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Gesi C, Giacovelli L, Reibman YL, Dell'Osso B. Beyond imagination: Sorting out and treating psychosis in the context of autism spectrum disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 173:363-366. [PMID: 38593694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
In the last decades, growing caseness for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has been observed, owing to the diagnostic accretion of low-impairment forms, over and above other possible causes. Unrecognized ASD is likely to be mislabeled as a psychotic disorder (PD), as people in the spectrum may show 'pseudopsychotic' symptoms, resembling both negative and positive symptoms. On the other hand, PDs are likely to be overlooked when they arise in people with ASD, due to the 'diagnostic overshadowing' of new-onset conditions by lifelong core autistic symptoms. The three available metanalyses on the occurrence of psychosis in adults with ASD convergently reported a rate of PDs that is at least ten times higher than in the general population. Therefore, the lack of literature addressing risk factors, outcomes, and treatment options for psychosis in the context of ASD is utterly concerning. The present review aims to summarize up-to-date knowledge of PDs with comorbid ASD in terms of clinical features, course, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Gesi
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Giacovelli
- Psychiatry 2 Unit, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Yacob Levin Reibman
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Bernardo Dell'Osso
- Psychiatry 2 Unit, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; "Aldo Ravelli" Center for Nanotechnology and Neurostimulation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; "Centro per lo studio dei meccanismi molecolari alla base delle patologie neuro-psico-geriatriche", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Dul M, Walczewski K. Patient with Asperger's Syndrome, with episodes of fantasizing and rocking of body, treated with aripiprazole - a case report. Psychiatr Pol 2023; 57:1135-1142. [PMID: 38564518 DOI: 10.12740/pp/152316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
In this article, we present the case of an adult patient, whose main problem is episodes of fantasizing and rocking lasting up to 12 hours a day and completely preventing school development. The nature of the disorder in the patient is related to the sinking into fantasies, and not typical obsessions as in OCD. The patient was previously treated with drugs from the SSRI group, neuroleptics (without aripiprazole) and methylphenidate. Only methylphenidate showed some improvement; however, it made the patient feel ‟stiff in thinking". The patient was hospitalized because of a suicide attempt, which, as it later turned out, was self-harm with no intention of killing himself. During hospitalization, a differential diagnosis was performed and the diagnosis of Asperger's syndrome was made, which was accompanied by immersion in the world of one's fantasies and stereotypical behavior. The patient was administered aripiprazole at a dose of 15 mg/d and after three weeks, a significant improvement in health was achieved, including a reduction in the duration of episodes from several hours to several dozen seconds. The drug is well tolerated by the patient. The patient was discharged from the hospital and continues his school education. In the article, we present single case reports in which similar spectacular results were achieved in similar cases. We also describe a possible physiological explanation for this response to this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Dul
- Szpital Kliniczny im. dr Józefa Babińskiego w Krakowie
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Aktypi-Bampouranou A, Kalogirou EM, Skamnakis I, Vlachodimitropoulos D, Tosios KI. Spongiotic Gingival Hyperplasia in a Child with Asperger Syndrome: a Case Report. J Oral Maxillofac Res 2023; 14:e5. [PMID: 37969953 PMCID: PMC10645472 DOI: 10.5037/jomr.2023.14305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Asperger syndrome is a type of autism spectrum disorder that may affect oral health and dental management. Spongiotic gingival hyperplasia is a rare lesion with unique clinicopathological features and unknown pathogenesis that has not been previously reported in a patient with autism spectrum disorder. The purpose of this case report is to present the first case of spongiotic gingival hyperplasia in a child with Asperger syndrome. Methods A 14-year-old boy with Asperger syndrome was referred for diagnosis and management of bright red granular overgrowths of the marginal gingiva and interdental papilla of the mandibular right incisors and marginal gingiva of the mandibular left incisor. A biopsy was performed on the interdental papilla between the mandibular right incisors. Results Microscopic examination and cytokeratin 19 immunopositivity confirmed the diagnosis of spongiotic gingival hyperplasia. The parents of the patient declined any further intervention, and four months later the gingival lesions, including the biopsied area, did not show any significant difference from the initial examination. Conclusions Patients with autism spectrum diseases, such as Asperger syndrome, cannot achieve a good level of oral hygiene. Thus, it is expected that the incidence of spongiotic gingival hyperplasia should be higher in this group of patients, in case oral microbiome participates in its pathogenesis. Management of such lesions is challenging, as such patients do not comply with a proper oral hygiene program and do not cooperate with surgical excision.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Konstantinos I. Tosios
- Private practice in oral medicine, AthensGreece.
- Department of Oral Medicine, Pathology, and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Athens, AthensGreece.
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Newell V, Phillips L, Jones C, Townsend E, Richards C, Cassidy S. A systematic review and meta-analysis of suicidality in autistic and possibly autistic people without co-occurring intellectual disability. Mol Autism 2023; 14:12. [PMID: 36922899 PMCID: PMC10018918 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-023-00544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicidality is highly prevalent in autistic people without co-occurring intellectual disabilities, and high autistic traits are found in adults who have attempted suicide. However, prevalence rates for both autistic and possibly autistic people have not been synthesised meta-analytically. AIMS To (1) calculate pooled prevalence estimates of suicidality in autistic people and possibly autistic people without co-occurring intellectual disability; (2) evaluate the influence of participant and study level characteristics on heterogeneity; and (3) determine the quality of evidence. METHODS Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines were followed. PsycINFO, Embase, MEDLINE and Web of Science were systematically searched from 1992 to January 25, 2022. Empirical quantitative studies reporting prevalence of suicidal ideation, suicide plans, or suicide attempts and behaviours were considered for inclusion. Random effects models were used to estimate pooled prevalence of each suicidality outcome with 95% confidence intervals. Heterogeneity was explored using sensitivity and moderator analyses. RESULTS Data from 48,186 autistic and possibly autistic participants in 36 primary studies were meta-analysed. Pooled prevalence of suicidal ideation was 34.2% (95% CI 27.9-40.5), suicide plans 21.9% (13.4-30.4), and suicidal attempts and behaviours 24.3% (18.9-29.6). High levels of heterogeneity (I2 > 75) were observed in all three analyses. Estimates did not differ between autistic or possibly autistic samples. Geographical location (p = 0.005), transgender or gender non-conforming samples (p < 0.001) and type of report (p < 0.001) significantly moderated suicidal ideation, whereas age group (p = 0.001) and measure of suicidality (p = 0.001) significantly moderated suicide plans. There was a significant association between the proportion of male participants and prevalence of suicide plans, with a decrease in the proportion of males for every unit change of suicide plan prevalence (p = 0.013). No variables were found to moderate estimates of suicide attempts and behaviours. CONCLUSIONS The results confirm suicidality is highly prevalent in both autistic and possibly autistic people without co-occurring intellectual disability and highlights potential moderators. Possibly autistic individuals require more attention in clinical and research considerations going forward to further understand and prevent suicide in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Newell
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Lucy Phillips
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Chris Jones
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, 52 Pritchatts Road, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ellen Townsend
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Caroline Richards
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, 52 Pritchatts Road, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sarah Cassidy
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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Azzarà A, Rumore R, Brugnoletti F, Tabolacci E, Bottillo I, Sangiorgi E, Gurrieri F. RADX Gene Variant May Predispose to Familial Asperger Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020301. [PMID: 36833228 PMCID: PMC9957148 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Asperger syndrome (AS) is a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by general impairment in socialization, stereotypical behavior, defective adaptation to the social context usually without intellectual disability, and some high functioning areas related to memory and mathematics. Clinical criteria are not well defined and the etiology is heterogeneous and mostly unknown. Like in typical autism spectrum disorders (ASD), the genetic background plays a crucial role in AS, and often an almost mendelian segregation can be observed in some families. We performed a whole exome sequencing (WES) in three relatives of a family with vertical transmission of AS-ASD to identify variants in candidate genes segregating with the phenotype. Variant p.(Cys834Ser) in the RADX gene was the only one segregating among all the affected family members. This gene encodes a single-strand DNA binding factor, which mediates the recruitment of genome maintenance proteins to sites of replication stress. Replication stress and genome instability have been reported recently in neural progenitor cells derived from ASD patients, leading to a disruption of long neural genes involved in cell-cell adhesion and migration. We propose RADX as a new gene that when mutated could represent a predisposing factor to AS-ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Azzarà
- Research Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Rumore
- Istituto di Medicina Genomica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS—Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Fulvia Brugnoletti
- Oncogenetics Unit, Service of Oncology, University Hospital of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elisabetta Tabolacci
- Istituto di Medicina Genomica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS—Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Irene Bottillo
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Experimental Medicine, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Sapienza University, 00152 Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Sangiorgi
- Istituto di Medicina Genomica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS—Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0630154927
| | - Fiorella Gurrieri
- Research Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Operative Research Unit of Medical Genetics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
