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Priya Aarthy A, Sen S, Srinivasan M, Muthukumar S, Madhanraj P, Akbarsha MA, Archunan G. Ectopic pregnancy: search for biomarker in salivary proteome. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16828. [PMID: 37803047 PMCID: PMC10558548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43791-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is associated with high maternal morbidity and mortality. Ultrasonography is the only dependable diagnostic tool for confirming an ectopic pregnancy. In view of inadequate early detection methods, women suffer from a high-life risk due to the severity of EP. Early detection of EP using pathological/molecular markers will possibly improve clinical diagnosis and patient management. Salivary proteins contain potential biomarkers for diagnosing and detecting various physiological and/or pathological conditions. Therefore, the present investigation was designed to explore the salivary proteome with special reference to EP. Gel-based protein separation was performed on saliva, followed by identification of proteins using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Totally, 326 proteins were identified in the salivary samples, among which 101 were found to be specific for ruptured ectopic pregnancy (EPR). Reactome analysis revealed innate immune system, neutrophil degranulation, cell surface interactions at the vascular wall, and FCERI-mediated NF-kB activation as the major pathways to which the salivary proteins identified during EPR are associated. Glutathione-S-transferase omega-1 (GSTO1) is specific for EPR and has been reported as a candidate biomarker in the serum of EPR patients. Therefore, saliva would be a potential source of diagnostic non-invasive protein biomarker(s) for EP. Intensive investigation on the salivary proteins specific to EP can potentially lead to setting up of a panel of candidate biomarkers and developing a non-invasive protein-based diagnostic kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archunan Priya Aarthy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rabindra Nath Tagore Medical College, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Deemed University, Chennai, India.
| | - Sangeetha Sen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rabindra Nath Tagore Medical College, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mahalingam Srinivasan
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subramanian Muthukumar
- Deparment of Biotechnology, School of Chemical & Biotechnology (SCBT), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Pakirisamy Madhanraj
- Department of Microbiology, Marudupandiyar College, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohammad Abdulkader Akbarsha
- Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Centre for Alternatives, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchchirappalli, India
- Department of Biotechnology & Microbiology, National College (Autonomous), Tiruchchirappalli, India
| | - Govindaraju Archunan
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India.
- Marudupandiyar College, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Rigby CH, Aljassim F, Powell SG, Wyatt JN, Hill CJ, Hapangama DK. The immune cell profile of human fallopian tubes in health and benign pathology: a systematic review. J Reprod Immunol 2022; 152:103646. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2022.103646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wang X, Lee CL, Li RHW, Vijayan M, Duan YG, Yeung WSB, Zhang Y, Chiu PCN. Alteration of the immune cell profiles in the pathophysiology of tubal ectopic pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 81:e13093. [PMID: 30672642 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubal ectopic pregnancy (TEP) refers to implantation of conceptus in the fallopian tube. It makes up over 98% of ectopic pregnancy (EP), which is the leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in the first trimester of pregnancy. Immune cells at the maternal-fetal interface play important roles in the process of embryo implantation, stroma decidualization, and early placental development. Alterations in the composition, phenotype, and activity of the immune cells in the fallopian tubes contribute toward the onset of TEP. In this review, we compare the leukocytic proportions in decidua of normal pregnancy, and in decidua and fallopian tubes of TEP. The possible functions of these immune cells in the pathophysiology of TEP are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Cheuk-Lun Lee
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Raymond H W Li
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Madhavi Vijayan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yong-Gang Duan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - William S B Yeung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanzhen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Philip C N Chiu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Immunological regulation of trophoblast invasion. J Reprod Immunol 2011; 90:21-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Laskarin G, Redzovic A, Vukelic P, Veljkovic D, Gulic T, Haller H, Rukavina D. Phenotype of NK cells and cytotoxic/apoptotic mediators expression in ectopic pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 64:347-58. [PMID: 20408833 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM The expression of cytotoxic/apoptotic mediators and the phenotype characteristics of uterine NK cells (uNK) in tubal ectopic pregnancy (EP) were investigated. METHOD OF STUDY Samples of uterine decidua and tubal mucosa as well as peripheral blood (PB) of the same women with EP were used for phenotype characterization of NK cells and detection of cytotoxic/apoptotic mediators and IL-15. RESULTS In tubal mucosa, perforin, FasL, granulysin and IL-15 were almost completely absent, but they were present in normal and EP uterine deciduas. TRAIL was present on trophoblast and tubal mucosa, contrary to its lack in normal and EP uterine decidua. CD16⁻ CD56(dim) NK cells, mostly CD94⁻ and NKG2A⁻, predominate in tubal mucosa, whereas CD16⁻ CD56(bright) NK cells, predominantly CD94(+) and NKG2A(+) prevail in EP uterine decidua. NK cells at the EP implantation site express lower percentages of perforin and granulysin, but they express a higher percentage of TRAIL than do EP uterine decidual and PB NK cells. Lower percentage of TNF-α-expressing and IL-4-expressing NK cells were found at the implantation site compared to EP uterine decidua. CONCLUSIONS Authentic uNK cell population seems to be insufficient to restrict trophoblast invasion because of low expression of cytotoxic/apoptotic mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Laskarin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Rijeka, Croatia
