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Peng HX, Zhang LL, Jiang D, Jian N, Zhang TM, Luo JG, Yin HY. CD73 polymorphisms are associated with schizophrenia. Purinergic Signal 2024:10.1007/s11302-024-10004-3. [PMID: 38758511 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-024-10004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 enzyme plays a key role in the regulation of extracellular adenosine levels, thereby exerting influence on adenosine homeostasis. Emerging evidence suggests that perturbations in purines and ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity are associated with an augmented susceptibility to schizophrenia. However, the precise impact of genetic variations in CD73 on individuals with schizophrenia remains poorly understood. Here, our study demonstrated that rs3734442 allele and rs4431401 heterozygote were conferred a significant risk of schizophrenia disease (rs3734442: odds ratio, 0.556; 95% CI, 0.375 to 0.825; p = 0.004; rs4431401: odds ratio, 1.881, 95% CI, 1.117 to 3.166; p = 0.020). Comparing different genders, we observed a significant association between rs3734442 genotypes and male cases (rs3734442: odds ratio, 0.452; 95% CI, 0.257 to 0.796; p = 0.007). Likewise, there was a significant association between rs4431401 genotypes and male patients (rs4431401: odds ratio, 2.570; 95% CI, 1.196 to 5.522; p = 0.015). Based on family history and antipsychotics medication usage, our data reveals that the rs9444348 allele exhibits the most significant association with familial susceptibility to schizophrenia (odds ratio, 1.541; 95% CI, 1.009 to 2.353; p = 0.048 for A vs G). Moreover, individuals carrying variants of rs6922, rs2229523, and rs2065114 while being treated with clozapine demonstrate a higher frequency proportion compared to those receiving risperidone treatment (p = 0.035; p = 0.049; p = 0.027 respectively). Additionally, our results indicate that patients with GG genotype of rs9444348 had significantly higher likelihood of using clozapine instead of sulpiride (p = 0.048). Overall, our data strongly suggest that genetic variations in CD73 are significantly associated with schizophrenia risk and may serve as valuable resources for identifying therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Xia Peng
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
- Chengdu Jinxin Mental Diseases Hospital, Chengdu, 610063, China
| | - Li-Li Zhang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
- Chengdu Jinxin Mental Diseases Hospital, Chengdu, 610063, China
| | - Dan Jiang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
- Chengdu Jinxin Mental Diseases Hospital, Chengdu, 610063, China
| | - Na Jian
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
- Chengdu Jinxin Mental Diseases Hospital, Chengdu, 610063, China
| | - Ting-Mei Zhang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
- Chengdu Jinxin Mental Diseases Hospital, Chengdu, 610063, China
| | - Jia-Guo Luo
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
- Chengdu Jinxin Mental Diseases Hospital, Chengdu, 610063, China.
| | - Hai-Yan Yin
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
- Chengdu Jinxin Mental Diseases Hospital, Chengdu, 610063, China.
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2
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Sahay S, Devine EA, McCullumsmith RE, O’Donovan SM. Adenosine Receptor mRNA Expression in Frontal Cortical Neurons in Schizophrenia. Cells 2023; 13:32. [PMID: 38201235 PMCID: PMC10778287 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating neuropsychiatric disorder associated with the dysregulation of glutamate and dopamine neurotransmitter systems. The adenosine system is an important neuroregulatory system in the brain that modulates glutamate and dopamine signaling via the ubiquitously expressed adenosine receptors; however, adenosine A1 and A2A receptor (A1R and A2AR) mRNA expression is poorly understood in specific cell subtypes in the frontal cortical brain regions implicated in this disorder. In this study, we assayed A1R and A2AR mRNA expression via qPCR in enriched populations of pyramidal neurons, which were isolated from postmortem anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) tissue from schizophrenia (n = 20) and control (n = 20) subjects using laser microdissection (LMD). A1R expression was significantly increased in female schizophrenia subjects compared to female control subjects (t(13) = -4.008, p = 0.001). A1R expression was also significantly decreased in female control subjects compared to male control subjects, suggesting sex differences in basal A1R expression (t(17) = 2.137, p = 0.047). A significant, positive association was found between dementia severity (clinical dementia rating (CDR) scores) and A2AR mRNA expression (Spearman's r = 0.424, p = 0.009). A2AR mRNA expression was significantly increased in unmedicated schizophrenia subjects, suggesting that A2AR expression may be normalized by chronic antipsychotic treatment (F(1,14) = 9.259, p = 0.009). Together, these results provide novel insights into the neuronal expression of adenosine receptors in the ACC in schizophrenia and suggest that receptor expression changes may be sex-dependent and associated with cognitive decline in these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Sahay
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (S.S.); (R.E.M.)
| | - Emily A. Devine
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
| | - Robert E. McCullumsmith
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (S.S.); (R.E.M.)
- Neuroscience Institute Promedica, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Sinead M. O’Donovan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (S.S.); (R.E.M.)
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3
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Garcia CP, Licht-Murava A, Orr AG. Effects of adenosine A 2A receptors on cognitive function in health and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 170:121-154. [PMID: 37741689 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptors have been studied extensively in the context of motor function and movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease. In addition to these roles, A2A receptors have also been increasingly implicated in cognitive function and cognitive impairments in diverse conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, acute brain injury, and stress. We review the roles of A2A receptors in cognitive processes in health and disease, focusing primarily on the effects of reducing or enhancing A2A expression levels or activities in animal models. Studies reveal that A2A receptors in neurons and astrocytes modulate multiple aspects of cognitive function, including memory and motivation. Converging evidence also indicates that A2A receptor levels and activities are aberrantly increased in aging, acute brain injury, and chronic disorders, and these increases contribute to neurocognitive impairments. Therapeutically targeting A2A receptors with selective modulators may alleviate cognitive deficits in diverse neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. Further research on the exact neural mechanisms of these effects as well as the efficacy of selective A2A modulators on cognitive alterations in humans are important areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia P Garcia
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Pharmacology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Avital Licht-Murava
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anna G Orr
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
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4
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Singer P, Yee BK. The adenosine hypothesis of schizophrenia into its third decade: From neurochemical imbalance to early life etiological risks. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1120532. [PMID: 36998267 PMCID: PMC10043328 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1120532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenosine hypothesis of schizophrenia was conceptualized about two decades ago in an attempt to integrate two prominent theories of neurochemical imbalance that attribute the pathogenesis of schizophrenia to hyperfunction of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine neurotransmission and hypofunction of cortical glutamate neurotransmission. Given its unique position as an endogenous modulator of both dopamine and glutamate signaling in the brain, adenosine was postulated as a potential new drug target to achieve multiple antipsychotic actions. This new strategy may offer hope for improving treatment, especially in alleviating negative symptoms and cognitive deficits of schizophrenia that do not respond to current medications. To date, however, the adenosine hypothesis has yet led to any significant therapeutic breakthroughs. Here, we address two possible reasons for the impasse. First, neither the presence of adenosine functional deficiency in people with schizophrenia nor its causal relationship to symptom production has been satisfactorily examined. Second, the lack of novel adenosine-based drugs also impedes progress. This review updates the latest preclinical and clinical data pertinent to the construct validity of the adenosine hypothesis and explores novel molecular processes whereby dysregulation of adenosine signaling could be linked to the etiology of schizophrenia. It is intended to stimulate and revitalize research into the adenosine hypothesis towards the development of a new and improved generation of antipsychotic drugs that has eluded us for decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Singer