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Faridi F, Seyedebrahimi A, Khosrowabadi R. Brain Structural Covariance Network in Asperger Syndrome Differs From Those in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Healthy Controls. Basic Clin Neurosci 2022; 13:815-838. [PMID: 37323949 PMCID: PMC10262285 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.2262.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Autism is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder associated with social, cognitive and behavioral impairments. These impairments are often reported along with alteration of the brain structure such as abnormal changes in the grey matter (GM) density. However, it is not yet clear whether these changes could be used to differentiate various subtypes of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Method We compared the regional changes of GM density in ASD, Asperger's Syndrome (AS) individuals and a group of healthy controls (HC). In addition to regional changes itself, the amount of GM density changes in one region as compared to other brain regions was also calculated. We hypothesized that this structural covariance network could differentiate the AS individuals from the ASD and HC groups. Therefore, statistical analysis was performed on the MRI data of 70 male subjects including 26 ASD (age=14-50, IQ=92-132), 16 AS (age=7-58, IQ=93-133) and 28 HC (age=9-39, IQ=95-144). Result The one-way ANOVA on the GM density of 116 anatomically separated regions showed significant differences among the groups. The pattern of structural covariance network indicated that covariation of GM density between the brain regions is altered in ASD. Conclusion This changed structural covariance could be considered as a reason for less efficient segregation and integration of information in the brain that could lead to cognitive dysfunctions in autism. We hope these findings could improve our understanding about the pathobiology of autism and may pave the way towards a more effective intervention paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Faridi
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afrooz Seyedebrahimi
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Khosrowabadi
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Fathabadipour S, Mohammadi Z, Roshani F, Goharbakhsh N, Alizadeh H, Palizgar F, Cumming P, Michel TM, Vafaee MS. The neural effects of oxytocin administration in autism spectrum disorders studied by fMRI: A systematic review. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 154:80-90. [PMID: 35933858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxytocin (OXT) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that is released from the posterior pituitary gland and at specific targets in the central nervous system (CNS). The prosocial effects of OXT acting in the CNS present it as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of aspects of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this article, we systematically review the functional MRI (fMRI) literature that reports task-state and resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI) studies of the neural effects of single or multiple dose intranasal OXT (IN-OXT) administration in individuals with ASD. METHOD We searched four databases for relevant documents (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar) using the keywords "autism spectrum disorder", "Asperger Syndrome", "oxytocin", and "fMRI". Moreover, we made a manual search to assess the quality of our automatic search. The search was confined to English language articles published in the interval February 2013 until March 2021. RESULTS The search yielded 12 fMRI studies with OXT intervention, including 288 individuals with ASD (age 8-55 years) enrolled in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel designs, within-subject-crossover experimental OXT trials. Studies reporting activation task and rsfMRI were summarized with region of interest (ROI) or whole-brain voxel wise analysis. The systematic review of the 12 studies supported the proposition that IN-OXT administration alters brain activation in individuals with ASD. The effects of IN-OXT interacted with the type of the task and the overall results did not indicate restoration of normal brain activation in ASD signature regions albeit the lack of statistical evidence. CONCLUSION A large body of evidence consistently indicates that OXT alters activation to fMRI in brain networks of individuals with ASD, but with uncertain implications for alleviation of their social deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fathabadipour
- Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran
| | - Zohreh Mohammadi
- Neurosciences Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Niloofar Goharbakhsh
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hadi Alizadeh
- Neurosciences Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Palizgar
- School of Psychology, Keele University, Newcastle Under Lyme, UK
| | - Paul Cumming
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland; School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tanja Maria Michel
- Department of Clinical Research, BRIDGE, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Research Unit for Psychiatry, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Manouchehr Seyedi Vafaee
- Department of Clinical Research, BRIDGE, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Research Unit for Psychiatry, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
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Hartwell M, Keener A, Coffey S, Chesher T, Torgerson T, Vassar M. Brief Report: Public Awareness of Asperger Syndrome Following Greta Thunberg Appearances. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:2104-2108. [PMID: 32812193 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Thunberg's increased media attention coupled with her diagnosis-Asperger Syndrome (AS)-may foster help-seeking behaviors among those with similar psychiatric disorders. Using Google Trends data, we compared values of AS from the week of the UN Climate Summit through the end of the year compared to an ARIMA model predicting search interest had Thunberg not been in the media. The search trend for AS at peak was 254.07% higher than predicted and was on average 10.61 points above the projected model during this time. As the primary goal of AS intervention focuses on improving quality of life and preventing common comorbidities such as depression and anxiety, capitalizing on increased public interest in AS and help-seeking behaviors is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah Hartwell
- Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, 1111 W 17th St, Tulsa, OK, 74107, USA.
| | - Ashley Keener
- Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, 1111 W 17th St, Tulsa, OK, 74107, USA
| | - Sara Coffey
- Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, 1111 W 17th St, Tulsa, OK, 74107, USA
| | - Tessa Chesher
- Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, 1111 W 17th St, Tulsa, OK, 74107, USA
| | - Trevor Torgerson
- Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, 1111 W 17th St, Tulsa, OK, 74107, USA
| | - Matt Vassar
- Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, 1111 W 17th St, Tulsa, OK, 74107, USA
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Skafle I, Gabarron E, Dechsling A, Nordahl-Hansen A. Online Attitudes and Information-Seeking Behavior on Autism, Asperger Syndrome, and Greta Thunberg. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18094981. [PMID: 34067114 PMCID: PMC8124294 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine Internet trends data and sentiment in tweets mentioning autism, Asperger syndrome, and Greta Thunberg during 2019. We used mixed methods in analyzing sentiment and attitudes in viral tweets and collected 1074 viral tweets on autism that were published in 2019 (tweets that got more than 100 likes). The sample from Twitter was compared with search patterns on Google. In 2019, Asperger syndrome was closely connected to Greta Thunberg, as of the tweets specifically mentioning Asperger (from the total sample of viral tweets mentioning autism), 83% also mentioned Thunberg. In the sample of tweets about Thunberg, the positive sentiment expressed that Greta Thunberg was a role model, whereas the tweets that expressed the most negativity used her diagnosis against her and could be considered as cyberbullying. The Google Trends data also showed that Thunberg was closely connected to search patterns on Asperger syndrome in 2019. The study showed that being open about health information while being an active participant in controversial debates might be used against you but also help break stigmas and stereotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingjerd Skafle
- Faculty of Health and Welfare, Østfold University College, 1671 Kråkerøy, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-(48)-12-7933
| | - Elia Gabarron
- Faculty of Education, Østfold University College, 1757 Halden, Norway; (E.G.); (A.D.); (A.N.-H.)
- Norwegian Centre for E-Health Research, 9038 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anders Dechsling
- Faculty of Education, Østfold University College, 1757 Halden, Norway; (E.G.); (A.D.); (A.N.-H.)
| | - Anders Nordahl-Hansen
- Faculty of Education, Østfold University College, 1757 Halden, Norway; (E.G.); (A.D.); (A.N.-H.)
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Arnell P, Forrester A. Extradition and mental health in the spotlight - The case of Julian Assange. Crim Behav Ment Health 2021; 31:77-79. [PMID: 33848028 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Arnell
- Law School, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Andrew Forrester
- Department of Psychiatry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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Esposito CM, Buoli M, Ciappolino V, Agostoni C, Brambilla P. The Role of Cholesterol and Fatty Acids in the Etiology and Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073550. [PMID: 33805572 PMCID: PMC8036564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders whose pathogenesis seems to be related to an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory synapses, which leads to disrupted connectivity during brain development. Among the various biomarkers that have been evaluated in the last years, metabolic factors represent a bridge between genetic vulnerability and environmental aspects. In particular, cholesterol homeostasis and circulating fatty acids seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of ASDs, both through the contribute in the stabilization of cell membranes and the modulation of inflammatory factors. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the available data about the role of cholesterol and fatty acids, mainly long-chain ones, in the onset of ASDs. A bibliographic research on the main databases was performed and 36 studies were included in our review. Most of the studies document a correlation between ASDs and hypocholesterolemia, while the results concerning circulating fatty acids are less univocal. Even though further studies are necessary to confirm the available data, the metabolic biomarkers open to new treatment options such as the modulation of the lipid pattern through the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Maria Esposito
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.M.E.); (M.B.); (V.C.); (P.B.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Buoli
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.M.E.); (M.B.); (V.C.); (P.B.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Ciappolino
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.M.E.); (M.B.); (V.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.M.E.); (M.B.); (V.C.); (P.B.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Volkmar FR, Woodbury-Smith M, Macari SL, Øien RA. Seeing the forest and the trees: Disentangling autism phenotypes in the age of DSM-5. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 33:625-33. [PMID: 33719986 DOI: 10.1017/S0954579420002047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper, written in honor of Professor Ed Zigler, focuses on some of the themes in developmental disabilities research that were so central to his work. It has now been nearly 80 years since Leo Kanner first identified the prototypic form - early infantile autism - of what is now autism spectrum disorder. In this article we summarize the development of the concept and the important accumulation of knowledge over time that has now led us to the recognition of a broader autism phenotype just as, at the same time, the current official diagnostic system in the USA has narrowed the concept. We also address current controversies regarding autism as the diagnosis is impacted by age and developmental factors, gender, and cultural issues. In parallel to the work on intellectual deficiency and development pioneered by Zigler and his colleagues, we summarize some of the challenges for the years ahead.