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Laskarin G, Redzovic A, Srsen Medancic S, Rukavina D. Regulation of NK-cell function by mucins via antigen-presenting cells. Med Hypotheses 2010; 75:541-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Basta P, Majka M, Jozwicki W, Lukaszewska E, Knafel A, Grabiec M, Stasienko E, Wicherek L. The frequency of CD25+CD4+ and FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in ectopic endometrium and ectopic decidua. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2010; 8:116. [PMID: 20923543 PMCID: PMC2958978 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-8-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of regulatory T (Treg) cells in human endometrium is crucial for maintaining immunological homeostasis within the uterus. For this study we decided to evaluate the subpopulations of Treg cells in conditions where a disturbance in the immunological equilibrium in ectopic endometrium and decidua has been observed, such as in cases of ovarian endometriosis (involving local immune cell suppression) and ectopic pregnancy (involving an increase in local immune system activity). We then compared these findings to what we observed in the normal eutopic endometrium of women during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle (with immune cells under individual control). METHODS The endometrium tissue samples evaluated in our study were obtained from 47 women during one of two kinds of laparoscopic procedures. 16 of the women underwent laparoscopies due to Fallopian tube pregnancies (EP), and 16 due to ovarian endometrioma, while 15 women made up a control group. The presence of regulatory T cells in these tissue samples was evaluated by FACS. RESULTS In our study, the percentages of FOXP3+ cells within the subpopulation of CD4+ T lymphocytes found in the decidua of the patients treated for Fallopian tube pregnancies were statistically significantly lower than both those observed in the ovarian endometriosis tissue samples and those found in the secretory eutopic endometrium samples of the control group. CONCLUSION The disturbance in the immunological equilibrium observed in ectopic endometrium and decidua would seem to be related to the alteration in the Treg cell population that occurs in these ectopic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Basta
- Department of Gynecology and Oncology of the Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Gynecology and Oncology Department of the Lukaszczyk Oncological Center and Chair of Gynecology, Oncology and Gynecological Nursing of the Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 2 Romanowskiej Str, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marcin Majka
- Transplantology Department of the Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Jozwicki
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology of the Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Lukaszczyk Oncology Center, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Lukaszewska
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology of the Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Lukaszczyk Oncology Center, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Anna Knafel
- Department of Gynecology and Oncology of the Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Grabiec
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Oncological Gynecology of the Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Stasienko
- Gynecology and Oncology Department of the Lukaszczyk Oncological Center and Chair of Gynecology, Oncology and Gynecological Nursing of the Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 2 Romanowskiej Str, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Lukasz Wicherek
- Department of Gynecology and Oncology of the Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Gynecology and Oncology Department of the Lukaszczyk Oncological Center and Chair of Gynecology, Oncology and Gynecological Nursing of the Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 2 Romanowskiej Str, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Wicherek L, Basta P, Pitynski K, Marianowski P, Kijowski J, Wiatr J, Majka M. ORIGINAL ARTICLE: The Characterization of the Subpopulation of Suppressive B7H4+ Macrophages and the Subpopulation of CD25+ CD4+ and FOXP3+ Regulatory T-cells in Decidua during the Secretory Cycle Phase, Arias Stella Reaction, and Spontaneous Abortion - A. Am J Reprod Immunol 2009; 61:303-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2009.00696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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The association between RCAS1 expression in laryngeal and pharyngeal cancer and its healthy stroma with cancer relapse. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:35. [PMID: 19175908 PMCID: PMC2639609 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study has been to establish the level of RCAS1 - a membrane protein expressed in various cancer cells and able to induce apoptosis of CTLs and NK cells in pharyngeal and laryngeal cancer and its clear surgical margin - with respect to clinicopathological features and to patient's follow up and evaluate its possible role in cancer relapse. METHODS A total of 122 tissue samples were obtained: 51 samples from laryngeal and pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, 51 samples from the clear surgical margins of these tumors, and 20 tissue samples derived from the healthy mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract mucosa of patients without cancerous tumors. Patients were observed for a total of 4 years following surgical treatment. The level of RCAS1 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. RESULTS RCAS1 was identified in all laryngeal and pharyngeal carcinomas and in almost all the clear surgical margin samples. The level of RCAS1 expression was significantly higher in the cancerous samples than in the clear surgical margins and was determined to be related to the grade of the cancer and the presence of lymph node metastases. In cases of cancer relapse, significantly higher levels of RCAS1 expression were observed in the clear surgical margins. CONCLUSION Selective cytotoxic immune cell suppression concomitant with tumor growth and associated with RCAS1 expression seems to be an important event connected with cancer relapse.
