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Huo M, Leger KA, Birditt KS, Fingerman KL. Empathy is associated with older adults' social behaviors and verbal emotional expressions throughout the day. Sci Rep 2025; 15:269. [PMID: 39747349 PMCID: PMC11696790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-82550-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 12/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/04/2025] Open
Abstract
Empathy plays a crucial role in promoting older adults' interpersonal experiences, but it remains unclear how these benefits of empathy occur. To address this gap, we examined associations between empathy and how older adults behave and express emotions during their daily interpersonal encounters. Participants included 268 adults aged 65+ (46% men, n = 124) from the Daily Experiences and Well-being Study. They reported background characteristics and empathy in baseline interviews and indicated interpersonal encounters every 3 hours across 5 to 6 days. Participants wore electronically activated recorders (EAR), an app that captured 30-second snippets of ambient sounds every 7 minutes. Verbatim transcripts were coded for positive and negative social behaviors (e.g., praise, complain) and text was analyzed via Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) software for verbal expressions of positive and negative emotions (e.g., happy, hope, hate, hurt). Multilevel models showed that greater empathy was associated with greater variety in positive social behaviors throughout the day. More empathic older adults expressed more positive emotions while engaging in positive behaviors and less negative emotions when engaging in negative behaviors. This study innovatively draws on naturalistic data to delineate how more empathic older adults may have more positive and less negative social experiences than their less empathic counterparts. Findings may inform interventions that can incorporate empathy training to target those at higher risk of poor interpersonal experiences and outcomes (e.g., social isolation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Huo
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Kate A Leger
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Kira S Birditt
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Karen L Fingerman
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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2
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Wood D, Harms PD, Sherman RA, Boudreaux M, Lowman GH, Hogan R. Development of the Hogan Personality Content Single-Items Inventory. Assessment 2024; 31:1233-1261. [PMID: 37960861 DOI: 10.1177/10731911231207796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI) and Hogan Developmental Survey (HDS) are among the most widely used and extensively well-validated personality inventories for organizational applications; however, they are rarely used in basic research. We describe the Hogan Personality Content Single-Items (HPCS) inventory, an inventory designed to measure the 74 content subscales of the HPI and HDS via a single-item each. We provide evidence of the reliability and validity of the HPCS, including item-level retest reliability estimates, both self-other agreement and other-other (or observer) agreement, convergent correlations with the corresponding scales from the full HPI/HDS instruments, and analyze how similarly the HPCS and full HPI/HDS instruments relate to other variables. We discuss situations where administering the HPCS may have certain advantages and disadvantages relative to the full HPI and HDS. We also discuss how the current findings contribute to an emerging picture of best practices for the development and use of inventories consisting of single-item scales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P D Harms
- University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USA
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3
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Di Tella M, Benfante A, Castelli L, Adenzato M, Ardito RB. On the Relationship Between Alexithymia and Social Cognition: A Systematic Review. CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2024; 21:236-265. [PMID: 39309025 PMCID: PMC11411512 DOI: 10.36131/cnfioritieditore20240402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Objective This systematic review summarises the studies that have investigated the relationship between dimensions of social cognition (i.e., Theory of Mind - ToM, emotion recognition, and empathy) and alexithymia in the general adult non-clinical population. Method PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases were screened, using the following strings: ("alexithymi*") AND ("theory of mind" OR "ToM"); ("alexithymi*") AND ("empath*"); ("alexithymi*") AND ("emotion recognition"); ("alexithymi*") AND ("social cognition"). Results A total of 117 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. The total number of participants included in the reviewed studies was 40,231. Mixed results were found for alexithymia and ToM, while the relationship between emotion recognition or empathy and alexithymia was more homogeneous. Alexithymia was found to be significantly associated with both a reduced ability to recognise emotions and empathy. Conclusions These results support the existence of significant relationships between alexithymia and altered social cognitive abilities. Future research is needed to confirm the present findings and further elucidate the complex relationship between these processes. Suggestions are made on how to overcome some of the theoretical and methodological problems in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialaura Di Tella
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Verdi 10, 10124, Turin, Italy