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Abstract
Catatonia was first described by Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum in 1874, occurring in association with other psychiatric and medical disorders. However, in the nineteenth century the disorder was incorrectly classified as a subtype of schizophrenia. This misclassification persisted until the publication of DSM-5 in 2013 when important changes were incorporated. Although the etiology is unknown, disrupted gamma-aminobutyric acid has been proposed as the underlying pathophysiological mechanism. Key symptoms can be identified under 3 clinical domains: motor, speech, and behavioral. Benzodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy are the only known effective treatments. Timely recognition and treatment have important outcome, and sometimes lifesaving, implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neera Ghaziuddin
- University of Michigan, University of Michigan Medical Center, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Laura Andersen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Mohammad Ghaziuddin
- University of Michigan, University of Michigan Medical Center, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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14
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Abstract
Autism seldom occurs in its pure form. Often labeled as behavioral disorders or psychological reactions, comorbid psychiatric disorders are common. Bipolar disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorders that occur in persons with autism across their life spans. It can be comorbid with and mistaken for several other conditions. Similarly, psychosis occurs in several psychiatric disorders. Schizophrenia is the prototype psychotic disorder that has a close but controversial relationship with autism. Assessment and treatment of bipolar disorder and psychosis should be based on their individual characteristics, family dynamics, and community resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ghaziuddin
- University of Michigan, University of Michigan Medical Center, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Neera Ghaziuddin
- University of Michigan, University of Michigan Medical Center, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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15
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Cassidy SA, Bradley L, Cogger-Ward H, Shaw R, Bowen E, Glod M, Baron-Cohen S, Rodgers J. Measurement Properties of the Suicidal Behaviour Questionnaire-Revised in Autistic Adults. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 50:3477-88. [PMID: 32125569 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04431-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We explored the appropriateness and measurement properties of a suicidality assessment tool (SBQ-R) developed for the general population, in autistic adults—a high risk group for suicide. 188 autistic adults and 183 general population adults completed the tool online, and a sub-sample (n = 15) were interviewed while completing the tool. Multi-group factorial invariance analysis of the online survey data found evidence for metric non-invariance of the SBQ-R, particularly for items three (communication of suicidal intent) and four (likelihood of suicide attempt in the future). Cognitive interviews revealed that autistic adults did not interpret these items as intended by the tool designers. Results suggest autistic adults interpret key questions regarding suicide risk differently to the general population. Future research must adapt tools to better capture suicidality in autistic adults.
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16
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Appelqvist-Schmidlechner K, Lämsä R, Tuulio-Henriksson A. Factors associated with positive mental health in young adults with a neurodevelopmental disorder. Res Dev Disabil 2020; 106:103780. [PMID: 32950021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive dimension of mental health has gained less attention in previous research on individuals with neurodevelopmenal disorders. However, knowledge on factors associated with mental well-being is crucial for planning effective interventions for this target group. AIMS The aim of the study was to investigate the determinants of positive mental health among young adults with neurodevelopmental disorders. METHODS AND PROCEDURES The study sample consisted of 171 young adults (18-35 years, mean age 25 years, SD 4.35) with a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or ADHD/ADD. The data were collected with questionnaires. RESULTS The mean score of SWEMWBS was 20.98 (n = 168, ranging 14.75-35.00, SD = 3.55). Provisions of social relationships, functional capacity and self-rated state of health associated independently with positive mental health. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The level of positive mental health of study participants was relatively low compared with previous studies in other clinical settings or general populations. Promotion of social competence and social relationship should be included in rehabilitation programmes targeted at individuals with neurodevelopmental disorder. This may be beneficial in reaching also other goals set for the rehabilitation, such as increasing capacity to work or study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Riikka Lämsä
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Equality and Inclusion Unit, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, P.0. Box 20, 00014, Finland.
| | - Annamari Tuulio-Henriksson
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, P.0. Box 21, 00014, Finland.
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17
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Nuñez-Gomez P, Alvarez-Ruiz A, Ortega-Mohedano F, Alvarez-Flores EP. Neuromarketing Highlights in How Asperger Syndrome Youth Perceive Advertising. Front Psychol 2020; 11:2103. [PMID: 33117205 PMCID: PMC7575727 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines how advertising material and brands related to organizational communication are perceived by people with Asperger syndrome, a form of autism. The main objective of the study was to understand whether the perception of advertising differs between individuals with AS and a neurotypical population. Neuromarketing techniques were used to examine two key variables, attention and emotion, which were also measured by physiological and biometric variables. The results were compared with those of a control group from a neurotypical population; i.e., participants who had not been diagnosed with any type of developmental disorder. Commercial advertisements were the preferred material used in this research although social-themed advertisements were also included, some produced by commercial companies and others by institutional advertisers (NGOs and foundations). Qualitative techniques were also used to explain the observed phenomena. Data revealed significant differences between the two groups in their perception of advertising and organizational communication with respect to attention and emotion variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Nuñez-Gomez
- Department of Applied Communication Studies, Faculty of Media and Communication Science, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anton Alvarez-Ruiz
- Department of Applied Communication Studies, Faculty of Media and Communication Science, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felix Ortega-Mohedano
- Department of Sociology and Communication, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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18
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Mitroulaki S, Serdari A, Tripsianis G, Gundelfinger R, Arvaniti A, Vorvolakos T, Samakouri M. First Alarm and Time of Diagnosis in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Compr Child Adolesc Nurs 2020; 45:1-17. [PMID: 33090020 DOI: 10.1080/24694193.2020.1834013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is of paramount importance as it opens the road to early intervention, which is associated with better prognosis. However, early diagnosis is often delayed until preschool or school age. The purpose of the current retrospective study was to explore the age of recognition of first alarming symptoms in boys and girls as well as the age at diagnosis of different subtypes of ASD in a small sample. A total of 128 parents' of children with ASDs were participated in the survey by completing a self-report questionnaire about early signs and symptoms that raised their concern. Parents of children with autism voiced concerns earlier and obtained diagnosis significantly earlier compared to parents of children with Asperger syndrome (p value <0.000). No significant difference (p value<0.05) has been detected between males and females in early manifestation of first signs and symptoms of ASD. The mean age at diagnosis was 3.8 years for autistic disorder, 6.2 years for children with Asperger syndrome and 6.4 years for other, e.g., PDD-NOS. The most commonly reported symptoms were speech and language problems (p value = 0.001) for children who were later diagnosed with autism, while behavior problems (p value = 0.046) as well as difficulties in education at school (p value = 0.013) for children with Asperger syndrome. The gap between early identification and diagnosis pinpoints the urgent need for national systematic early screening, the development of reliable and sensitive diagnostic instruments for infants and toddlers and heightened awareness of early signs of ASD among parents, teachers, and healthcare professionals and providers as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiria Mitroulaki
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Democritus University of Thrace, Medical School, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Aspasia Serdari
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Democritus University of Thrace, Medical School, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Gregory Tripsianis
- Department of Medical Statistics, Democritus University of Thrace, Medical School, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ronnie Gundelfinger
- Autism Clinic, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aikaterini Arvaniti
- Department of Psychiatry, Democritus University of Thrace, Medical School, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Theofanis Vorvolakos
- Department of Psychiatry, Democritus University of Thrace, Medical School, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Maria Samakouri
- Department of Psychiatry, Democritus University of Thrace, Medical School, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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19
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Abstract
Autistic disorders are summarized in DSM‑5 under the term autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and are severe, lifelong, pervasive neurodevelopmental disorders. Core features manifested even in childhood are impairments in social interaction and communication as well as restricted and repetitive behavior. The intensity of symptoms, language and cognitive impairments vary but the majority of affected individuals have below average intelligence and 80% have at least one comorbid disorder. The diverse pathology and heterogeneity in phenotypes are caused by a complex genetic etiology, which is associated with a reduced synaptic plasticity of neural networks. The disorder is associated with a clearly reduced quality of life as well as a high familial burden. The differential diagnostics have a high relevance and the diagnosis should be carried out by specialized institutions. Behavioral therapeutic interventions are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Kamp-Becker
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, Fachbereich Medizin, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Sachs-Str. 4, 35039, Marburg, Deutschland.