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Galazka K, Pitynski K, Skret-Magierlo J, Mach P, Knafel A, Sikora J, Niemiec T, Dobrogowski J, Basta A, Wicherek L. The increase in metallothionein and ectopic decidual immunoreactivity with respect to the progression of labor at term and the lack of analogical changes in placental abruption. Am J Reprod Immunol 2008; 60:204-13. [PMID: 18782281 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2008.00615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM The coexistence of immune and decidual cells is related to the development of a resistance to immune-mediated apoptosis in both ectopic and eutopic decidua. This unique feature of endometrial cells seems to be linked with the expression of metallothionein (MT), an inhibitor of apoptosis. METHOD OF STUDY The MT immunoreactivity level was assessed in 82 eutopic (CC) and ectopic (cesarean scar deciduosis - CSD) decidual tissue samples obtained from patients during cesarean sections at term and from patients on whom cesarean sections were performed on account of placental abruption (PA). RESULT Statistically, significantly higher levels of MT immunoreactivity were found in eutopic and ectopic decidua sampled during cesarean sections performed on patients with advanced labor when compared to the levels found in tissues sampled during cesarean sections on patients without labor. No differences were observed in the MT immunoreactivity levels in decidual tissue samples derived from patients who had undergone cesarean sections on account of PA with respect to the progression of labor at the time of the surgical procedure. Statistically, the decidual MT immunoreactivity levels were significantly higher in the PA than the CC subgroups and in the PA than the CSD subgroups correlating with the stage of labor. CONCLUSION MT in decidual cells seems to be responsible for the proper coexistence between decidual cells and activated immune cells that infiltrate both eutopic and ectopic decidua during cesarean section and PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Galazka
- Department of Pathomorphology of the Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Wicherek L, Galazka K, Lazar A. Analysis of metallothionein, RCAS1 immunoreactivity regarding immune cell concentration in the endometrium and tubal mucosa in ectopic pregnancy during the course of tubal rupture. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2007; 65:52-61. [PMID: 17717421 DOI: 10.1159/000107649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tubal rupture seems to be linked to a disturbance in maternal immune response and trophoblast cell invasion. The immunomodulating activity of endometrial cells is necessary for the coexistence of activated immune cells and endometrial cells. RCAS1 and metallothionein (MT) participate in this process. MATERIAL AND METHODS Tissue samples derived from fallopian tubes and endometrium were collected during one surgical procedure and divided into three groups: unruptured ectopic pregnancy (EP) without bleeding, unruptured EP with hemorrhage into the peritoneal cavity, and ruptured tubal pregnancy. Immunoreactivity of MT, RCAS1, CD56, CD3, CD69 and CD25 were assessed by immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS The number of CD3+ and CD56+ cells as well as CD69 antigen immunoreactivity in ruptured tubal mucosa of EP were statistically significantly higher than those measured for unruptured EP without bleeding, while at the same time the number of CD56+ cells in endometrium was statistically significantly lower. The growth of immune cell numbers in tubal mucosa during tubal rupture was not associated with an adequate MT and RCAS1 level. CONCLUSION Tubal perforation seems to be linked to a concentration of immune cells and a growth of their activity without an adequate increase of the level of proteins compensating for immune cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Wicherek
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Oncology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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