| | - Agata Benfante
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Verdi 10, 10124, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorys Castelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Verdi 10, 10124, Turin, Italy
| | - Mauro Adenzato
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Verdi 10, 10124, Turin, Italy
| | - Rita B. Ardito
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Verdi 10, 10124, Turin, Italy
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4
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Courtney AL, Baltiansky D, Fang WM, Roshanaei M, Aybas YC, Samuels NA, Wetchler E, Wu Z, Jackson MO, Zaki J. Social microclimates and well-being. Emotion 2024; 24:836-846. [PMID: 37824222 PMCID: PMC11009067 DOI: 10.1037/emo0001277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Emotional well-being has a known relationship with a person's direct social ties, including friendships; but do ambient social and emotional features of the local community also play a role? This work takes advantage of university students' assignment to different local networks-or "social microclimates"-to probe this question. Using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression, we quantify the collective impact of individual, social network, and microclimate factors on the emotional well-being of a cohort of first-year college students. Results indicate that well-being tracks individual factors but also myriad social and microclimate factors, reflecting one's peers and social surroundings. Students who belonged to emotionally stable and tight-knit microclimates (i.e., had emotionally stable friends or resided in densely connected residence halls) reported lower levels of psychological distress and higher levels of life satisfaction, even when controlling for factors such as personality and social network size. Although rarely discussed or acknowledged in the policies that create them, social microclimates are consequential to well-being, especially during life transitions. The effects of microclimate factors are small relative to some individual factors; however, they explain unique variance in well-being that is not directly captured by emotional stability or other individual factors. These findings are novel, but preliminary, and should be replicated in new samples and contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jamil Zaki
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University
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5
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Altmann T. Development and validation of three brief versions of the humor styles questionnaire. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 243:104141. [PMID: 38232510 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ) is a frequently applied measure of individual differences in humor usage. However, previous research found several of its items to be unreliable and to provide insufficient information. Its 32-item length may also hinder its application in contexts in which short measures are required to maintain participant motivation, for instance large-scale assessments. In the present paper, we present three brief versions with five, four, and three items per subscale respectively, avoiding the questionable items. The results showed that the factor structure, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability of the original HSQ and the developed brief versions were as expected. Relations between the brief versions and psychological constructs (e.g., self-esteem, well-being, aggression, Big Five) were similar to the original HSQ. The findings support the psychometrical soundness and validity of three brief versions of the HSQ comparable to the original long version. General challenges in the assessment of humor are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Altmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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6
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Nair TK, Waslin SM, Rodrigues GA, Datta S, Moore MT, Brumariu LE. A meta-analytic review of the relations between anxiety and empathy. J Anxiety Disord 2024; 101:102795. [PMID: 38039916 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Although theory suggests that empathy may signal a risk for anxiety (Tone & Tully, 2014), the relation between these constructs remains unclear due to the lack of a quantitative synthesis of empirical findings. We addressed this question by conducting three meta-analyses assessing anxiety and general, cognitive, and affective empathy (k's = 70-102 samples; N's = 19,410-25,102 participants). Results suggest that anxiety has a small and significant association with general empathy (r = .08). The relation of clinical anxiety with cognitive empathy was significant but very weak (r = -.03), and small for affective empathy (r = .16). Geographic region and the type of cognitive (e.g., perspective taking, fantasy) and affective empathy (e.g., affective resonance, empathic concern) emerged as moderators. Results suggest that anxiety has a weaker association with general empathy but a stronger association with affective empathy in participants from predominantly collectivistic geographic regions. Further, greater anxiety was weakly associated with less perspective-taking and greater fantasy, and anxiety had a more modest association with empathic concern than other types of affective empathy. Targeting affective empathy (e.g., promoting coping strategies when faced with others' distress) in interventions for anxiety may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis K Nair
- Adelphi University, Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology, 58 Cambridge Ave, Garden City, NY 11530 USA.