| | - Sanna Stroth
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, Fachbereich Medizin, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Sachs-Str. 4, 35039, Marburg, Deutschland
| | - Thomas Stehr
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, Fachbereich Medizin, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Sachs-Str. 4, 35039, Marburg, Deutschland
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20
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Abstract
Autism seldom occurs in its pure form. Often labeled as behavioral disorders or psychological reactions, comorbid psychiatric disorders are common. Bipolar disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorders that occur in persons with autism across their life spans. It can be comorbid with and mistaken for several other conditions. Similarly, psychosis occurs in several psychiatric disorders. Schizophrenia is the prototype psychotic disorder that has a close but controversial relationship with autism. Assessment and treatment of bipolar disorder and psychosis should be based on their individual characteristics, family dynamics, and community resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ghaziuddin
- University of Michigan, University of Michigan Medical Center, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Neera Ghaziuddin
- University of Michigan, University of Michigan Medical Center, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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21
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Abstract
Catatonia was first described by Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum in 1874, occurring in association with other psychiatric and medical disorders. However, in the nineteenth century the disorder was incorrectly classified as a subtype of schizophrenia. This misclassification persisted until the publication of DSM-5 in 2013 when important changes were incorporated. Although the etiology is unknown, disrupted gamma-aminobutyric acid has been proposed as the underlying pathophysiological mechanism. Key symptoms can be identified under 3 clinical domains: motor, speech, and behavioral. Benzodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy are the only known effective treatments. Timely recognition and treatment have important outcome, and sometimes lifesaving, implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neera Ghaziuddin
- University of Michigan, University of Michigan Medical Center, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Laura Andersen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Mohammad Ghaziuddin
- University of Michigan, University of Michigan Medical Center, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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22
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Runge K, Tebartz van Elst L, Maier S, Nickel K, Denzel D, Matysik M, Kuzior H, Robinson T, Blank T, Dersch R, Domschke K, Endres D. Cerebrospinal Fluid Findings of 36 Adult Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E355. [PMID: 32521749 PMCID: PMC7349103 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction, repetitive behavior, and additional features, such as special interests. Its precise etiology is unclear. Recently, immunological mechanisms, such as maternal autoantibodies/infections, have increasingly been the subject of discussion. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) investigations play a decisive role in the detection of immunological processes in the brain. This study therefore retrospectively analyzed the CSF findings of adult patients with ASD. CSF basic measures (white blood cell count, total protein, albumin quotient, immunoglobulin G (IgG) index, and oligoclonal bands) and various antineuronal antibody findings of 36 adult patients with ASD, who had received lumbar puncture, were compared with an earlier described mentally healthy control group of 39 patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. CSF protein concentrations and albumin quotients of patients with ASD were significantly higher as compared to controls (age corrected: p = 0.003 and p = 0.004, respectively); 17% of the patients with ASD showed increased albumin quotients. After correction for age and gender, the group effect for total protein remained significant (p = 0.041) and showed a tendency for albumin quotient (p = 0.079). In the CSF of two ASD patients, an intrathecal synthesis of anti-glutamate decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) antibodies was found. In total, more of the ASD patients (44%) presented abnormal findings in CSF basic diagnostics compared to controls (18%; p = 0.013). A subgroup of the patients with adult ASD showed indication of a blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and two patients displayed an intrathecal synthesis of anti-GAD65 antibodies; thus, the role of these antibodies in patients with ASD should be further investigated. The results of the study are limited by its retrospective and open design. The group differences in blood-brain barrier markers could be influenced by a different gender distribution between ASD patients and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimon Runge
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (K.R.); (S.M.); (K.N.); (D.D.); (M.M.); (H.K.); (D.E.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany;
| | - Ludger Tebartz van Elst
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (K.R.); (S.M.); (K.N.); (D.D.); (M.M.); (H.K.); (D.E.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany;
| | - Simon Maier
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (K.R.); (S.M.); (K.N.); (D.D.); (M.M.); (H.K.); (D.E.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany;
| | - Kathrin Nickel
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (K.R.); (S.M.); (K.N.); (D.D.); (M.M.); (H.K.); (D.E.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany;
| | - Dominik Denzel
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (K.R.); (S.M.); (K.N.); (D.D.); (M.M.); (H.K.); (D.E.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany;
| | - Miriam Matysik
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (K.R.); (S.M.); (K.N.); (D.D.); (M.M.); (H.K.); (D.E.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany;
| | - Hanna Kuzior
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (K.R.); (S.M.); (K.N.); (D.D.); (M.M.); (H.K.); (D.E.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany;
| | - Tilman Robinson
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (T.R.); (R.D.)
| | - Thomas Blank
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany;
| | - Rick Dersch
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (T.R.); (R.D.)
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany;
- Center for Basics in Neuromodulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Dominique Endres
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (K.R.); (S.M.); (K.N.); (D.D.); (M.M.); (H.K.); (D.E.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany;
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23
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Owada K, Okada T, Munesue T, Kuroda M, Fujioka T, Uno Y, Matsumoto K, Kuwabara H, Mori D, Okamoto Y, Yoshimura Y, Kawakubo Y, Arioka Y, Kojima M, Yuhi T, Yassin W, Kushima I, Benner S, Ogawa N, Kawano N, Eriguchi Y, Uemura Y, Yamamoto M, Kano Y, Kasai K, Higashida H, Ozaki N, Kosaka H, Yamasue H. Quantitative facial expression analysis revealed the efficacy and time course of oxytocin in autism. Brain 2020; 142:2127-2136. [PMID: 31096266 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Discrepancies in efficacy between single-dose and repeated administration of oxytocin for autism spectrum disorder have led researchers to hypothesize that time-course changes in efficacy are induced by repeated administrations of the peptide hormone. However, repeatable, objective, and quantitative measurement of autism spectrum disorder's core symptoms are lacking, making it difficult to examine potential time-course changes in efficacy. We tested this hypothesis using repeatable, objective, and quantitative measurement of the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. We examined videos recorded during semi-structured social interaction administered as the primary outcome in single-site exploratory (n = 18, crossover within-subjects design) and multisite confirmatory (n = 106, parallel-group design), double-blind, placebo-controlled 6-week trials of repeated intranasal administrations of oxytocin (48 IU/day) in adult males with autism spectrum disorder. The main outcomes were statistical representative values of objectively quantified facial expression intensity in a repeatable part of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule: the maximum probability (i.e. mode) and the natural logarithm of mode on the probability density function of neutral facial expression and the natural logarithm of mode on the probability density function of happy expression. Our recent study revealed that increases in these indices characterize autistic facial expression, compared with neurotypical individuals. The current results revealed that oxytocin consistently and significantly decreased the increased natural logarithm of mode on the probability density function of neutral facial expression compared with placebo in exploratory (effect-size, -0.57; 95% CI, -1.27 to 0.13; P = 0.023) and confirmatory trials (-0.41; -0.62 to -0.20; P < 0.001). A significant interaction between time-course (at baseline, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks) and the efficacy of oxytocin on the natural logarithm of mode on the probability density function of neutral facial expression was found in confirmatory trial (P < 0.001). Post hoc analyses revealed maximum efficacy at 2 weeks (P < 0.001, Cohen's d = -0.78; 95% CI, -1.21 to -0.35) and deterioration of efficacy at 4 weeks (P = 0.042, Cohen's d = -0.46; 95% CI, -0.90 to -0.01) and 6 weeks (P = 0.10, Cohen's d = -0.35; 95% CI, -0.77 to 0.08), while efficacy was preserved at 2 weeks post-treatment (i.e. 8 weeks) (P < 0.001, Cohen's d = -1.24; 95% CI, -1.71 to -0.78). Quantitative facial expression analyses successfully verified the positive effects of repeated oxytocin on autistic individuals' facial expressions and demonstrated a time-course change in efficacy. The current findings support further development of an optimized regimen of oxytocin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiho Owada
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Okada
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Toshio Munesue
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miho Kuroda
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Fujioka
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yota Uno
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,Laboratory for Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Kaori Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Psychology, Kanazawa Institute of Technology, 7-1 Ohgigaoka, Nonoichi, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kuwabara
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu City, Japan
| | - Daisuke Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuko Okamoto
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yuko Yoshimura
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawakubo
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Arioka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masaki Kojima
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruko Yuhi
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Walid Yassin
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Itaru Kushima
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Seico Benner
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu City, Japan
| | - Nanayo Ogawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naoko Kawano
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yosuke Eriguchi
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukari Uemura
- Biostatistics Division, Clinical Research Support Center, University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maeri Yamamoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kano
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,The International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN) at The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), Fukui, Japan.,UTokyo Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior (CiSHuB), Fukui, Japan
| | - Haruhiro Higashida
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kosaka
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hidenori Yamasue
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu City, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Kuo SS, Eack SM. Meta-Analysis of Cognitive Performance in Neurodevelopmental Disorders during Adulthood: Comparisons between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:187. [PMID: 32273855 PMCID: PMC7114889 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia are neurodevelopmental disorders which show substantial cognitive heterogeneity in adulthood, yet it remains unclear whether cognitive profiles may overlap across these diagnoses. Thus, the aim of this review was to summarize comparisons between ASD and schizophrenia on nonsocial cognition in adulthood. To minimize between-study heterogeneity in a relatively small literature, subtest scaled scores from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale were compared between ASD (N=190) and schizophrenia (N=260) in six studies comprising a total of 450 participants. Meta-analyses of 11 subtests indicated that participants with ASD demonstrated significantly better performance than schizophrenia for visuospatial perception and reasoning and problem solving (Hedge's g=0.636), as well as visual attention and organization (g=0.433-0.475). Participants with ASD also demonstrated better performance than those with schizophrenia for working memory (g=0.334) and language (g=0.275), and generally comparable performance on processing speed and verbal comprehension. These findings were largely stable across age, sex, intelligence quotient (IQ), intellectual disability, scale version, and age- and sex-matching. Overall, ASD and schizophrenia showed striking differences in visuospatial perception and reasoning and problem solving, small differences in working memory and language, and substantial overlap in processing speed and verbal comprehension. These cognitive profiles were generally stable from adolescence to middle adulthood. To our knowledge, this is the first review to summarize comparisons of nonsocial cognition in verbal adults with ASD or schizophrenia. These findings are consistent with and substantially extend prior meta-analyses of case-control studies for ASD and schizophrenia (8, 9), which also suggest that, in comparison to neurotypical controls, ASD demonstrates smaller cognitive impairments than schizophrenia across most cognitive domains, particularly working memory, visuospatial learning/memory, and language. Our findings therefore highlight the importance of comparing cognition transdiagnostically to inform the etiologies of these neurodevelopmental disorders and to refine shared and unique targets for remediating cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Kuo
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Shaun M Eack
- School of Social Work and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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25
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Abstract
Autism is a frequent, precocious behavioral constellation of social and communicative atypicalities associated with apparently restricted interests and repetitive behavior and paired with an uneven ability profile. Its definition has constantly broadened in the past 75 years, introducing phenotypes increasingly distant from its initial description, heterogeneous in intelligence and speech level, and associated conditions. When it is unassociated with other conditions, its origin is mostly genetic, transmissible, and favored by frequent polymorphisms with small effects present in the general population. Identified de novo rare mutations with large deleterious effects produce phenotypes only loosely related to nonsyndromic autism. Autism is associated with brain reorganization at multiple levels, and with a variant of typical information processing, i.e., the way humans perceive, memorize, manipulate, and attribute emotional value to available information. Its phenotype evolves over the span of life, with an overall reduction of autistic signs, but it still requires some level of support. There is no treatment for this condition; however, it is compatible with high levels of integration into society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Mottron
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Abstract
An increasing number of students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) enroll in inclusive schools and classrooms. The aim of this study was to research how students with ASD experience the social aspect of inclusive high schools. Five adolescences with Asperger syndrome were interviewed, and the results show that high school was perceived as an important platform for social training, and an equally important place to find new friends and acquaintances. A majority of the participants had experienced loneliness and bullying in junior high school. However, they experienced high school as a new start, with a more open and inclusive environment. Nevertheless, several of the participants expressed that they used quite a lot of energy on social settings, such as interpreting social situations and on being amongst a larger group of students. In order to support this group of adolescents in their schooling, it is important to look at their strength and resources, and not only focus on the challenges and difficulties.