- Roche Diagnostics International AG, Rotkreuz, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Philipp Singer Benjamin K. Yee
| | - Benjamin K. Yee
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Mental Health Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Philipp Singer Benjamin K. Yee
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5
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Singh P, Singh D, Srivastava P, Mishra G, Tiwari AK. Evaluation of advanced, pathophysiologic new targets for imaging of CNS. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:484-513. [PMID: 36779375 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
The inadequate information about the in vivo pathological, physiological, and neurological impairments, as well as the absence of in vivo tools for assessing brain penetrance and the efficiency of newly designed drugs, has hampered the development of new techniques for the treatment for variety of new central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The searching sites such as Science Direct and PubMed were used to find out the numerous distinct tracers across 16 CNS targets including tau, synaptic vesicle glycoprotein, the adenosine 2A receptor, the phosphodiesterase enzyme PDE10A, and the purinoceptor, among others. Among the most encouraging are [18 F]FIMX for mGluR imaging, [11 C]Martinostat for Histone deacetylase, [18 F]MNI-444 for adenosine 2A imaging, [11 C]ER176 for translocator protein, and [18 F]MK-6240 for tau imaging. We also reviewed the findings for each tracer's features and potential for application in CNS pathophysiology and therapeutic evaluation investigations, including target specificity, binding efficacy, and pharmacokinetic factors. This review aims to present a current evaluation of modern positron emission tomography tracers for CNS targets, with a focus on recent advances for targets that have newly emerged for imaging in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepika Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pooja Srivastava
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceuticals Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Gauri Mishra
- Department of Zoology, Swami Shraddhananad College, University of Delhi, Alipur, Delhi, India
| | - Anjani K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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6
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Marques TR, Natesan S, Rabiner EA, Searle GE, Gunn R, Howes OD, Kapur S. Adenosine A 2A receptor in schizophrenia: an in vivo brain PET imaging study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:3439-3445. [PMID: 34175983 PMCID: PMC9584985 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05900-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptors are highly enriched in the basal ganglia system, a region that is functionally implicated in schizophrenia. Preclinical evidence suggests a cross-regulation between adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors in this region and that it is linked to the sensitization of the dopamine system. However, the relationship between A2A receptor availability and schizophrenia has not been directly examined in vivo in patients with this disorder. To investigate, using positron emission tomography (PET), the availability of A2A receptors in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia in comparison to matched healthy controls. A2A receptor availability was measured using the PET tracer [11C]SCH442416. Twelve male patients with chronic schizophrenia were compared to 13 matched healthy subjects. All patients were medicated with antipsychotics and none presented with any motor or extrapyramidal symptoms. Binding potential (BPND), a ratio measure between specific and non-specific tracer uptake, were compared between the groups for the caudate, putamen, accumbens and globus pallidum. There was no differences between A2A receptor binding potential (BPND) of schizophrenia patients in the caudate (p = 0.16), putamen (p = 0.86), accumbens (p = 0.44) and globus pallidum (p = 0.09) to that of matched healthy subjects. There was also no significant correlation between [11C]SCH442416 binding and severity of psychotic symptoms (p = 0.2 to 0.82) or antipsychotic dosage (p = 0.13 to 0.34). By showing that A2A receptor availability in medicated patients with chronic male schizophrenia is not different than in healthy controls, this study does not support the primary role of this receptor in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Reis Marques
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK. .,Psychiatric Imaging Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK. .,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK.
| | - Sridhar Natesan
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Psychiatric Imaging Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Eugenii A Rabiner
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.,Centre for Imaging Sciences, London, UK
| | | | | | - Oliver D Howes
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Psychiatric Imaging Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Shitij Kapur
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK
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7
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Hamoud AR, Bach K, Kakrecha O, Henkel N, Wu X, McCullumsmith RE, O’Donovan SM. Adenosine, Schizophrenia and Cancer: Does the Purinergic System Offer a Pathway to Treatment? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911835. [PMID: 36233136 PMCID: PMC9570456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For over a century, a complex relationship between schizophrenia diagnosis and development of many cancers has been observed. Findings from epidemiological studies are mixed, with reports of increased, reduced, or no difference in cancer incidence in schizophrenia patients. However, as risk factors for cancer, including elevated smoking rates and substance abuse, are commonly associated with this patient population, it is surprising that cancer incidence is not higher. Various factors may account for the proposed reduction in cancer incidence rates including pathophysiological changes associated with disease. Perturbations of the adenosine system are hypothesized to contribute to the neurobiology of schizophrenia. Conversely, hyperfunction of the adenosine system is found in the tumor microenvironment in cancer and targeting the adenosine system therapeutically is a promising area of research in this disease. We outline the current biochemical and pharmacological evidence for hypofunction of the adenosine system in schizophrenia, and the role of increased adenosine metabolism in the tumor microenvironment. In the context of the relatively limited literature on this patient population, we discuss whether hypofunction of this system in schizophrenia, may counteract the immunosuppressive role of adenosine in the tumor microenvironment. We also highlight the importance of studies examining the adenosine system in this subset of patients for the potential insight they may offer into these complex disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Rizaq Hamoud
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Karen Bach
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Ojal Kakrecha
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Nicholas Henkel
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Robert E. McCullumsmith
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Neurosciences Institute, ProMedica, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Sinead M. O’Donovan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Correspondence:
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8
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Elevated endogenous GDNF induces altered dopamine signalling in mice and correlates with clinical severity in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3247-3261. [PMID: 35618883 PMCID: PMC9708553 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01554-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Presynaptic increase in striatal dopamine is the primary dopaminergic abnormality in schizophrenia, but the underlying mechanisms are not understood. Here, we hypothesized that increased expression of endogenous GDNF could induce dopaminergic abnormalities that resemble those seen in schizophrenia. To test the impact of GDNF elevation, without inducing adverse effects caused by ectopic overexpression, we developed a novel in vivo approach to conditionally increase endogenous GDNF expression. We found that a 2-3-fold increase in endogenous GDNF in the brain was sufficient to induce molecular, cellular, and functional changes in dopamine signalling in the striatum and prefrontal cortex, including increased striatal presynaptic dopamine levels and reduction of dopamine in prefrontal cortex. Mechanistically, we identified adenosine A2a receptor (A2AR), a G-protein coupled receptor that modulates dopaminergic signalling, as a possible mediator of GDNF-driven dopaminergic abnormalities. We further showed that pharmacological inhibition of A2AR with istradefylline partially normalised striatal GDNF and striatal and cortical dopamine levels in mice. Lastly, we found that GDNF levels are increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of first episode psychosis patients, and in post-mortem striatum of schizophrenia patients. Our results reveal a possible contributor for increased striatal dopamine signalling in a subgroup of schizophrenia patients and suggest that GDNF-A2AR crosstalk may regulate dopamine function in a therapeutically targetable manner.