| | - Stephanie M Waslin
- Adelphi University, Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology, 58 Cambridge Ave, Garden City, NY 11530 USA
| | - Gabriela A Rodrigues
- Adelphi University, Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology, 58 Cambridge Ave, Garden City, NY 11530 USA
| | - Saumya Datta
- Adelphi University, Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology, 58 Cambridge Ave, Garden City, NY 11530 USA
| | - Michael T Moore
- Adelphi University, Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology, 58 Cambridge Ave, Garden City, NY 11530 USA
| | - Laura E Brumariu
- Adelphi University, Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology, 58 Cambridge Ave, Garden City, NY 11530 USA
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Paquette MM, Dion J, Bőthe B, O'Sullivan LF, Perrier Léonard D, Bergeron S. How Does Sexual Subjectivity Vary on the Basis of Gender and Sexual Orientation? Validation of the Short Sexual Subjectivity Inventory (SSSI-11) in Cisgender, Heterosexual and Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:275-292. [PMID: 37679506 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02675-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Through sexual exploration, adolescents learn that they are sexual beings with choices, desires, and are deserving of pleasure, which corresponds to sexual subjectivity. However, the two measures of this construct (i.e., Female Sexual Subjectivity Inventory and Male Sexual Subjectivity Inventory) have not been validated with younger adolescents and have different items for boys and girls (with no scale available for gender diverse individuals), limiting gender comparisons. This study examined (1) the factor structure of the adapted Short Sexual Subjectivity Inventory-11 items (SSSI-11) in a large sample of young cisgender, heterosexual and sexual and gender minority adolescents, (2) measurement invariance across language (English and French), gender, and sexual orientation, (3) validity with sexuality-related outcomes, and (4) one-year temporal stability. Results of a confirmatory factor analysis among 2001 adolescents (Mage = 15.5 years, SD = 0.60) revealed a multidimensional factor structure. The SSSI-11, in both English and French, showed adequate reliability and one-year temporal stability, and was invariant across genders, sexual orientations, and languages. Girls had lower scores on the entitlement to self-pleasure and self-efficacy in achieving pleasure factors, and higher scores on the entitlement to pleasure from a partner factor. No significant differences were observed on the basis of language or between heterosexual and sexual minority adolescents. The SSSI-11 correlated positively with sexuality-related variables. Findings support the strong psychometric properties of the SSSI-11, rendering it of considerable use in clinical, education, and research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Michèle Paquette
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Jacinthe Dion
- Département des Sciences de la Santé, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
| | - Beáta Bőthe
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Lucia F O'Sullivan
- Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Delphine Perrier Léonard
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sophie Bergeron
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
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8
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Meier BP, Konrath S, Fetterman AK, Dillard AJ, James C, Weinstein E, Bushman BJ. Development and Validation of the Single-Item Mindfulness Scale (SIMS). J Pers Assess 2023; 105:807-819. [PMID: 36480592 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2022.2152348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mindfulness is a focused attention to and acceptance of present experiences. Although several reliable and valid multi-item measures of trait mindfulness exist, researchers may sometimes want a short and quick measure of mindfulness. In this project, we developed and validated the Single-Item Mindfulness Scale (SIMS) to assess trait mindfulness. We conducted eight studies involving 3,125 adult and adolescent participants. The studies consisted of cross-sectional, short longitudinal, and daily diary designs. We first developed the wording of the SIMS in Studies 1 and 2 and then examined the validity and reliability in Studies 3-8. The SIMS was found to be reliable and valid. It correlated with several multi-item measures of mindfulness at effect sizes in the medium to large range. It also correlated in expected ways with variables known to be related to existing multi-item measures of mindfulness such as self-compassion, anxiety, negative affect, positive affect, depression, neuroticism, empathy, prosocial behavior, and self-consciousness. Furthermore, it correlated positively with daily reports of mindfulness in a two-week diary study. Although existing multi-item trait mindfulness scales should be used, when possible, the SIMS is recommended in situations when time, question quantity, or researcher focus is constrained.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carrie James
- Project Zero, Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emily Weinstein
- Project Zero, Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA
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9
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Ho MH, Kemp BT, Eisenbarth H, Rijnders RJP. Designing a neuroclinical assessment of empathy deficits in psychopathy based on the Zipper Model of Empathy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 151:105244. [PMID: 37225061 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ho, M.H., Kemp, B.T., Eisenbarth, H. & Rijnders, R.J.P. Designing a neuroclinical assessment of empathy deficits in psychopathy based on the Zipper Model of Empathy. NEUROSCI BIOBEHAV REV YY(Y) XXX-XXX, 2023. The heterogeneity of the literature on empathy highlights its multidimensional and dynamic nature and affects unclear descriptions of empathy in the context of psychopathology. The Zipper Model of Empathy integrates current theories of empathy and proposes that empathy maturity is dependent on whether contextual and personal factors push affective and cognitive processes together or apart. This concept paper therefore proposes a comprehensive battery of physiological and behavioral measures to empirically assess empathy processing according to this model with an application for psychopathic personality. We propose using the following measures to assess each component of this model: (1) facial electromyography; (2) the Emotion Recognition Task; (3) the Empathy Accuracy task and physiological measures (e.g., heart rate); (4) a selection of Theory of Mind tasks and an adapted Dot Perspective Task, and; (5) an adjusted Charity Task. Ultimately, we hope this paper serves as a starting point for discussion and debate on defining and assessing empathy processing, to encourage research to falsify and update this model to improve our understanding of empathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Him Ho
- Danish Research Center for Magnetic Resonance, Kettegård Alle 30, 2650 Hvidovre, Capital Region, Denmark; Maastricht University, Psychology Neurosciences Department, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Benjamin Thomas Kemp
- Maastricht University, Psychology Neurosciences Department, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Hedwig Eisenbarth
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.
