence of presynaptic and postsynaptic effects. Since excitatory/inhibitory imbalances and impairment of NMDAR function are alledged to have a role in autism and schizophrenia, our results support the idea of a related pathomechanism in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesche Born
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Germany
| | - Hannah M Grayton
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London London, UK ; Discovery Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd. Surrey, UK
| | - Hanna Langhorst
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Germany
| | - Irina Dudanova
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Germany
| | - Astrid Rohlmann
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Germany
| | - Benjamin W Woodward
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London London, UK
| | - David A Collier
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London London, UK ; Discovery Neuroscience Research, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd. Surrey, UK
| | - Cathy Fernandes
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London London, UK
| | - Markus Missler
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Germany ; Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion Münster, Germany
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28
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Yangngam S, Plong-On O, Sripo T, Roongpraiwan R, Hansakunachai T, Wirojanan J, Sombuntham T, Ruangdaraganon N, Limprasert P. Mutation screening of the neurexin 1 gene in thai patients with intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2014; 18:510-5. [PMID: 24832020 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2014.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Neurexin 1 has two major protein isoforms using alternative promoters, coding for the alpha-neurexin 1 (α-NRXN1) and beta-neurexin 1 (β-NRXN1) genes. This study is to explore the possibility that variants of the NRXN1 gene predispose to intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS The coding regions in 24 exons and exon-intron boundaries of the NRXN1 gene were investigated in 115 Thai patients with ID and ASD by direct DNA sequencing. RESULTS Nine novel variants of the NRXN1 gene were identified. Four novel variants were found in the β-NRXN1 gene, one variant of six GGC repeats in exon 1, and three variants at the 5'UTR. Five novel variants were identified in the α-NRXN1 gene, four intronic variants and one missense variant in exon 14 (c.2713T>A or p.F905I). CONCLUSION Mutation screening of the NRXN1gene in patients with ID and ASD may be useful to identify potential variants predisposing to ID and ASD. However, further studies utilizing protein functional analysis of the novel variants are required for a more definite conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Yangngam
- 1 Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University , Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
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29
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Jung JY, DeLuca TF, Nelson TH, Wall DP. A literature search tool for intelligent extraction of disease-associated genes. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2014; 21:399-405. [PMID: 23999671 PMCID: PMC3994846 DOI: 10.1136/amiajnl-2012-001563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To extract disorder-associated genes from the scientific literature in PubMed with greater sensitivity for literature-based support than existing methods. METHODS We developed a PubMed query to retrieve disorder-related, original research articles. Then we applied a rule-based text-mining algorithm with keyword matching to extract target disorders, genes with significant results, and the type of study described by the article. RESULTS We compared our resulting candidate disorder genes and supporting references with existing databases. We demonstrated that our candidate gene set covers nearly all genes in manually curated databases, and that the references supporting the disorder-gene link are more extensive and accurate than other general purpose gene-to-disorder association databases. CONCLUSIONS We implemented a novel publication search tool to find target articles, specifically focused on links between disorders and genotypes. Through comparison against gold-standard manually updated gene-disorder databases and comparison with automated databases of similar functionality we show that our tool can search through the entirety of PubMed to extract the main gene findings for human diseases rapidly and accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Yoon Jung
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Todd F DeLuca
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tristan H Nelson
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dennis P Wall
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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30
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Variations analysis of NLGN3 and NLGN4X gene in Chinese autism patients. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:4133-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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31
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Persico AM, Napolioni V. Autism genetics. Behav Brain Res 2013; 251:95-112. [PMID: 23769996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a severe neuropsychiatric disease with strong genetic underpinnings. However, genetic contributions to autism are extremely heterogeneous, with many different loci underlying the disease to a different extent in different individuals. Moreover, the phenotypic expression (i.e., "penetrance") of these genetic components is also highly variable, ranging from fully penetrant point mutations to polygenic forms with multiple gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. Furthermore, many genes involved in ASD are also involved in intellectual disability, further underscoring their lack of specificity in phenotypic expression. We shall hereby review current knowledge on the genetic basis of ASD, spanning genetic/genomic syndromes associated with autism, monogenic forms due to copy number variants (CNVs) or rare point mutations, mitochondrial forms, and polygenic autisms. Finally, the recent contributions of genome-wide association and whole exome sequencing studies will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio M Persico
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.
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32
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Bang ML, Owczarek S. A Matter of Balance: Role of Neurexin and Neuroligin at the Synapse. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1174-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Dabell MP, Rosenfeld JA, Bader P, Escobar LF, El-Khechen D, Vallee SE, Dinulos MBP, Curry C, Fisher J, Tervo R, Hannibal MC, Siefkas K, Wyatt PR, Hughes L, Smith R, Ellingwood S, Lacassie Y, Stroud T, Farrell SA, Sanchez-Lara PA, Randolph LM, Niyazov D, Stevens CA, Schoonveld C, Skidmore D, MacKay S, Miles JH, Moodley M, Huillet A, Neill NJ, Ellison JW, Ballif BC, Shaffer LG. Investigation ofNRXN1deletions: Clinical and molecular characterization. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:717-31. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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