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Sánchez-Melgar A, Izquierdo-Ramírez PJ, Palomera-Ávalos V, Pallàs M, Albasanz JL, Martín M. High-Fat and Resveratrol Supplemented Diets Modulate Adenosine Receptors in the Cerebral Cortex of C57BL/6J and SAMP8 Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093040. [PMID: 34578918 PMCID: PMC8466958 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are devastating diseases in which aging is a major risk factor. High-fat diet (HFD) seems to contribute to cognition deterioration, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Moreover, resveratrol (RSV) has been reported to counteract the loss of cognition associated with age. Our study aimed to investigate whether the adenosinergic system and plasma membrane cholesterol are modulated by HFD and RSV in the cerebral cortex of C57BL/6J and SAMP8 mice. Results show that HFD induced increased A1R and A2AR densities in C57BL/6J, whereas this remained unchanged in SAMP8. Higher activity of 5′-Nucleotidase was found as a common effect induced by HFD in both mice strains. Furthermore, the effect of HFD and RSV on A2BR density was different depending on the mouse strain. RSV did not clearly counteract the HFD-induced effects on the adenosinergic system. Besides, no changes in free-cholesterol levels were detected in the plasma membrane of cerebral cortex in both strains. Taken together, our data suggest a different modulation of adenosine receptors depending on the mouse strain, not related to changes in plasma membrane cholesterol content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Sánchez-Melgar
- Regional Center of Biomedical Research, Department of Inorganic, Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Technological Sciences, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (A.S.-M.); (P.J.I.-R.); (M.M.)
| | - Pedro José Izquierdo-Ramírez
- Regional Center of Biomedical Research, Department of Inorganic, Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Technological Sciences, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (A.S.-M.); (P.J.I.-R.); (M.M.)
| | - Verónica Palomera-Ávalos
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (V.P.-Á.); (M.P.)
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (V.P.-Á.); (M.P.)
| | - José Luis Albasanz
- Regional Center of Biomedical Research, Department of Inorganic, Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Technological Sciences, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (A.S.-M.); (P.J.I.-R.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mairena Martín
- Regional Center of Biomedical Research, Department of Inorganic, Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Technological Sciences, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (A.S.-M.); (P.J.I.-R.); (M.M.)
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10
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Post-weaning social isolation impairs purinergic signaling in rat brain. Neurochem Int 2021; 148:105111. [PMID: 34171414 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Early life stressors, such as social isolation (SI), can disrupt brain development contributing to behavioral and neurochemical alterations in adulthood. Purinergic receptors and ectonucleotidases are key regulators of brain development in embryonic and postnatal periods, and they are involved in several psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. The extracellular ATP drives purinergic signaling by activating P2X and P2Y receptors and it is hydrolyzed by ectonucleotidases in adenosine, which activates P1 receptors. The purpose of this study was to investigate if SI, a rodent model used to replicate abnormal behavior relevant to schizophrenia, impacts purinergic signaling. Male Wistar rats were reared from weaning in group-housed or SI conditions for 8 weeks. SI rats exhibited impairment in prepulse inhibition and social interaction. SI presented increased ADP levels in cerebrospinal fluid and ADP hydrolysis in the hippocampus and striatum synaptosomes. Purinergic receptor expressions were upregulated in the prefrontal cortex and downregulated in the hippocampus and striatum. A2A receptors were differentially expressed in SI prefrontal cortex and the striatum, suggesting distinct roles in these brain structures. SI also presented decreased ADP, adenosine, and guanosine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid in response to D-amphetamine. Like patients with schizophrenia, uric acid levels were prominently increased in SI rats after D-amphetamine challenge. We suggest that the SI-induced deficits in prepulse inhibition might be related to the SI-induced changes in purinergic signaling. We provide new evidence that purinergic signaling is markedly affected in a rat model relevant to schizophrenia, pointing out the importance of purinergic system in psychiatry conditions.
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11
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Valle-León M, Callado LF, Aso E, Cajiao-Manrique MM, Sahlholm K, López-Cano M, Soler C, Altafaj X, Watanabe M, Ferré S, Fernández-Dueñas V, Menchón JM, Ciruela F. Decreased striatal adenosine A 2A-dopamine D 2 receptor heteromerization in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:665-672. [PMID: 33010795 PMCID: PMC8027896 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00872-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
According to the adenosine hypothesis of schizophrenia, the classically associated hyperdopaminergic state may be secondary to a loss of function of the adenosinergic system. Such a hypoadenosinergic state might either be due to a reduction of the extracellular levels of adenosine or alterations in the density of adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) or their degree of functional heteromerization with dopamine D2 receptors (D2R). In the present study, we provide preclinical and clinical evidences for this latter mechanism. Two animal models for the study of schizophrenia endophenotypes, namely the phencyclidine (PCP) mouse model and the A2AR knockout mice, were used to establish correlations between behavioural and molecular studies. In addition, a new AlphaLISA-based method was implemented to detect native A2AR-D2R heteromers in mouse and human brain. First, we observed a reduction of prepulse inhibition in A2AR knockout mice, similar to that observed in the PCP animal model of sensory gating impairment of schizophrenia, as well as a significant upregulation of striatal D2R without changes in A2AR expression in PCP-treated animals. In addition, PCP-treated animals showed a significant reduction of striatal A2AR-D2R heteromers, as demonstrated by the AlphaLISA-based method. A significant and pronounced reduction of A2AR-D2R heteromers was next demonstrated in postmortem caudate nucleus from schizophrenic subjects, even though both D2R and A2AR were upregulated. Finally, in PCP-treated animals, sub-chronic administration of haloperidol or clozapine counteracted the reduction of striatal A2AR-D2R heteromers. The degree of A2AR-D2R heteromer formation in schizophrenia might constitute a hallmark of the illness, which indeed should be further studied to establish possible correlations with chronic antipsychotic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Valle-León
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, UB, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.418284.30000 0004 0427 2257Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis F. Callado
- grid.11480.3c0000000121671098Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain ,Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Ester Aso
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, UB, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.418284.30000 0004 0427 2257Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María M. Cajiao-Manrique
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, UB, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.418284.30000 0004 0427 2257Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XBordeaux International Neuroscience Master, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kristoffer Sahlholm
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, UB, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.418284.30000 0004 0427 2257Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.12650.300000 0001 1034 3451Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marc López-Cano
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, UB, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.418284.30000 0004 0427 2257Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Concepció Soler
- grid.418284.30000 0004 0427 2257Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Immunology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Altafaj
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, UB, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.418284.30000 0004 0427 2257Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-0818 Japan
| | - Sergi Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Víctor Fernández-Dueñas
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, UB, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.418284.30000 0004 0427 2257Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M. Menchón
- grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain ,grid.411129.e0000 0000 8836 0780Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.418284.30000 0004 0427 2257Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, UB, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, UB, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Renk DR, Skraban M, Bier D, Schulze A, Wabbals E, Wedekind F, Neumaier F, Neumaier B, Holschbach M. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of Tozadenant analogues as adenosine A 2A receptor ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 214:113214. [PMID: 33548636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
With the aim to obtain potent adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) ligands, a series of eighteen derivatives of 4-hydroxy-N-(4-methoxy-7-morpholin-4-yl-1,3-benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-methylpiperidine-1-carboxamide (SYN-115, Tozadenant) were designed and synthesized. The target compounds were obtained by a chemical building block principle that involved reaction of the appropriate aminobenzothiazole phenyl carbamates with either commercially available or readily synthesized functionalized piperidines. Their affinity and subtype selectivity with regard to human adenosine A1-and A2A receptors were determined using radioligand binding assays. Ki values for human A2AR ranged from 2.4 to 38 nM, with more than 120-fold selectivity over A1 receptors for all evaluated compounds except 13k which had a Ki of 361 nM and 18-fold selectivity. The most potent fluorine-containing derivatives 13e, 13g and 13l exhibited Ki values of 4.9 nM, 3.6 nM and 2.8 nM for the human A2AR. Interestingly, the corresponding values for rat A2AR were found to be four to five times higher. Their binding to A2AR was further confirmed by radiolabeling with 18F and in vitro autoradiography in rat brain slices, which showed almost exclusive striatal binding and complete displacement by the A2AR antagonist ZM 241385. We conclude that these compounds represent potential candidates for the visualization of the A2A receptor and open pathways to novel therapeutic treatments of neurodegenerative disorders or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana R Renk
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Köln, Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany
| | - Marcel Skraban
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany
| | - Dirk Bier
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany
| | - Annette Schulze
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany
| | - Erika Wabbals
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany
| | - Franziska Wedekind
- Molecular Organization of the Brain (INM-2), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany
| | - Felix Neumaier
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Köln, Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Köln, Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany
| | - Marcus Holschbach
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany.