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Tomiyasu K, Oshima T, Yoshii M, Suzuki H, Inamasu J, Izumi M. [Wilson's disease presenting as Asperger syndrome]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2019; 59:589-591. [PMID: 31474638 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-001245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A 24-year-old man, who had been treated for 3 years as Asperger syndrome in adolescence due to behavioral disturbances, lack of social awareness and inability to socialize, was referred to our hospital shortly after tremors developed. On the basis of clinical features, laboratory findings and the brain MRI, a diagnosis of Wilson's disease (WD) was made. WD was further confirmed by genetic testing (the mutation of ATP7B gene). He was started with trientine hydrochloride 500 mg/day, and after 1 year of follow-up, his psychiatric symptoms have improved. Since psychiatric symptoms may precede the neurological symptoms, the possibility of WD should be always considered in the differential diagnosis of psychiatric disorders in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takeo Oshima
- Department of Neurology, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital
| | - Masami Yoshii
- Department of Neurology, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital
| | - Hiromi Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital
| | - Joji Inamasu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital
| | - Manabu Izumi
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital
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28
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Abstract
In her recent paper ‘Non-complicit: Revisiting Hans Asperger’s Career in Nazi-era Vienna,’ Dean Falk claims to refute what she calls ‘allegations’ about Hans Asperger’s role during National Socialism documented in my 2018 paper ‘Hans Asperger, National Socialism, and “race hygiene” in Nazi-era Vienna’ and Edith Sheffer’s book ‘Asperger’s Children.’ Falk’s paper, which relies heavily on online translation software, does not contain a single relevant piece of new evidence, but abounds with mistranslations, misrepresentations of the content of sources, and basic factual errors, and omits everything that does not support the author’s agenda of defending Hans Asperger’s record. The paper should never have passed peer review and, in view of the academic credibility of all parties concerned, it should be retracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herwig Czech
- Department of Ethics, Collections and History of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 25, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Institute for the History of Medicine and Ethics in Medicine, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Thielallee 71, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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29
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Richards G, Kenny R, Griffiths S, Allison C, Mosse D, Holt R, O'Connor RC, Cassidy S, Baron-Cohen S. Autistic traits in adults who have attempted suicide. Mol Autism 2019; 10:26. [PMID: 31198526 PMCID: PMC6555998 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-019-0274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An emerging literature suggests that autistic adults are at increased risk of experiencing suicidal thoughts, making suicidal plans and attempts, and dying by suicide. However, few studies have investigated whether autistic traits are related to suicidal behaviour. The current study examined autistic traits in a sample of adults who reported at least one suicide attempt. Methods An online questionnaire was advertised between June and September 2017 on suicide prevention websites, research databases, and social media. Participants reported whether they had ever attempted suicide (yes/no), and if so, how many times they had attempted (once/more than once). They also reported diagnosed and suspected mental health or neurodevelopmental conditions, and completed the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ). Two hundred forty-five adults accessed the survey; 132 reported having attempted suicide and also completed the AQ. It was hypothesised that AQ total scores and subscale scores would be higher in adults who had attempted suicide more than once compared to adults who had attempted once. These hypotheses were tested using an independent samples t test, Mann-Whitney U tests, and binary logistic regression. Results Most participants were female (83.3%, male = 12.9%, other = 3.8%), and ages ranged from 18 to 65 (median = 36.00; IQR = 19.00). Total AQ scores, as well as communication and imagination subscale scores were significantly higher in adults who had attempted suicide more than once compared to adults who had attempted suicide once. Even after removing participants with diagnosed or suspected autism (n = 34), 40.6% had an AQ score indicative of clinical concern (≥ 26). Conclusions The findings suggest that high levels of autistic traits may frequently be present in adults who have attempted suicide, and that AQ scores are higher in those with a history of more than one suicide attempt. It may be possible to better identify suicide risk by screening autistic adults with mental health conditions for suicidal thoughts and behaviours, and by screening people with suicidal thoughts and/or behaviours for autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Richards
- 1Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Douglas House, University of Cambridge, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK.,2School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rebecca Kenny
- 1Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Douglas House, University of Cambridge, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK
| | - Sarah Griffiths
- 1Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Douglas House, University of Cambridge, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK
| | - Carrie Allison
- 1Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Douglas House, University of Cambridge, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK
| | | | - Rosemary Holt
- 1Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Douglas House, University of Cambridge, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK
| | - Rory C O'Connor
- 4Suicidal Behaviour Research Laboratory, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sarah Cassidy
- 1Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Douglas House, University of Cambridge, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK.,5School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- 1Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Douglas House, University of Cambridge, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH UK.,CLASS Clinic, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Foundation NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
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30
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Lipinski S, Blanke ES, Suenkel U, Dziobek I. Outpatient Psychotherapy for Adults with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Condition: Utilization, Treatment Satisfaction, and Preferred Modifications. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 49:1154-1168. [PMID: 30415320 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3797-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many adults with autism spectrum condition (ASC) desire outpatient psychotherapy (PT). This study compared reasons for seeking PT, experiences with PT, and modifications preferred with respect to PT of individuals with ASC to non-autistic individuals with depression (MDD). Furthermore, factors predictive for treatment satisfaction were identified in individuals with ASC. A total of 262 adults with ASC without intellectual impairment and 304 non-autistic controls with MDD were surveyed. In this pilot study both groups predominantly sought treatment for depressiveness. A low level of expertise with autism was the main reason for being declined by therapists and a contributing factor to the overall treatment dissatisfaction of patients with ASC. ASC patients desire adjustments such as written communication, and clearly structured sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Lipinski
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth S Blanke
- Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Suenkel
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Isabel Dziobek
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
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Säisänen L, Määttä S, Julkunen P, Niskanen E, Kallioniemi E, Gröhn H, Kemppainen S, Lakka TA, Lintu N, Eloranta AM, Vanninen R, Makkonen I, Könönen M. Functional and structural asymmetry in primary motor cortex in Asperger syndrome: a navigated TMS and imaging study. Brain Topogr 2019; 32:504-18. [PMID: 30949863 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-019-00704-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Motor functions are frequently impaired in Asperger syndrome (AS). In this study, we examined the motor cortex structure and function using navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and correlated the results with the box and block test (BBT) of manual dexterity and physical activity in eight boys with AS, aged 8–11 years, and their matched controls. With nTMS, we found less focused cortical representation areas of distinct hand muscles in AS. There was hemispheric asymmetry in the motor maps, silent period duration and active MEP latency in the AS group, but not in controls. Exploratory VBM analysis revealed less gray matter in the left postcentral gyrus, especially in the face area, and less white matter in the precentral area in AS as compared to controls. On the contrary, in the right leg area, subjects with AS displayed an increased density of gray matter. The structural findings of the left hemisphere correlated negatively with BBT score in controls, whereas the structure of the right hemisphere in the AS group correlated positively with motor function as assessed by BBT. These preliminary functional (neurophysiological and behavioral) findings are indicative of asymmetry, and co-existing structural alterations may reflect the motor impairments causing the deteriorations in manual dexterity and other motor functions commonly encountered in children with AS.
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32
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Turner D, Briken P, Schöttle D. Sexual Dysfunctions and Their Association with the Dual Control Model of Sexual Response in Men and Women with High-Functioning Autism. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E425. [PMID: 30925683 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8040425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Adults with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication, repetitive and stereotyped interests and behaviours as well as hyper- and/or hyposensitivities. These disorder specific symptoms could be associated with the development of sexual disorders. The Dual Control Model of Sexual Response presents one approach that is frequently used to explain the emergence of sexual dysfunctions. The aim of the present study was to assess the extent of symptoms of sexual dysfunctions in men and women with ASD and to evaluate their association with the individual propensity of sexual excitation and inhibition as defined by the Dual Control Model. Both men and women with ASD were more likely to report about sexual dysfunctions than individuals from the control group. In men with ASD, sexual inhibition was significantly correlated with the emergence of sexual dysfunctions, while there was no association between sexual functioning and sexual excitation. In women, the opposite pattern was found. Especially the peculiarities in sensitive perception could be responsible for the observed problems with sexual functioning in individuals with ASD. The present findings highlight the great need for specialized treatment programs addressing the frequently observed sexuality-related problems in individuals with ASD. However, up to now such treatment programs are lacking.