| | - Ronald J P Rijnders
- Netherlands Institute for Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, Forensic Observation Clinic "Pieter Baan Centrum", Carl Barksweg 3, 1336 ZL, Almere, the Netherlands; Utrecht University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Heidelberglaan 8, 3584 CS, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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10
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Meier BP, Dillard AJ, Fetterman AK, Ji LJ, Lappas CM. Religiosity and the Naturalness Bias in Drug and Vaccine Choices. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2023; 62:702-719. [PMID: 36394691 PMCID: PMC9669538 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-022-01694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Research reveals a bias for natural versus synthetic drugs. We sought to determine if this bias is associated with religiosity. Three cross-sectional studies (N = 1399 U.S. participants) were conducted to examine the impact of religiosity on the naturalness bias in the drug and vaccine domains. We assessed measures of religiosity, preferences for natural versus synthetic drugs and vaccines in hypothetical scenarios, and a health-related behavior (COVID-19 vaccination status). The results revealed that participants high versus low in religiosity had stronger preferences for natural versus synthetic drugs and vaccines. Furthermore, participants high versus low in religiosity were less likely to have taken the COVID-19 vaccine, and the natural drug bias was a mediator of this effect. Overall, participants higher in religiosity had a stronger preference for natural versus synthetic drugs and vaccines, and this preference had implications for health behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Meier
- Department of Psychology, Gettysburg College, 300 N. Washington Street, Gettysburg, PA, 17325, USA.
| | - Amanda J Dillard
- Department of Psychology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, 49401, USA
| | - Adam K Fetterman
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Li-Jun Ji
- Department of Psychology, Queens University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Courtney M Lappas
- Department of Biology, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA, 17003, USA
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Zheng X, Jing C, Liu Y, Zhang Y. Why are people ‘Lying Flat’? Personal relative deprivation suppresses self‐improvement motivation. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 62:932-948. [PMID: 36453146 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The 'Lying Flat' mindset refers to people's low intention to self-improvement. We hypothesized that personal relative deprivation (PRD), the negative consequence of social comparisons, is one of the reasons that might harm individuals' self-improvement motivations. In study 1 (N = 313), we found that PRD negatively predicted self-improvement after controlling for various confounding variables. This result is confirmed in study 2a (N = 3399) and 2b (N = 3219) by using a national representative sample. Furthermore, Study 2a found that the effect of PRD on self-improvement was mediated by the system-justifying belief (SJB). In study 3 (N = 160), we experimentally demonstrated that PRD harms self-improvement and persistence via its effect on SJB. The higher PRD people experienced, the less they endorsed the SJB, which thereby reduced self-improvement. Taken together, this research manifested that not only would PRD affect people's social beliefs (e.g. SJB) but also hinder self-improvement motivations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuegang Zheng
- School of Psychology Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an China
- Department of Psychology Renmin University of China Beijing China
| | - Changyu Jing
- School of Psychology Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Psychology Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an China
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No feelings for me, no feelings for you: A meta-analysis on alexithymia and empathy in psychopathy. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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A single item measure of self-control – validation and location in a nomological network of self-control, boredom, and if-then planning. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2022. [DOI: 10.32872/spb.7453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-control is a highly adaptive human capacity and research on self-control is booming. To further facilitate self-control research, especially in conditions where time-constraints might render the use of multi-item measures of self-control problematic, a validated time-efficient single item measure would be an asset. However, such a measure has not yet been developed and tested. Here, we address this gap by reporting the psychometric properties of a single item measure of self-control and by assessing its localization within a larger theorized psychometric network consisting of self-control, boredom and if-then planning. In a high-powered (N = 1553) study with paid online workers from the US (gender: 47.3% female, 51.7% male, 1% other; age: 40.36 ± 12.65 years), we found evidence for the convergent validity (Brief Self-Control Scale), divergent validity (Short Boredom Proneness Scale and If-Then Planning Scale), and criterion validity (objective and subjective socio-economic status) of the single item measure of self-control (“How much self-control do you have?”). Network psychometrics further revealed that the single item was part of the self-control subnetwork and clearly distinguishable from boredom and if-then planning, which together with self-control form a larger psychometric network of psychological dispositions that are relevant for orienting goal directed behavior. Thus, the present findings indicate that self-control can be adequately captured with the single item measure presented here, thereby extending the methodological toolbox of self-control researchers by a highly-time efficient measure.