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13
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Sánchez-Melgar A, Albasanz JL, Pallàs M, Martín M. Adenosine Metabolism in the Cerebral Cortex from Several Mice Models during Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197300. [PMID: 33023260 PMCID: PMC7582336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a neuromodulator that has been involved in aging and neurodegenerative diseases as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In the present work, we analyzed the possible modulation of purine metabolites, 5’nucleotidase (5′NT) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activities, and adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its phosphorylated form during aging in the cerebral cortex. Three murine models were used: senescence-accelerated mouse-resistant 1 (SAMR1, normal senescence), senescence-accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8, a model of AD), and the wild-type C57BL/6J (model of aging) mice strains. Glutamate and excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) levels were also measured in these animals. HPLC, Western blotting, and enzymatic activity evaluation were performed to this aim. 5′-Nucleotidase (5′NT) activity was decreased at six months and recovered at 12 months in SAMP8 while opposite effects were observed in SAMR1 at the same age, and no changes in C57BL/6J mice. ADA activity significantly decreased from 3 to 12 months in the SAMR1 mice strain, while a significant decrease from 6 to 12 months was observed in the SAMP8 mice strain. Regarding purine metabolites, xanthine and guanosine levels were increased at six months in SAMR1 without significant differences in SAMP8 mice. In C57BL/6J mice, inosine and xanthine were increased, while adenosine decreased, from 4 to 24 months. The AMPK level was decreased at six months in SAMP8 without significant changes nor in SAMR1 or C57BL/6J strains. Glutamate and EAAT2 levels were also modulated during aging. Our data show a different modulation of adenosine metabolism participants in the cerebral cortex of these animal models. Interestingly, the main differences between SAMR1 and SAMP8 mice were found at six months of age, SAMP8 being the most affected strain. As SAMP8 is an AD model, results suggest that adenosinergic metabolism is involved in the neurodegeneration of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Sánchez-Melgar
- Department of Inorganic, Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Technological Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Regional Center of Biomedical Research (CRIB), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (A.S.-M.); (M.M.)
| | - José Luis Albasanz
- Department of Inorganic, Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Technological Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Regional Center of Biomedical Research (CRIB), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (A.S.-M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Mairena Martín
- Department of Inorganic, Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Technological Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Regional Center of Biomedical Research (CRIB), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (A.S.-M.); (M.M.)
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14
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Kotańska M, Dziubina A, Szafarz M, Mika K, Reguła K, Bednarski M, Zygmunt M, Drabczyńska A, Sapa J, Kieć-Kononowicz K. KD-64-A new selective A2A adenosine receptor antagonist has anti-inflammatory activity but contrary to the non-selective antagonist-Caffeine does not reduce diet-induced obesity in mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229806. [PMID: 32555600 PMCID: PMC7302451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The A2 adenosine receptors play an important role, among others, in the regulation of inflammatory process and glucose homeostasis in diabetes and obesity. Thus, the presented project evaluated of influence of the selective antagonist of A2A adenosine receptor-KD-64 as compared to the known non-selective antagonist-caffeine on these two particular processes. Two different inflammation models were induced namely local and systemic inflammation. Obesity was induced in mice by high-fat diet and the tested compounds (KD-64 and caffeine) were administrated for 21 days. KD-64 showed anti-inflammatory effect in both tested inflammation models and administered at the same dose as ketoprofen exerted stronger effect than this reference compound. Elevated levels of IL-6 and TNF-α observed in obese control mice were significantly lowered by the administration of KD-64 and were similar to the values observed in control non-obese mice. Interestingly, caffeine increased the levels of these parameters. In contrast to caffeine which had no influence on AlaT activity, KD-64 administration significantly lowered AlaT activity in the obese mice. Although, contrary to caffeine, KD-64 did not reduce diet-induced obesity in mice, it improved glucose tolerance. Thus, the activity of the selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist was quite different from that of the non-selective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kotańska
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Dziubina
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szafarz
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamil Mika
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Reguła
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Bednarski
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Zygmunt
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Drabczyńska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Sapa
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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15
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Choudhury H, Chellappan DK, Sengupta P, Pandey M, Gorain B. Adenosine Receptors in Modulation of Central Nervous System Disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:2808-2827. [PMID: 31309883 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190712181955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous signaling nucleoside molecule, adenosine is found in different cells of the human body to provide its numerous pharmacological role. The associated actions of endogenous adenosine are largely dependent on conformational change of the widely expressed heterodimeric G-protein-coupled A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs). These receptors are well conserved on the surface of specific cells, where potent neuromodulatory properties of this bioactive molecule reflected by its easy passage through the rigid blood-brainbarrier, to simultaneously act on the central nervous system (CNS). The minimal concentration of adenosine in body fluids (30-300 nM) is adequate to exert its neuromodulatory action in the CNS, whereas the modulatory effect of adenosine on ARs is the consequence of several neurodegenerative diseases. Modulatory action concerning the activation of such receptors in the CNS could be facilitated towards neuroprotective action against such CNS disorders. Our aim herein is to discuss briefly pathophysiological roles of adenosine on ARs in the modulation of different CNS disorders, which could be focused towards the identification of potential drug targets in recovering accompanying CNS disorders. Researches with active components with AR modulatory action have been extended and already reached to the bedside of the patients through clinical research in the improvement of CNS disorders. Therefore, this review consist of recent findings in literatures concerning the impact of ARs on diverse CNS disease pathways with the possible relevance to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Choudhury
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dinesh K Chellappan
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pallav Sengupta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, MA`HSA University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Manisha Pandey
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bapi Gorain
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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16
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McCluskey SP, Plisson C, Rabiner EA, Howes O. Advances in CNS PET: the state-of-the-art for new imaging targets for pathophysiology and drug development. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 47:451-489. [PMID: 31541283 PMCID: PMC6974496 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-019-04488-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A limit on developing new treatments for a number of central nervous system (CNS) disorders has been the inadequate understanding of the in vivo pathophysiology underlying neurological and psychiatric disorders and the lack of in vivo tools to determine brain penetrance, target engagement, and relevant molecular activity of novel drugs. Molecular neuroimaging provides the tools to address this. This article aims to provide a state-of-the-art review of new PET tracers for CNS targets, focusing on developments in the last 5 years for targets recently available for in-human imaging. METHODS We provide an overview of the criteria used to evaluate PET tracers. We then used the National Institute of Mental Health Research Priorities list to identify the key CNS targets. We conducted a PubMed search (search period 1st of January 2013 to 31st of December 2018), which yielded 40 new PET tracers across 16 CNS targets which met our selectivity criteria. For each tracer, we summarised the evidence of its properties and potential for use in studies of CNS pathophysiology and drug evaluation, including its target selectivity and affinity, inter and intra-subject variability, and pharmacokinetic parameters. We also consider its potential limitations and missing characterisation data, but not specific applications in drug development. Where multiple tracers were present for a target, we provide a comparison of their properties. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Our review shows that multiple new tracers have been developed for proteinopathy targets, particularly tau, as well as the purinoceptor P2X7, phosphodiesterase enzyme PDE10A, and synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A), amongst others. Some of the most promising of these include 18F-MK-6240 for tau imaging, 11C-UCB-J for imaging SV2A, 11C-CURB and 11C-MK-3168 for characterisation of fatty acid amide hydrolase, 18F-FIMX for metabotropic glutamate receptor 1, and 18F-MNI-444 for imaging adenosine 2A. Our review also identifies recurrent issues within the field. Many of the tracers discussed lack in vivo blocking data, reducing confidence in selectivity. Additionally, late-stage identification of substantial off-target sites for multiple tracers highlights incomplete pre-clinical characterisation prior to translation, as well as human disease state studies carried out without confirmation of test-retest reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart P McCluskey
- Invicro LLC, A Konica Minolta Company, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Christophe Plisson
- Invicro LLC, A Konica Minolta Company, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Eugenii A Rabiner