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33
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Abstract
Recent allegations that pediatrician Hans Asperger legitimized Nazi policies, including forced sterilization and child euthanasia, are refuted with newly translated and chronologically-ordered information that takes into account Hitler's deceptive 'halt' to the T4 euthanasia program in 1941. It is highly unlikely that Asperger was aware of the T4 program when he referred Herta Schreiber to Am Spiegelgrund or when he mentioned that institution 4 months later on the medical chart of another (unrelated) girl, Elisabeth Schreiber. Asperger campaigned vigorously from 1938 to 1943 to have his specialization, Curative Education, take priority in the diagnosis and treatment of disabled children over other fields that promoted Nazi racial hygiene policies. He neither disparaged his patients nor was he sexist. By 1938, he had identified the essentials of Asperger syndrome and described an unnamed boy whom he later profiled (as Ernst K.) in 1944. Rather than doing 'thin' research, Asperger made discoveries that were prescient, and some of his activities conformed to definitions of "individual resistance."
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Falk
- Department of Anthropology, Florida State University, 2035 E. Paul Dirac Drive, Suite 206, Tallahassee, FL, 32310-3700, USA. .,School for Advanced Research, 660 Garcia St., Santa Fe, NM, 87505, USA.
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34
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Liu CT, Chen LM. Comprehending conjunctive entailment of disjunction among individuals with Asperger syndrome. Clin Linguist Phon 2019; 33:869-883. [PMID: 30889988 DOI: 10.1080/02699206.2019.1590732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although individuals with Asperger syndrome (AS) are often described to be semantic-pragmatic disordered, it is still unclear to what extent their semantic comprehension is impaired. The primary goal of this study is to understand the sentence comprehension of adults with AS by investigating their reading processes of sentences involving the conjunctive entailment of disjunction. More specifically, their on-line processes of reading globally ambiguous sentences containing huo 'or' in Mandarin Chinese, which can be understood as either a conjunction or a disjunction in simple negative statements, were recorded. The results indicated that both AS and typically developing groups tended to interpret the ambiguous huo as a conjunction. Additionally, both groups consistently spent significantly more time judging the appropriateness of disjunction-biased sentences. It is argued that, for adults with AS, at least some aspects of semantic knowledge are intact. Future studies are suggested to focus on different sentence types to further explore to what extent that semantics is impaired among individuals with AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Ting Liu
- College of Liberal Arts, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Mei Chen
- Department of Foreign Languages & Literature, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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35
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Vincent A, Da Fonseca D, Baumstarck K, Charvin I, Alcaraz-Mor R, Lehucher-Michel MP. The quality of life and the future of young adults with Asperger syndrome. Disabil Rehabil 2019; 42:1987-1994. [PMID: 30669888 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2018.1544297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: This pilot study describes the socio-professional development and quality of life of young adults with Asperger syndrome in France.Methods: Those young adults, between 18 and 30 years old, receiving care in a child psychiatry department for autistic spectrum disorder, were requested to respond to the Ad Hoc, World Health Organization Quality Of Life - Bref and Copenhagen psychosocial questionnaires regarding their socio-professional background and feelings about their future.Results: Of the 79 eligible subjects, 24 were selected to participate in our study. Their average age at the time of the pilot study was 22.2 years (standard deviation 3.4 years), and their average age when they were diagnosed was 17.5 years (standard deviation 3.7 years.). There were 54% who reported a psychiatric comorbidity anxiety disorder. Half stated they had completed secondary school and benefitted from being professionally employed. During this study, only six were employed, while the others remained financially dependent on their parents. The group's quality of life self-assessment scores were significantly lower compared to the French general population in overall psychology (43.6 versus 68.7) and social relationships (48.9 versus 76.5). However, the study's participants perceived work as an important means to their personal development. Hence, in order to cope with their difficulties, they hoped to benefit from customized support adapted to their autistic disorder and for their workplace colleagues to be better informed about Asperger syndrome.Conclusions: Our results are in line with international data. Additional studies need to be done in order to determine socio-professional integration factors and, in particular, the integration of potential contributions by occupational health departments with those social and medical teams supporting these young adults.Implications for rehabilitationYoung adults with Asperger syndrome benefit from the support of their family in determining their professional goals.Support may be required to enhance social and communicative abilities to help integration.Employees would benefit from information on the syndrome and how best to support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Vincent
- Department of Medicine and Occupational Health, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - David Da Fonseca
- Adolescent Psychiatry Service, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France.,University Pole of Psychiatry, Marseille, France
| | - Karine Baumstarck
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Timone Hospital, Medicine and Occupational Health Department, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Charvin
- Adolescent Psychiatry Service, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Rafael Alcaraz-Mor
- Department of Medicine and Occupational Health, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Univ, Timone Hospital, Medicine and Occupational Health Department, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Pascale Lehucher-Michel
- Department of Medicine and Occupational Health, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Univ, Timone Hospital, Medicine and Occupational Health Department, Marseille, France
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de Giambattista C, Ventura P, Trerotoli P, Margari M, Palumbi R, Margari L. Subtyping the Autism Spectrum Disorder: Comparison of Children with High Functioning Autism and Asperger Syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 49:138-150. [PMID: 30043350 PMCID: PMC6331497 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3689-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since Hans Asperger's first description (Arch Psych Nervenkrankh 117:76-136, 1944), through Lorna Wing's translation and definition (Psychol Med 11:115-129, 1981), to its introduction in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM, 1994), Asperger Syndrome has always aroused huge interest and debate, until vanishing in the DSM fifth edition (2013). The debate regarded its diagnostic validity and its differentiation from high functioning autism (HFA). The present study aimed to examine whether AS differed from HFA in clinical profiles and to analyze the impact of DSM-5's innovation. Differences in cognitive, language, school functioning and comorbidities, were revealed when 80 AS and 70 HFA patients (3-18 years) were compared. Results suggested that an AS empirical distinction within autism spectrum disorder should be clinically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta de Giambattista
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Hospital Polyclinic of Bari, University of “Aldo Moro” Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 1, 70100 Bari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ventura
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Hospital Polyclinic of Bari, University of “Aldo Moro” Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 1, 70100 Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Trerotoli
- Medical Statistic, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of “Aldo Moro” Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Mariella Margari
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Hospital Polyclinic of Bari, University of “Aldo Moro” Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 1, 70100 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Palumbi
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Hospital Polyclinic of Bari, University of “Aldo Moro” Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 1, 70100 Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Margari
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Hospital Polyclinic of Bari, University of “Aldo Moro” Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 1, 70100 Bari, Italy
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37
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Stuger J. Autism and Religious Beliefs: Clues from Kafka Research. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 49:1559-1569. [PMID: 30539371 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3858-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Religious beliefs and faith in high-functioning autistic persons are analyzed by discussing the work and biography of Franz Kafka. It enables researchers to differentiate between how autistic and non-autistic persons experience and express religious beliefs and spiritual issues because Kafka as an autistic person also wrote about these topics in his philosophical-religious writings. This Franz Kafka case study provides additional inner (cognitive) state input to better understand high-functioning autism. This contribution with new and different perspectives to the field of autism and religious beliefs could help to explore the varieties of religious experience and cognition, and to improve our insights in high-functioning autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Stuger
- Independent Researcher, Overvoorde 19, 1082GA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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38
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Bi XA, Chen J, Sun Q, Liu Y, Wang Y, Luo X. Analysis of Asperger Syndrome Using Genetic-Evolutionary Random Support Vector Machine Cluster. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1646. [PMID: 30524309 PMCID: PMC6262410 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Asperger syndrome (AS) is subtype of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Diagnosis and pathological analysis of AS through resting-state fMRI data is one of the hot topics in brain science. We employed a new model called the genetic-evolutionary random Support Vector Machine cluster (GE-RSVMC) to classify AS and normal people, and search for lesions. The model innovatively integrates the methods of the cluster and genetic evolution to improve the performance of the model. We randomly selected samples and sample features to construct GE-RSVMC, and then used the cluster to classify and extract lesions according to classification results. The model was validated by data of 157 participants (86 AS and 71 health controls) in ABIDE database. The classification accuracy of the model reached to 97.5% and we discovered the brain regions with significant differences, such as the Angular gyrus (ANG.R), Precuneus (PCUN.R), Caudate nucleus (CAU.R), Cuneus (CUN.R) and so on. Our method provides a new perspective for the diagnosis and treatment of AS, and a universal framework for other brain science research as the model has excellent generalization performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-An Bi
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Sun
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingchao Liu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xianhao Luo
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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39
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Schöttle D, Briken P, Tüscher O, Turner D. Sexuality in autism: hypersexual and paraphilic behavior in women and men with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29398933 PMCID: PMC5789215 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2017.19.4/dschoettle] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Like nonaffected adults, individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) show the entire range of sexual behaviors. However, due to the core symptoms of the disorder spectrum, including deficits in social skills, sensory hypo- and hypersensitivities, and repetitive behaviors, some ASD individuals might develop quantitatively above-average or nonnormative sexual behaviors and interests. After reviewing the relevant literature on sexuality in high-functioning ASD individuals, we present novel findings on the frequency of normal sexual behaviors and those about the assessment of hypersexual and paraphilic fantasies and behaviors in ASD individuals from our own study. Individuals with ASD seem to have more hypersexual and paraphilic fantasies and behaviors than general-population studies suggest. However, this inconsistency is mainly driven by the observations for male participants with ASD. This could be due to the fact that women with ASD are usually more socially adapted and show less ASD symptomatology. The peculiarities in sexual behaviors in ASD patients should be considered both for sexual education and in therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schöttle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peer Briken
- Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Tüscher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Turner
- Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany ; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Prihodova I, Dudova I, Mohaplova M, Hrdlicka M, Nevsimalova S. Childhood narcolepsy and autism spectrum disorders: four case reports. Sleep Med 2018; 51:167-170. [PMID: 30216768 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood narcolepsy is associated with various emotional, behavioural and cognitive dysfunctions as well as with psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders: anxiety, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and psychosis. A relationship between these conditions is unclear - comorbidity or similar pathophysiological mechanisms can be suggested. OBJECTIVE We reported four children with narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) - Asperger syndrome (AS). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge co-occurrence of NT1 and AS has not been described in the literature as noted in this report.