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14
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Wang P, Hu H, Mo PKH, Ouyang M, Geng J, Zeng P, Mao N. How is Father Phubbing Associated with Adolescents' Social Networking Sites Addiction? Roles of Narcissism, Need to Belong, and Loneliness. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 156:331-348. [PMID: 35482939 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2022.2034726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Parents' phubbing has been found to be positively associated with adolescents' internet-related addiction. However, it remains unknown whether father phubbing would influence adolescents' social networking sites addiction (SNSA), and the mechanisms underlying this association stays largely unknown. This study aims to expand previous research by testing the mediating effect of loneliness, as well as the moderating effects of narcissism and need to belong in the association between father phubbing and adolescents' SNSA. METHOD In a cross-sectional design, 4,172 participants (2,189 boys and 1,983 girls; Mage = 16.41 ± .77) from 5 high schools in China completed measures of demographic variables, father phubbing, loneliness, narcissism, need to belong, and SNSA. RESULTS Results from regression analyses found that (a) Father phubbing had a positive association with adolescents' SNSA; (b) Loneliness partially mediated this association; (c) Narcissism and need to belong concurrently moderated the association between father phubbing and loneliness. In particular, the effect of father phubbing on loneliness was weaker among students with high narcissism, and among students with low need to belong. CONCLUSIONS The findings enrich our understanding of how father phubbing may increase the risk of SNSA among adolescents, and underscore the potential importance of reducing father phubbing and loneliness to prevent adolescents' SNSA.
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15
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OUP accepted manuscript. Health Promot Int 2022:6586599. [DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daac051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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16
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de Lima FF, Osório FDL. Empathy: Assessment Instruments and Psychometric Quality - A Systematic Literature Review With a Meta-Analysis of the Past Ten Years. Front Psychol 2021; 12:781346. [PMID: 34899531 PMCID: PMC8653810 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.781346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To verify the psychometric qualities and adequacy of the instruments available in the literature from 2009 to 2019 to assess empathy in the general population. Methods: The following databases were searched: PubMed, PsycInfo, Web of Science, Scielo, and LILACS using the keywords "empathy" AND "valid∗" OR "reliability" OR "psychometr∗." A qualitative synthesis was performed with the findings, and meta-analytic measures were used for reliability and convergent validity. Results: Fifty studies were assessed, which comprised 23 assessment instruments. Of these, 13 proposed new instruments, 18 investigated the psychometric properties of instruments previously developed, and 19 reported cross-cultural adaptations. The Empathy Quotient, Interpersonal Reactivity Index, and Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy were the instruments most frequently addressed. They presented good meta-analytic indicators of internal consistency [reliability, generalization meta-analyses (Cronbach's alpha): 0.61 to 0.86], but weak evidence of validity [weak structural validity; low to moderate convergent validity (0.27 to 0.45)]. Few studies analyzed standardization, prediction, or responsiveness for the new and old instruments. The new instruments proposed few innovations, and their psychometric properties did not improve. In general, cross-cultural studies reported adequate adaptation processes and equivalent psychometric indicators, though there was a lack of studies addressing cultural invariance. Conclusion: Despite the diversity of instruments assessing empathy and the many associated psychometric studies, there remain limitations, especially in terms of validity. Thus far, we cannot yet nominate a gold-standard instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flávia de Lima Osório
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute for Science and Technology (INCT-TM, CNPq), Brasília, Brazil
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17