- Invicro LLC, A Konica Minolta Company, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Oliver Howes
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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17
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Sánchez-Melgar A, Albasanz JL, Martín M. Polyphenols and Neuroprotection: The Role of Adenosine Receptors. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1089/caff.2019.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Sánchez-Melgar
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, CRIB, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José Luis Albasanz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, CRIB, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Mairena Martín
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, CRIB, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
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18
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Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Pucci M, Giusepponi ME, Romano A, Lambertucci C, Volpini R, Micioni Di Bonaventura E, Gaetani S, Maccarrone M, D'Addario C, Cifani C. Regulation of adenosine A 2A receptor gene expression in a model of binge eating in the amygdaloid complex of female rats. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:1550-1561. [PMID: 31161847 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119845798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacological treatment approaches for eating disorders, such as binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa, are currently limited. METHODS AND AIMS Using a well-characterized animal model of binge eating, we investigated the epigenetic regulation of the A2A Adenosine Receptor (A2AAR) and dopaminergic D2 receptor (D2R) genes. RESULTS Gene expression analysis revealed a selective increase of both receptor mRNAs in the amygdaloid complex of stressed and restricted rats, which exhibited binge-like eating, when compared to non-stressed and non-restricted rats. Consistently, pyrosequencing analysis revealed a significant reduction of the percentage of DNA methylation but only at the A2AAR promoter region in rats showing binge-like behaviour compared to the control animals. Focusing thus on A2AAR agonist (VT 7) administration (which inhibited the episode of binge systemically at 0.1 mg/kg or intra-central amygdala (CeA) injection at 900 ng/side) induced a significant increase of A2AAR mRNA levels in restricted and stressed rats when compared to the control group. In addition, we observed a significant decrease in A2AAR mRNA levels in rats treated with the A2AAR antagonist (ANR 94) at 1 mg/kg. Consistent changes in the DNA methylation status of the A2AAR promoter were found in restricted and stressed rats after administration of VT 7 or ANR 94. CONCLUSION We confirm the role of A2AAR in binge eating behaviours, and we underline the importance of epigenetic regulation of the A2AAR gene, possibly due to a compensatory mechanism to counteract the effect of binge eating. We suggest that A2AAR activation, inducing receptor gene up-regulation, could be relevant to reduction of food consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariangela Pucci
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Catia Lambertucci
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Rosaria Volpini
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Campus Bio-Medico, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio D'Addario
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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19
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Adenosine A2A receptor as potential therapeutic target in neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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20
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Temido-Ferreira M, Coelho JE, Pousinha PA, Lopes LV. Novel Players in the Aging Synapse: Impact on Cognition. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2019; 9:104-127. [PMID: 31559391 PMCID: PMC6761599 DOI: 10.1089/caff.2019.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While neuronal loss has long been considered as the main contributor to age-related cognitive decline, these alterations are currently attributed to gradual synaptic dysfunction driven by calcium dyshomeostasis and alterations in ionotropic/metabotropic receptors. Given the key role of the hippocampus in encoding, storage, and retrieval of memory, the morpho- and electrophysiological alterations that occur in the major synapse of this network-the glutamatergic-deserve special attention. We guide you through the hippocampal anatomy, circuitry, and function in physiological context and focus on alterations in neuronal morphology, calcium dynamics, and plasticity induced by aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We provide state-of-the art knowledge on glutamatergic transmission and discuss implications of these novel players for intervention. A link between regular consumption of caffeine-an adenosine receptor blocker-to decreased risk of AD in humans is well established, while the mechanisms responsible have only now been uncovered. We review compelling evidence from humans and animal models that implicate adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) upsurge as a crucial mediator of age-related synaptic dysfunction. The relevance of this mechanism in patients was very recently demonstrated in the form of a significant association of the A2AR-encoding gene with hippocampal volume (synaptic loss) in mild cognitive impairment and AD. Novel pathways implicate A2AR in the control of mGluR5-dependent NMDAR activation and subsequent Ca2+ dysfunction upon aging. The nature of this receptor makes it particularly suited for long-term therapies, as an alternative for regulating aberrant mGluR5/NMDAR signaling in aging and disease, without disrupting their crucial constitutive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Temido-Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana E. Coelho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paula A. Pousinha
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), CNRS UMR7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Luísa V. Lopes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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21
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Huin V, Dhaenens CM, Homa M, Carvalho K, Buée L, Sablonnière B. Neurogenetics of the Human Adenosine Receptor Genes: Genetic Structures and Involvement in Brain Diseases. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1089/caff.2019.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Huin
- University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-JPArc–Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Institut de Biochimie et Biologie moléculaire, Centre de Biologie Pathologie et Génétique, Lille, France
| | - Claire-Marie Dhaenens
- University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-JPArc–Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Institut de Biochimie et Biologie moléculaire, Centre de Biologie Pathologie et Génétique, Lille, France
| | - Mégane Homa
- University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-JPArc–Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France
| | - Kévin Carvalho
- University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-JPArc–Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France
| | - Luc Buée
- University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-JPArc–Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France
| | - Bernard Sablonnière
- University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-JPArc–Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Institut de Biochimie et Biologie moléculaire, Centre de Biologie Pathologie et Génétique, Lille, France
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22
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Cattane N, Mora C, Lopizzo N, Borsini A, Maj C, Pedrini L, Rossi R, Riva MA, Pariante CM, Cattaneo A. Identification of a miRNAs signature associated with exposure to stress early in life and enhanced vulnerability for schizophrenia: New insights for the key role of miR-125b-1-3p in neurodevelopmental processes. Schizophr Res 2019; 205:63-75. [PMID: 30057098 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical studies have provided evidence for a role of both genetic and environmental factors, such as stressful experiences early in life, in the pathogenesis of Schizophrenia (SZ) and microRNAs (miRNAs) have been suggested to play a key role in the interplay between the environment and our genome. In this study, we conducted a miRNOme analysis in different samples (blood of adult subjects exposed to childhood trauma, brain (hippocampus) of rats exposed to prenatal stress and human hippocampal progenitor cells treated with cortisol) and we identified miR-125b-1-3p as a down-regulated miRNA in all the three datasets. Interestingly, a significant down-regulation was observed also in SZ patients exposed to childhood trauma. To investigate the biological systems targeted by miR-125b-1-3p and also involved in the effects of stress, we combined the list of biological pathways modulated by predicted and validated target genes of miR-125b-1-3p, with the biological systems significantly regulated by cortisol in the in vitro model. We found, as common pathways, the CXCR4 signaling, the G-alpha signaling, and the P2Y Purigenic Receptor Signaling Pathway, which are all involved in neurodevelopmental processes. Our data, obtained from the combining of miRNAs datasets across different tissues and species, identified miR-125b-1-3p as a key marker associated with the long-term effects of stress early in life and also with the enhanced vulnerability of developing SZ. The identification of such a miRNA biomarker could allow the early detection of vulnerable subjects for SZ and could provide the basis for the development of preventive therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Cattane
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Fatebenefratelli San Giovanni di Dio, via Pilastroni 4, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristina Mora
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Fatebenefratelli San Giovanni di Dio, via Pilastroni 4, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicola Lopizzo
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Fatebenefratelli San Giovanni di Dio, via Pilastroni 4, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Borsini
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Carlo Maj
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Pedrini
- Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Fatebenefratelli San Giovanni di Dio, via Pilastroni 4, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberta Rossi
- Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Fatebenefratelli San Giovanni di Dio, via Pilastroni 4, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Andrea Riva
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmine Maria Pariante
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU London, UK
| | - Annamaria Cattaneo
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Fatebenefratelli San Giovanni di Dio, via Pilastroni 4, Brescia, Italy; Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU London, UK.