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Duret P, Samson F, Pinsard B, Barbeau EB, Boré A, Soulières I, Mottron L. Gyrification changes are related to cognitive strengths in autism. Neuroimage Clin 2018; 20:415-423. [PMID: 30128280 PMCID: PMC6095946 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Behavioral, cognitive and functional particularities in autism differ according to autism subgroups and might be associated with domain-specific cognitive strengths. It is unknown whether structural changes support this specialization. We investigated the link between cortical folding, its maturation and cognitive strengths in autism subgroups presenting verbal or visuo-spatial peaks of abilities. Methods We measured gyrification, a structural index related to function, in 55 autistic participants with (AS-SOD, N = 27) or without (AS-NoSOD, N = 28) a speech onset delay (SOD) with similar symptom severity but respectively perceptual and verbal cognitive strengths, and 37 typical adolescents and young adults matched for intelligence and age. We calculated the local Gyrification Index (lGI) throughout an occipito-temporal region of interest and independently modeled age and peak of ability effects for each group. Results Unique gyrification features in both autistic groups were detected in localized clusters. When comparing the three groups, gyrification was found lower in AS-SOD in a fusiform visual area, whereas it was higher in AS-NoSOD in a temporal language-related region. These particular areas presented age-related gyrification differences reflecting contrasting local maturation pathways in AS. As expected, peaks of ability were found in a verbal subtest for the AS-NoSOD group and in the Block Design IQ subtest for the AS-SOD group. Conclusions Irrespective of their direction, regional gyrification differences in visual and language processing areas respectively reflect AS-SOD perceptual and AS-NoSOD language-oriented peaks. Unique regional maturation trajectories in the autistic brain may underline specific cognitive strengths, which are key variables for understanding heterogeneity in autism. Subgrouping the autism spectrum (AS) partly accounts for its heterogeneity. AS individuals with a speech onset delay (SOD) show perceptual cognitive strengths. AS individuals without a SOD show language-related cognitive strengths. AS subgroups show unique gyrification patterns in areas related to their strengths. Cortical structural maturation may be related to domain-specific strengths in AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Duret
- Centre d'Excellence en Troubles Envahissants du Développement de l'Université de Montréal, (CETEDUM), Montréal, Canada; Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France; Brain Dynamics and Cognition, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon, France & University Lyon 1, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - F Samson
- Centre d'Excellence en Troubles Envahissants du Développement de l'Université de Montréal, (CETEDUM), Montréal, Canada
| | - B Pinsard
- Unité de Neuroimagerie Fonctionnelle, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7371, INSERM UMR_S 1146, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - E B Barbeau
- Centre d'Excellence en Troubles Envahissants du Développement de l'Université de Montréal, (CETEDUM), Montréal, Canada
| | - A Boré
- Unité de Neuroimagerie Fonctionnelle, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - I Soulières
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - L Mottron
- Centre d'Excellence en Troubles Envahissants du Développement de l'Université de Montréal, (CETEDUM), Montréal, Canada; Département de Psychiatrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
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Hamm J, Yun J. The motivational process for physical activity in young adults with autism spectrum disorder. Disabil Health J 2018; 11:644-9. [PMID: 29934100 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many young adults, specifically those with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), do not meet the national physical activity (PA) guidelines. One way to address this problem may be to examine the factors that motivate individuals to engage in PA. However, the majority of current literature does not consider the unique characteristics of individuals with ASD, which may influence their motivation. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this research was to examine Self-Determination Theory predictors for PA for young adults with ASD. METHODS Respondents included 143 young adults with ASD who completed a survey pertaining to their motivational process to engage in physical activity, based on self-determination theory variables. RESULTS Goodness of fit indices reported from a path analysis suggests the current data closely align with the self-determination theory (χ2 (3, N = 143) = 11.99, p > .01, GFI = 0.97, NFI = 0.95, CFI = . 96, RMSEA = 0.15). The three basic psychological needs explained 39% of the variance within respondents' self-determined motivation, and self-determined motivation explained 8% of the variance in PA levels. CONCLUSIONS These findings support utilizing the self-determination theory within health promotion efforts for young adults with ASD. Practitioners should focus on enhancing the perceived basic psychological needs of young adults within physical activity settings.
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Berggren S, Fletcher-Watson S, Milenkovic N, Marschik PB, Bölte S, Jonsson U. Emotion recognition training in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of challenges related to generalizability. Dev Neurorehabil 2018; 21:141-154. [PMID: 28394669 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2017.1305004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the generalizability of findings from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating emotion recognition (ER) training for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS We present a systematic review and narrative synthesis of the determinants of external validity in RCTs on ER training. Generalizability of the findings across situations, populations, settings, treatment delivery, and intervention formats was considered. RESULTS We identified 13 eligible studies. Participants were predominantly boys with ASD in the normative IQ range (IQ > 70), with an age span from 4 to 18 years across studies. Interventions and outcome measures were highly variable. Several studies indicated that training may improve ER, but it is still largely unknown to what extent training effects are translated to daily social life. CONCLUSION The generalizability of findings from currently available RCTs remains unclear. This underscores the importance of involving children with ASD and their caregivers in informed treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Berggren
- a Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,b Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center of Psychiatry Research, Stockholm County Council , Stockholm , Sweden
| | | | - Nina Milenkovic
- a Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Peter B Marschik
- a Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,d Institute of Physiology, Research Unit iDN (Interdisciplinary Developmental Neuroscience), Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Sven Bölte
- a Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,b Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center of Psychiatry Research, Stockholm County Council , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Ulf Jonsson
- a Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,b Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center of Psychiatry Research, Stockholm County Council , Stockholm , Sweden.,e Department of Neuroscience , Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
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Frank F, Jablotschkin M, Arthen T, Riedel A, Fangmeier T, Hölzel LP, Tebartz van Elst L. Education and employment status of adults with autism spectrum disorders in Germany - a cross-sectional-survey. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:75. [PMID: 29580218 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1645-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) experience challenges in participating in the labour market and struggle to achieve and maintain appropriate professional positions, possibly due to impairments of communication and social interaction. Studies have shown high rates of unemployment as well as evidence of inadequate employment. As knowledge on the participation in the German labour market is scarce, the aim of our study was to examine employment status, type of occupation and inadequate employment in a sample of clinically mostly late-diagnosed and most likely not intellectually disabled adults with ASD in Germany. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional-survey in clinically mostly late-diagnosed adults with ASD. Employment status, type of occupation, and the level of formal education and training were examined through a postal questionnaire. Inadequate employment regarding participants' current and longest practised occupation was assessed by transforming participants' information into skill levels of the "Classification of Occupations 2010" of the German Federal Employment Agency, and comparing these with participants' level of formal education and training. RESULTS The response rate was 43.2% (N = 185 of N = 428 potential participants). 94.6% were first-time diagnosed when being 18 years of age or older. 56.8% held a general university entrance-level qualification and 24.9% had obtained a Masters' or diploma degree as their highest vocational qualification. 94.1% had been employed at some time. Of these, 68.4% reported being currently employed, 13.5% being currently unemployed and 17.0% being retired for health reasons. Regarding the longest-practised and the current occupation, the highest proportion of participants was found in the occupational area "health and social sector, teaching and education" (22.4% and 23.3%, respectively). With respect to inadequate employment, 22.1% were found to be overeducated in relation to their longest-practised occupation and 31.3% in relation to their current occupation. This is significantly higher than the percentage of overeducation in the general population. CONCLUSIONS Despite largely high formal qualifications, the clinically mostly late-diagnosed adults with ASD represented in our sample are disadvantaged regarding their participation in the German labour market, especially with respect to rates of unemployment, early retirement and overeducation. Employment support programs should be developed to improve employment outcomes.