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Digital era bullying: An examination of adolescent judgments about bystander intervention online. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2021.101322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Roth M, Altmann T. The self-other agreement of multiple informants on empathy measures and its relation to empathic accuracy. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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19
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Bőthe B, Tóth-Király I, Demetrovics Z, Orosz G. The Short Version of the Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (PPCS-6): A Reliable and Valid Measure in General and Treatment-Seeking Populations. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2021; 58:342-352. [PMID: 31995398 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2020.1716205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
To date, no short scale existed that could assess problematic pornography use (PPU) having a solid theoretical background and strong psychometric properties. Having such a short scale may be advantageous when scarce resources are available and/or when respondents' attention spans are limited. The aim of the present investigation was to develop a short scale that can be utilized to screen for PPU. The Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (PPCS-18) was used as a basis for the development of a short measure of PPU (PPCS-6). A community sample (N1 = 15,051), a sample of pornography site visitors (N2 = 760), and a sample of treatment-seeking individuals (N3 = 266) were recruited to investigate the reliability and validity of the PPCS-6. Also, its association was tested to theoretically-relevant correlates (e.g., hypersexuality, frequency of masturbation), and a cutoff score was determined. The PPCS-6 yielded strong psychometric properties in terms of factor structure, measurement invariance, reliability, correlated reasonably with the assessed variables, and an optimal cutoff was identified that could reliably distinguish between PPU and non-problematic pornography use. PPCS-6 can be considered as a short, reliable, and valid scale to assess PPU in studies when the length of a questionnaire is essential or when a brief screening for PPU is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Bőthe
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal
| | - István Tóth-Király
- Substantive-Methodological Synergy Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Concordia University
| | | | - Gábor Orosz
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University
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20
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Jankowski PJ, Captari LE, Sandage SJ. Exploring virtue ethics in psychodynamic psychotherapy: latent changes in humility, affect regulation, symptoms and well‐being. COUNSELLING & PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/capr.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Jankowski
- Albert and Jessie Danielsen Institute Boston University Boston MassachusettsUSA
- Bethel University St. Paul MinnesotaUSA
| | - Laura E. Captari
- Albert and Jessie Danielsen Institute Boston University Boston MassachusettsUSA
| | - Steven J. Sandage
- Albert and Jessie Danielsen Institute Boston University Boston MassachusettsUSA
- Department of Psychology of Religion MF Norwegian School of Theology, Religion, and Society Oslo Norway
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21
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Abstract
The term "empathy" is popular, yet fuzzy. How laypeople define it has not been investigated. In Study 1, we analyzed 99 participants' free narratives describing their personal definition, and in Study 1 (N = 191) and Study 2 (N = 351), we asked participants to rate a list of specific behaviors and tendencies for how well each one matched their personal definition. Out of 10 coded components, perspective taking was mentioned most often and personal distress (anxious reactivity in emotional situations) was never mentioned. Item ratings revealed four Empathy Concept factors: Prosocial Emotional Response, Interpersonal Perceptiveness, Other Perspective, and Anxious Reactivity. Other Perspective and Prosocial Emotional Response were most highly endorsed while Anxious Reactivity showed the lowest endorsement. Individuals varied widely in their endorsements of the factors. These results demonstrate that laypeople hold a multifactorial set of definitions of empathy and differ widely from one another in which ones they endorse.