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23
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Miao J, Liu L, Yan C, Zhu X, Fan M, Yu P, Ji K, Huang Y, Wang Y, Zhu G. Association between ADORA2A gene polymorphisms and schizophrenia in the North Chinese Han population. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:2451-2458. [PMID: 31695381 PMCID: PMC6718062 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s205014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large number of studies have shown a close relationship between ADORA2A and the pathological mechanism of schizophrenia. However, to our knowledge, there has been no studies examining the association between the ADORA2A gene and schizophrenia in Chinese Han population. PURPOSE The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between adenosine A2A receptor (ADORA2A) single nucleotide polymorphisms and schizophrenia in the North Chinese Han population. PATIENTS AND METHODS We detected ADORA2A single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses and summarized our results using SPSS statistical software and Haploview in schizophrenia case group (n=398) and healthy control group (n=535). RESULTS The frequency of the CC homozygote genotype of SNP rs2298383T/C were significantly higher in the case than the control group (p=0.005, OR=1.712, 95% CI=1.172-2.502). After linkage disequilibrium analysis, SNPs rs5996696A/C and rs2298383T/C displayed strong linkage disequilibrium. We found that the frequencies of haplotypes TA (χ2=6.268, p=0.0123) and CA (χ2=7.012, p=0.0081) were significantly higher in the case group than in the control group. CONCLUSION In conclusion, SNPs in the ADORA2A gene may be associated with schizophrenia in the northern Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiao Miao
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ci Yan
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqi Fan
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Peitong Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Keming Ji
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinglin Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110020, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110020, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
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24
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Weng YT, Chien T, Kuan II, Chern Y. The TRAX, DISC1, and GSK3 complex in mental disorders and therapeutic interventions. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:71. [PMID: 30285728 PMCID: PMC6171312 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0473-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders (such as bipolar disorder, depression, and schizophrenia) affect the lives of millions of individuals worldwide. Despite the tremendous efforts devoted to various types of psychiatric studies and rapidly accumulating genetic information, the molecular mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorder development remain elusive. Among the genes that have been implicated in schizophrenia and other mental disorders, disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) have been intensively investigated. DISC1 binds directly to GSK3 and modulates many cellular functions by negatively inhibiting GSK3 activity. The human DISC1 gene is located on chromosome 1 and is highly associated with schizophrenia and other mental disorders. A recent study demonstrated that a neighboring gene of DISC1, translin-associated factor X (TRAX), binds to the DISC1/GSK3β complex and at least partly mediates the actions of the DISC1/GSK3β complex. Previous studies also demonstrate that TRAX and most of its interacting proteins that have been identified so far are risk genes and/or markers of mental disorders. In the present review, we will focus on the emerging roles of TRAX and its interacting proteins (including DISC1 and GSK3β) in psychiatric disorders and the potential implications for developing therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Weng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd. Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ting Chien
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd. Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - I-I Kuan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd. Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd. Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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25
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Craddock KES, Zhou X, Liu S, Gochman P, Dickinson D, Rapoport JL. Symptom dimensions and subgroups in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2018; 197:71-77. [PMID: 29146021 PMCID: PMC5949241 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated symptom dimensions and subgroups in the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) cohort and their similarities to adult-onset schizophrenia (AOS) literature. METHOD Scores from the Scales for the Assessment of Positive and Negative Symptoms (SAPS & SANS) from 125 COS patients were assessed for fit with previously established symptom dimensions from AOS literature using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). K-means cluster analysis of each individual's scores on the best fitting set of dimensions was used to form patient clusters, which were then compared using demographic and clinical data. RESULTS CFA showed the SAPS & SANS data was well suited to a 2-dimension solution, including positive and negative dimensions, out of five well established models. Cluster analysis identified three patient groups characterized by different dimension scores: (1) low scores on both dimensions, (2) high negative, low positive scores, and (3) high scores on both dimensions. These groups had different Full scale IQ, Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) scores, ages of onset, and prevalence of some co-morbid behavior disorders (all p<3.57E-03). CONCLUSION Our analysis found distinct symptom-based subgroups within the NIMH COS cohort using an established AOS symptom structure. These findings confirm the heterogeneity of COS and were generally consistent with AOS literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E S Craddock
- Child Psychiatry Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bldg. 10- Rm. 4N244, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Xueping Zhou
- Child Psychiatry Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bldg. 10- Rm. 4N244, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Child Psychiatry Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bldg. 10- Rm. 4N244, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
| | - Peter Gochman
- Child Psychiatry Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bldg. 10- Rm. 4N244, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Dwight Dickinson
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bldg. 10- Rm. 3C115, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Judith L Rapoport
- Child Psychiatry Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bldg. 10- Rm. 4N244, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
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26
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Cell-subtype-specific changes in adenosine pathways in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:1667-1674. [PMID: 29483661 PMCID: PMC6006250 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prior work in animal models implicates abnormalities of adenosine metabolism in astrocytes as a possible pathophysiological mechanism underlying the symptoms of schizophrenia. In the present study, we sought to reverse-translate these findings back to the human brain in schizophrenia, focusing on the following questions: (1) Which components of the adenosine system are dysregulated in schizophrenia, and (2) are these changes limited to astrocytes? To address these questions, we captured enriched populations of DLPFC pyramidal neurons and astrocytes from schizophrenia and control subjects using laser capture microdissection and assessed expression of adenosine system components using qPCR. Interestingly, we found changes in enriched populations of astrocytes and neurons spanning metabolic and catabolic pathways. Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (ENTPD1) and ENTPD2 mRNA levels were significantly decreased (p < 0.05, n = 16 per group) in enriched populations of astrocytes; in pyramidal neurons equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) and adenosine A1 receptor mRNA levels were significantly decreased, with an increase in adenosine deaminase (ADA) (p < 0.05, n = 16 per group). Rodent studies suggest that some of our findings (A1R and ENTPD2) may be due to treatment with antipsychotics. Our findings suggest changes in expression of genes involved in regulating metabolism of ATP in enriched populations of astrocytes, leading to lower availability of substrates needed to generate adenosine. In pyramidal neurons, changes in ENT1 and ADA mRNA may suggest increased catabolism of adenosine. These results offer new insights into the cell-subtype-specific pathophysiology of the adenosine system in this illness.