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Vahabzadeh A, Keshav NU, Salisbury JP, Sahin NT. Improvement of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in School-Aged Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults With Autism via a Digital Smartglasses-Based Socioemotional Coaching Aid: Short-Term, Uncontrolled Pilot Study. JMIR Ment Health 2018; 5:e25. [PMID: 29610109 PMCID: PMC5902696 DOI: 10.2196/mental.9631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) commonly experience symptoms related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), including hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity. One-third of ASD cases may be complicated by the presence of ADHD. Individuals with dual diagnoses face greater barriers to accessing treatment for ADHD and respond less positively to primary pharmacologic interventions. Nonpharmacologic technology-aided tools for hyperactivity and inattention in people with ASD are being developed, although research into their efficacy and safety remains limited. OBJECTIVE The objective of this preliminary study was to describe the changes in ADHD-related symptoms in children, adolescents, and young adults with ASD immediately after use of the Empowered Brain system, a behavioral and social communication aid for ASD running on augmented reality smartglasses. METHODS We recruited 8 children, adolescents, and young adults with ASD (male to female ratio of 7:1, mean age 15 years, range 11.7-20.5 years) through a Web-based research signup form. The baseline score on the hyperactivity subscale of the Aberrant Behavioral Checklist (ABC-H), a measure of hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity, determined their classification into a high ADHD-related symptom group (n=4, ABC-H≥13) and a low ADHD-related symptom group (n=4, ABC-H<13). All participants received an intervention with Empowered Brain, where they used smartglasses-based social communication and behavioral modules while interacting with their caregiver. We then calculated caregiver-reported ABC-H scores at 24 and 48 hours after the session. RESULTS All 8 participants were able to complete the intervention session. Postintervention ABC-H scores were lower for most participants at 24 hours (n=6, 75%) and for all participants at 48 hours (n=8, 100%). At 24 hours after the session, average participant ABC-H scores decreased by 54.9% in the high ADHD symptom group and by 20% in the low ADHD symptom group. At 48 hours after the session, ABC-H scores compared with baseline decreased by 56.4% in the high ADHD symptom group and by 66.3% in the low ADHD symptom group. CONCLUSIONS This study provides initial evidence for the possible potential of the Empowered Brain system to reduce ADHD-related symptoms, such as hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity, in school-aged children, adolescents, and young adults with ASD. This digital smartglasses intervention can potentially be targeted at a broader array of mental health conditions that exhibit transdiagnostic attentional and social communication deficits, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Further research is required to understand the clinical importance of these observed changes and to conduct longitudinal studies on this intervention with control groups and larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshya Vahabzadeh
- Brain Power, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Massachusetts General Hospital Psychiatry Academy, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Ned T Sahin
- Brain Power, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Wright MF. Cyber Victimization and Depression among Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Buffering Effects of Parental Mediation and Social Support. J Child Adolesc Trauma 2018; 11:17-25. [PMID: 32318134 PMCID: PMC7158962 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-017-0169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the buffering effect of parental mediation of technology use and social support from parents on the association between cyber victimization and depression, assessed over one year. Participants were 113 7th through 9th graders from the Midwestern United States (age ranged from 12 to 17 years old; 86% were male) who were diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. They completed questionnaires on their perceptions of parental mediation of technology use, perceived social support from parents, and self-reported face-to-face and cyber victimization and depression at Wave 1. One year later, at Wave 2, they completed a questionnaire on their depression. Results indicated that the associations between cyber victimization and depression were more negative at higher levels of perceived parental technology mediation and social support, while these associations were more negative at lower levels of these variables, after controlling for face-to-face victimization and Wave 1 depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle F. Wright
- Department of Psychology, Child Study Center, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16801 USA
- Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Performance of a group of 35 youth and adults with High-Functioning Autism (HFA) was compared with a typical developing (TD) group on three Advanced Theory of Mind tests. The distinction between the social-cognitive and social-perceptual components of Theory of Mind was also explored. The HFA group had more difficulties in all tasks. Performance on the two social-cognitive tests was highly correlated in the HFA group, but these were not related with the social-perceptual component. These results suggest that the youth with HFA have difficulties on all the components of social knowledge but may be using different underlying cognitive abilities depending on the nature of the task.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pedreño
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Psychopathology and Neuropsychology Research Unit, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Edifici B, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Pousa
- Department of Mental Health, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí de Sabadell, Campus d'Excel·lència Internacional, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J B Navarro
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Pàmias
- Department of Mental Health, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí de Sabadell, Campus d'Excel·lència Internacional, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J E Obiols
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Psychopathology and Neuropsychology Research Unit, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Edifici B, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
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Cassidy SA, Bradley L, Bowen E, Wigham S, Rodgers J. Measurement properties of tools used to assess depression in adults with and without autism spectrum conditions: A systematic review. Autism Res 2018; 11:738-754. [PMID: 29360200 PMCID: PMC6001465 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Depression is the most commonly experienced mental health condition in adults with autism spectrum conditions (ASC). However, it is unclear what tools are currently being used to assess depression in ASC, or whether tools need to be adapted for this group. This systematic review therefore aimed to identify tools used to assess depression in adults with and without ASC, and then evaluate these tools for their appropriateness and measurement properties. Medline, PsychINFO and Web of Knowledge were searched for studies of depression in: (a) adults with ASC, without co‐morbid intellectual disability; and (b) adults from the general population without co‐morbid conditions. Articles examining the measurement properties of these tools were then searched for using a methodological filter in PubMed, and the quality of the evidence was evaluated using the COSMIN checklist. Twelve articles were identified which utilized three tools to assess depression in adults with ASC, but only one article which assessed the measurement properties of one of these tools was identified and thus evaluated. Sixty‐four articles were identified which utilized five tools to assess depression in general population adults, and fourteen articles had assessed the measurement properties of these tools. Overall, two tools were found to be robust in their measurement properties in the general population—the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI‐II), and the patient health questionnaire (PHQ‐9). Crucially only one study was identified from the COSMIN search, which showed weak evidence in support of the measurement properties of the BDI‐II in an ASC sample. Implications for effective measurement of depression in ASC are discussed. Autism Res2018, 11: 738–754. © 2018 The Authors Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay Summary Depression is the most common mental health problem experienced by adults with autism. However, the current study found very limited evidence regarding how useful tools developed for the general population are for adults with autism. We therefore suggest how these tools could be adapted to more effectively assess depression in adults with autism, and improve these individuals access to mental health assessment and support.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Cassidy
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK.,Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, UK.,Centre for Innovative Research Across the Life Course, Coventry University, UK
| | - L Bradley
- Centre for Innovative Research Across the Life Course, Coventry University, UK
| | - E Bowen
- Centre for Violence Prevention, University of Worcester, UK
| | - S Wigham
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, UK
| | - J Rodgers
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) might be a "comorbid" condition in selective mutism (SM). METHODS In this retrospective study, we examined medical records of children with SM diagnosis (n=97) at a medical center specializing in assessment of ASD. RESULTS Mean age for onset of SM symptoms was 4.5 years and mean age at SM diagnosis was 8.8 years. SM was more common among girls (boy:girl ratio=2.7:1). We found that 63% of the study group had an ASD (no gender difference). The SM group with combined ASD had later onset of symptoms, higher age at diagnosis, more often a history of speech delay, and a higher proportion of borderline IQ or intellectual disability. CONCLUSION The results highlight the risk of overlap between ASD and SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Steffenburg
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Suzanne Steffenburg
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christopher Gillberg
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eva Billstedt
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Fernandes JM, Cajão R, Lopes R, Jerónimo R, Barahona-Corrêa JB. Social Cognition in Schizophrenia and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Direct Comparisons. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:504. [PMID: 30459645 PMCID: PMC6232921 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Deficits in social cognition are well-recognized in both schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, it is less clear how social cognition deficits differ between both disorders and what distinct mechanisms may underlie such differences. We aimed at reviewing available evidence from studies directly comparing social cognitive performance between individuals with schizophrenia and ASD. Methods: We performed a systematic review of literature up to May 22, 2018 on Pubmed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Search terms included combinations of the keywords "social cognition," "theory of mind," "autism," "Asperger," "psychosis," and "schizophrenia." Two researchers independently selected and extracted data according to PRISMA guidelines. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted for performance on social cognitive tasks evaluating: (1) emotion perception; (2) theory of mind (ToM); (3) emotional intelligence (managing emotions score of the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test); and (4) social skills. Results: We identified 19 eligible studies for meta-analysis including a total of 1,040 patients (558 with schizophrenia and 482 with ASD). Eight studies provided data on facial emotion perception that evidenced a better performance by participants with schizophrenia compared to those with ASD (Hedges' g = 0.43; p = 0.031). No significant differences were found between groups in the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (8 studies; Hedges' g = 0.22; p = 0.351), other ToM tasks (9 studies; Hedges' g = -0.03; p = 0.903), emotional intelligence (3 studies; Hedges' g = -0.17; p = 0.490), and social skills (3 studies; Hedges' g = 0.86; p = 0.056). Participants' age was a significant moderator of effect size in emotion perception and RMET analyzes, with larger differences favoring patients with schizophrenia being observed in studies with younger participants. Conclusions: The instruments that are currently available to evaluate social cognition poorly differentiate between individuals with schizophrenia and ASD. Combining behavioral tasks with neurophysiologic assessments may better characterize the differences in social cognition between both disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Miguel Fernandes
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rute Cajão
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Centro Hospitalar Tondela-Viseu, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Lopes
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Lisbon, Portugal.,CADIN-Neurodevelopment, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Rita Jerónimo
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Bernardo Barahona-Corrêa
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal.,CADIN-Neurodevelopment, Cascais, Portugal.,Champalimaud Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Centre for the Unkown, Lisbon, Portugal.,Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
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