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22
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Thinking clearly about dignity:
relationships between cognitive processes
underlying perceived dignity as determinants
of psychological adjustment. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY REPORT 2021. [DOI: 10.5114/hpr.2021.111398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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23
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Chwyl C, Chen P, Zaki J. Beliefs About Self-Compassion: Implications for Coping and Self-Improvement. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2020; 47:1327-1342. [PMID: 33166205 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220965303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Self-compassion-treating oneself with care and understanding during difficult times-promotes adaptive coping and self-improvement. Nonetheless, many people are not self-compassionate. We examined a key barrier people face to treating themselves self-compassionately: their negative beliefs about self-compassion (i.e., that it leads to complacency, indulgence, or irresponsibility). Across three studies, the more people held these negative beliefs, the less self-compassionately they reported responding to a real-world event (Study 2) and hypothetical emotional challenges (Studies 1 and 3). Self-compassionate responding, in turn, predicted adaptive coping strategies and intentions for self-improvement. Experimentally inducing people to hold positive, as opposed to negative, beliefs about self-compassion predicted self-compassionate responding 5 to 7 days later (Study 3). By recognizing and targeting peoples' beliefs, our findings highlight the importance of reducing such beliefs that are barriers to practicing self-compassion, as a means to improve the way people respond to difficult times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Chwyl
- Stanford University, CA, USA.,Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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24
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Pedersen MJ, Favero N. Social Distancing during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Who Are the Present and Future Noncompliers? PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW 2020; 80:805-814. [PMID: 32836442 PMCID: PMC7280647 DOI: 10.1111/puar.13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Social distancing is an effective means of containing the spread of COVID-19, but only if we all participate. Who are the individuals who are least likely to adhere to social distancing recommendations, presently and in the long term? Such knowledge is important for policy makers looking to sustain the public's buy-in to social distancing. Using survey data from a sample of U.S. residents (n = 1,449), the authors show that some demographic factors (gender, age, race, political party) help predict intent to adhere to social distancing. Yet demographic factors are relatively poor predictors compared with individual attitudes and media diets. Public officials should make efforts to inform and persuade the public of the importance of social distancing, targeting media such as television and radio, where audiences are less likely to currently engage in social distancing or are less likely to envision themselves sustaining strict social distancing for several weeks or months.
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25
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Fülöp F, Bőthe B, Gál É, Cachia JYA, Demetrovics Z, Orosz G. A two-study validation of a single-item measure of relationship satisfaction: RAS-1. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00727-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractResearch addressing relationship satisfaction is a constantly growing area in the social sciences. The aim of the present investigation was to examine the similarities and differences between the seven-item Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS) and the single-item measure of relationship satisfaction (RAS-1), using proximal and distal constructs as correlates. Two studies using two independent samples were conducted, assessing more proximal constructs, such as love and sex mindset in Study 1 (N = 380; female = 195) and more distant ones, such as loneliness and problematic pornography use in Study 2 (N = 703; female = 360). Structural equation modeling revealed that love (βRAS-1 = .55; p < .01; βRAS = .71; p < .01), sex mindset beliefs (βRAS-1 = .18; p < .01; βRAS = .13; p < .01) and loneliness (βRAS-1 = −.35; p < .01; βRAS = −.37; p < .01) had significant positive and negative associations with RAS and RAS-1, respectively; while problematic pornography use did not. These results suggest that RAS-1 may be an equally adequate instrument for measuring relationship satisfaction as the RAS with respect to proximal and distal correlates. Thus, RAS-1 is recommended to be used in large-scale studies when the number of items is limited.
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26
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Pawlicka P, Kazmierczak M, Jagiello-Rusilowski A. Empathy and social closeness toward refugees from Syria: The mediating role of cultural intelligence. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 47:1014-1031. [PMID: 30779187 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The predictors of social closeness toward refugees are rarely examined. In this study (N = 337), higher cultural intelligence (CQ) and higher empathy were defined as predictors of higher social closeness (lower social distance [the Social Distance Scale] and warmer feelings [the Feeling Thermometer]) toward refugees from Syria. This is the target group of prejudice and intensive coverage in the European mass media. The obtained results indicated that other-oriented empathy (empathic concern and perspective taking) and the motivational CQ predicted higher social closeness and warmer feelings toward refugees from Syria. Empathic personal distress predicted lower social closeness and colder feelings toward this group. Motivational CQ consistently served as the mediator of the relationship between empathy dimensions and social closeness toward Syrian refugees. Our findings reveal the previously unexplored correlations between empathy dimensions and cultural intelligence factors, including the mediational effects in predicting social closeness toward Syrian refugees.
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27
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Kyriazos TA, Stalikas A. Applied Psychometrics: The Steps of Scale Development and Standardization Process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/psych.2018.911145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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