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27
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Chien T, Weng YT, Chang SY, Lai HL, Chiu FL, Kuo HC, Chuang DM, Chern Y. GSK3β negatively regulates TRAX, a scaffold protein implicated in mental disorders, for NHEJ-mediated DNA repair in neurons. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:2375-2390. [PMID: 29298990 PMCID: PMC6294740 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-017-0007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Translin-associated protein X (TRAX) is a scaffold protein with various functions and has been associated with mental illnesses, including schizophrenia. We have previously demonstrated that TRAX interacts with a Gsα protein-coupled receptor, the A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR), and mediates the function of this receptor in neuritogenesis. In addition, stimulation of the A2AR markedly ameliorates DNA damage evoked by elevated oxidative stress in neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here, we report that glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) and disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) are two novel interacting proteins of TRAX. We present evidence to suggest that the stimulation of A2AR markedly facilitated DNA repair through the TRAX/DISC1/GSK3β complex in a rat neuronal cell line (PC12), primary mouse neurons, and human medium spiny neurons derived from iPSCs. A2AR stimulation led to the inhibition of GSK3β, thus dissociating the TRAX/DISC1/GSK3β complex and facilitating the non-homologous end-joining pathway (NHEJ) by enhancing the activation of a DNA-dependent protein kinase via phosphorylation at Thr2609. Similarly, pharmacological inhibition of GSK3β by SB216763 also facilitated the TRAX-mediated repair of oxidative DNA damage. Collectively, GSK3β binds with TRAX and negatively affects its ability to facilitate NHEJ repair. The suppression of GSK3β by A2AR activation or a GSK3β inhibitor releases TRAX for the repair of oxidative DNA damage. Our findings shed new light on the molecular mechanisms underlying diseases associated with DNA damage and provides a novel target (i.e., the TRAX/DISC1/GSK3β complex) for future therapeutic development for mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chien
- 0000 0004 0634 0356grid.260565.2Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan ,0000 0004 0633 7958grid.482251.8Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Weng
- 0000 0004 0633 7958grid.482251.8Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan ,0000 0001 2287 1366grid.28665.3fProgram in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yung Chang
- 0000 0004 0633 7958grid.482251.8Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan ,0000 0001 0425 5914grid.260770.4Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Lin Lai
- 0000 0004 0633 7958grid.482251.8Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Lan Chiu
- 0000 0001 2287 1366grid.28665.3fInstitute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Kuo
- 0000 0001 2287 1366grid.28665.3fInstitute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - De-Maw Chuang
- 0000 0004 0464 0574grid.416868.5Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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28
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Purinergic system in psychiatric diseases. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:94-106. [PMID: 28948971 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are debilitating diseases, affecting >80 million people worldwide. There are no causal cures for psychiatric disorders and available therapies only treat the symptoms. The etiology of psychiatric disorders is unknown, although it has been speculated to be a combination of environmental, stress and genetic factors. One of the neurotransmitter systems implicated in the biology of psychiatric disorders is the purinergic system. In this review, we performed a comprehensive search of the literature about the role and function of the purinergic system in the development and predisposition to psychiatric disorders, with a focus on depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism, anxiety and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. We also describe how therapeutics used for psychiatric disorders act on the purinergic system.
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29
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van Waarde A, Dierckx RAJO, Zhou X, Khanapur S, Tsukada H, Ishiwata K, Luurtsema G, de Vries EFJ, Elsinga PH. Potential Therapeutic Applications of Adenosine A 2A Receptor Ligands and Opportunities for A 2A Receptor Imaging. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:5-56. [PMID: 28128443 DOI: 10.1002/med.21432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptors (A2A Rs) are highly expressed in the human striatum, and at lower densities in the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and cells of the immune system. Antagonists of these receptors are potentially useful for the treatment of motor fluctuations, epilepsy, postischemic brain damage, or cognitive impairment, and for the control of an immune checkpoint during immunotherapy of cancer. A2A R agonists may suppress transplant rejection and graft-versus-host disease; be used to treat inflammatory disorders such as asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, and rheumatoid arthritis; be locally applied to promote wound healing and be employed in a strategy for transient opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) so that therapeutic drugs and monoclonal antibodies can enter the brain. Increasing A2A R signaling in adipose tissue is also a potential strategy to combat obesity. Several radioligands for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of A2A Rs have been developed in recent years. This review article presents a critical overview of the potential therapeutic applications of A2A R ligands, the use of A2A R imaging in drug development, and opportunities and limitations of PET imaging in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aren van Waarde
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xiaoyun Zhou
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shivashankar Khanapur
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hideo Tsukada
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamakita, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 434-8601, Japan
| | - Kiichi Ishiwata
- Research Institute of Cyclotron and Drug Discovery Research, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, 7-115 Yatsuyamada, Koriyama, 963-8052, Japan.,Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.,Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Gert Luurtsema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik F J de Vries
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
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30
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Moscoso-Castro M, Gracia-Rubio I, Ciruela F, Valverde O. Genetic blockade of adenosine A2A receptors induces cognitive impairments and anatomical changes related to psychotic symptoms in mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:1227-40. [PMID: 27133030 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic severe mental disorder with a presumed neurodevelopmental origin, and no effective treatment. Schizophrenia is a multifactorial disease with genetic, environmental and neurochemical etiology. The main theories on the pathophysiology of this disorder include alterations in dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in limbic and cortical areas of the brain. Early hypotheses also suggested that nucleoside adenosine is a putative affected neurotransmitter system, and clinical evidence suggests that adenosine adjuvants improve treatment outcomes, especially in poorly responsive patients. Hence, it is important to elucidate the role of the neuromodulator adenosine in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR) subtypes are expressed in brain areas controlling motivational responses and cognition, including striatum, and in lower levels in hippocampus and cerebral cortex. The aim of this study was to characterize A2AR knockout (KO) mice with complete and specific inactivation of A2AR, as an animal model for schizophrenia. We performed behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical studies to assess psychotic-like symptoms in adult male and female KO and wild-type (WT) littermates. Our results show impairments in inhibitory responses and sensory gating in A2AR KO animals. Hyperlocomotion induced by d-amphetamine and MK-801 was reduced in KO animals when compared to WT littermates. Moreover, A2AR KO animals show motor disturbances, social and cognitive alterations. Finally, behavioral impairments were associated with enlargement of brain lateral ventricles and decreased BDNF levels in the hippocampus. These data highlight the role of adenosine in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and provide new possibilities for the therapeutic management of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Moscoso-Castro
- Neurobiology of Behavior Research Group (GReNeC), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Gracia-Rubio
- Neurobiology of Behavior Research Group (GReNeC), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, IDIBELL-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ghent, Gent, Belgium
| | - Olga Valverde
- Neurobiology of Behavior Research Group (GReNeC), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
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Krügel U. Purinergic receptors in psychiatric disorders. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:212-25. [PMID: 26518371 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders describe different mental or behavioral patterns, causing suffering or poor coping of ordinary life with manifold presentations. Multifactorial processes can contribute to their development and progression. Purinergic neurotransmission and neuromodulation in the brain have attracted increasing therapeutic interest in the field of psychiatry. Purine nucleotides and nucleosides are well recognized as signaling molecules mediating cell to cell communication. The actions of ATP are mediated by ionotropic P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptor subfamilies, whilst the actions of adenosine are mediated by P1 (A1 or A2) adenosine receptors. Purinergic mechanisms and specific receptor subtypes have been shown to be linked to the regulation of many aspects of behavior and mood and to dysregulation in pathological processes of brain function. In this review the recent knowledge on the role of purinergic receptors in the two most frequent psychiatric diseases, major depression and schizophrenia, as well as on related animal models is summarized. At present the most promising data for therapeutic strategies derive from investigations of the adenosine system emphasizing a unique function of A2A receptors at neurons and astrocytes in these disorders. Among the P2 receptor family, in particular P2X7 and P2Y1 receptors were related to disturbances in major depression and schizophrenia, respectively. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Krügel
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
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Abdolmaleky HM, Zhou JR, Thiagalingam S. An update on the epigenetics of psychotic diseases and autism. Epigenomics 2015; 7:427-49. [DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The examination of potential roles of epigenetic alterations in the pathogenesis of psychotic diseases have become an essential alternative in recent years as genetic studies alone are yet to uncover major gene(s) for psychosis. Here, we describe the current state of knowledge from the gene-specific and genome-wide studies of postmortem brain and blood cells indicating that aberrant DNA methylation, histone modifications and dysregulation of micro-RNAs are linked to the pathogenesis of mental diseases. There is also strong evidence supporting that all classes of psychiatric drugs modulate diverse features of the epigenome. While comprehensive environmental and genetic/epigenetic studies are uncovering the origins, and the key genes/pathways affected in psychotic diseases, characterizing the epigenetic effects of psychiatric drugs may help to design novel therapies in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Mostafavi Abdolmaleky
- Departments of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics Section), Genetics & Genomics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Nutrition/Metabolism Laboratory at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jin-Rong Zhou
- Nutrition/Metabolism Laboratory at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sam Thiagalingam
- Departments of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics Section), Genetics & Genomics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Villar-Menéndez I, Nuñez F, Díaz-Sánchez S, Albasanz JL, Taura J, Fernández-Dueñas V, Ferrer I, Martín M, Ciruela F, Barrachina M. Striatal adenosine A2A receptor expression is controlled by S-adenosyl-L-methionine-mediated methylation. Purinergic Signal 2014; 10:523-8. [PMID: 24943396 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) is a G protein-coupled receptor enriched in the striatum for which an increased expression has been demonstrated in certain neurological diseases. Interestingly, previous in vitro studies demonstrated that A2AR expression levels are reduced after treatment with S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), a methyl donor molecule involved in the methylation of important biological structures such as DNA, proteins, and lipids. However, the in vivo effects of SAM treatment on A2AR expression are still obscure. Here, we demonstrated that 2 weeks of SAM treatment produced a significant reduction in the rat striatal A2AR messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein content as well as A2AR-mediated signaling. Furthermore, when the content of 5-methylcytosine levels in the 5'UTR region of ADORA2A was analyzed, this was significantly increased in the striatum of SAM-treated animals; thus, an unambiguous correlation between SAM-mediated methylation and striatal A2AR expression could be established. Overall, we concluded that striatal A2AR functionality can be controlled by SAM treatment, an issue that might be relevant for the management of these neurological conditions that course with increased A2AR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izaskun Villar-Menéndez
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Bellvitge University Hospital-ICS, Av. Gran Via de L'Hospitalet 199, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Spain
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Increased striatal adenosine A2A receptor levels is an early event in Parkinson's disease-related pathology and it is potentially regulated by miR-34b. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 69:206-14. [PMID: 24892887 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) is a G-protein coupled receptor that stimulates adenylyl cyclase activity. In the brain, A2ARs are found highly enriched in striatal GABAergic medium spiny neurons, related to the control of voluntary movement. Pharmacological modulation of A2ARs is particularly useful in Parkinson's disease (PD) due to their property of antagonizing dopamine D2 receptor activity. Increases in A2AR levels have been described in PD patients showing an important loss of dopaminergic denervation markers, but no data have been reported about A2AR levels in incidental PD brains. In the present report, we show that increased A2ARs protein levels were also detected in the putamen of incidental PD cases (Braak PD stages 1-2) with respect to age-matched controls. By contrast, A2ARs mRNA levels remained unchanged, suggesting that posttranslational mechanisms could be involved in the regulation of A2ARs. It has been described how miR-34b/c downregulation is an early event in PD cases. We found that miR-34b levels are also significantly reduced in the putamen of incidental PD cases and along disease progression. Given that 3'UTR of A2AR contains a predicted target site for miR-34b, the potential role of this miRNA in protein A2AR levels was assessed. In vitro studies revealed that endogenous A2AR protein levels increased when miR-34b function was blocked using a specific anti-miR-34b. Moreover, using a luciferase reporter assay with point mutations in a miR-34b predicted binding site within the 3'UTR region of A2AR mRNA abolished the effect of the miRNA using a miR-34b mimic. In addition, we showed a reduced percentage of DNA methylation in the 5'UTR region of ADORA2A in advanced PD cases. Overall, these findings reveal that increased A2AR protein levels occur in asymptomatic PD patients and provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying A2AR expression levels along the progression of this neurodegenerative disease.
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Chen JF. Adenosine receptor control of cognition in normal and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 119:257-307. [PMID: 25175970 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801022-8.00012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine and adenosine receptors (ARs) are increasingly recognized as important therapeutic targets for controlling cognition under normal and disease conditions for its dual roles of neuromodulation as well as of homeostatic function in the brain. This chapter first presents the unique ability of adenosine, by acting on the inhibitory A1 and facilitating A2A receptor, to integrate dopamine, glutamate, and BNDF signaling and to modulate synaptic plasticity (e.g., long-term potentiation and long-term depression) in brain regions relevant to learning and memory, providing the molecular and cellular bases for adenosine receptor (AR) control of cognition. This led to the demonstration of AR modulation of social recognition memory, working memory, reference memory, reversal learning, goal-directed behavior/habit formation, Pavlovian fear conditioning, and effort-related behavior. Furthermore, human and animal studies support that AR activity can also, through cognitive enhancement and neuroprotection, reverse cognitive impairments in animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease, and schizophrenia. Lastly, epidemiological evidence indicates that regular human consumption of caffeine, the most widely used psychoactive drug and nonselective AR antagonists, is associated with the reduced cognitive decline in aging and AD patients, and with the reduced risk in developing PD. Thus, there is a convergence of the molecular studies revealing AR as molecular targets for integrating neurotransmitter signaling and controlling synaptic plasticity, with animal studies demonstrating the strong procognitive impact upon AR antagonism in normal and disease brains and with epidemiological and clinical evidences in support of caffeine and AR drugs for therapeutic modulation of cognition. Since some of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists are already in phase III clinical trials for motor benefits in PD patients with remarkable safety profiles, additional animal and human studies to better understand the mechanism underlying the AR-mediated control of cognition under normal and disease conditions will provide the required rationale to stimulate the necessary clinical investigation to rapidly translate adenosine and AR drug as a novel strategy to control memory impairment in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Fan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; The Molecular Medicine Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
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Rial D, Lara DR, Cunha RA. The Adenosine Neuromodulation System in Schizophrenia. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 119:395-449. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801022-8.00016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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