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Vauclin P, Wheat J, Wagman JB, Seifert L. The effect of experience on the perception of affordances for aperture crossing in cycling. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2024; 74:102698. [PMID: 38972558 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
To ride successfully and safely, cyclists must perceive and act on the affordances that are available in a given situation. This study investigated whether experience in perceiving and acting with respect to a person-plus-object system would influence whether and how a person choses to cross an aperture of different widths, especially in relation to their maximal action capabilities. We also explore whether the distribution of action modes reflects this effect. We examined the performance (i.e., the probability of successfully crossing the aperture) and the decision (i.e., the probability of attempting to cross the aperture) of 8 experienced cyclists and 16 occasional cyclists in an aperture crossing task. In term of performance, experienced cyclists demonstrated greater ability to cross narrower apertures than occasional cyclists, but there were no such differences when aperture width was scaled to maximal action capabilities. In term of decision, both experienced and occasional cyclists tended to over-estimate their abilities, but the experienced cyclists did so to a greater extent. Our findings indicate that experience improves the ability to perform more complex tasks due to utilizing a wider repertoire of actions, but not necessarily the ability to perceive and actualize (action-scaled) affordances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Vauclin
- Univ Rouen Normandie, CETAPS UR 3832, F-76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Jonathan Wheat
- College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, UK
| | - Jeffrey B Wagman
- Department of Psychology, Illinois State University, Normal, USA
| | - Ludovic Seifert
- Univ Rouen Normandie, CETAPS UR 3832, F-76000 Rouen, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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2
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Seifert L, Carmigniani R. Coordination and stroking parameters in the four swimming techniques: a narrative review. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:1617-1633. [PMID: 34372755 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1959945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Swimming performances are multifactorial and primarily include anthropometric, hydrodynamic, bioenergetic and biomechanical factors whose contributions depend on age, gender, swimming distance and swimming stroke. An integrative and multivariate approach to swimming captures the complexity and various pathways of performance, but swimming technique is generally examined through such parameters as stroke index, propelling efficiency, stroke length and stroke rate. The first originality of our narrative review is to present the state of art of the methods to collect and measure inter-limb coordination in the four swimming techniques, with a particular focus on the effect of skill. The second part provides readers with an overview of the current findings on the main factors that influence inter-limb coordination (i.e., swimming speed, drag and the manipulation of stroke rate) following a physical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Seifert
- CETAPS EA3832, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Rouen Normandy, Mont Saint Aignan, France
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3
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Stosic J, Veiga S, Trinidad A, Dopsaj M, Navarro E. Effect of breakout phase on the stroke kinematics and coordinative swimming variables. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:1669-1682. [PMID: 35098886 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2033306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The first complete upper and lower limbswimming cycle after the underwater segment of start and turns represents the breakout phase in competitive swimming. The aim of the present research was to examine the effect of the breakout movements on the stroking variables and coordinative patterns of competitive swimmers. Thirty-three national-level male swimmers performed 4 x 25 m maximal efforts (one of each stroke in random order) from a push start and were recorded by two sequential cameras in the sagittal plane. The average velocity, stroke length, and stroke frequency; the relative duration (%) of the stroke phases; and the inter-limb discrete relative phases were calculated using direct linear transformation algorithms for the breakout and free-swimming phases. In general terms, swimming velocity during breakout was faster (δ 0.27 ± 0.04 m/s, p < 0.001, ES = 0.33) than free swimming (in all strokes but breaststroke), not because of a faster previous underwater kicking or a modified coordinative swimming pattern, but because of an increase in the stroke rate (δ 4.68 ± 0.79 cycles/min, p < 0.001, ES = 0.36). These results indicate how swimmers manage the changing constraints during breakout from underwater to surface swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Stosic
- Health and Human Performance Department, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Veiga
- Health and Human Performance Department, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Trinidad
- Faculty of Education and Humanities, Francisco de Vitoria University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Milivoj Dopsaj
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, The University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Sport, Tourism and Service, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Enrique Navarro
- Health and Human Performance Department, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Mujika I, Millet GP, Zelenkova I, Bourdillon N. Hemoglobin Mass and Blood Volume in Swimming: A Comparison Between Highly Trained, Elite, and World-Class Swimmers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1357-1361. [PMID: 37643755 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Total hemoglobin mass (tHbmass) and blood volume (BV) are important determinants of maximal oxygen uptake and endurance capacity. Higher-caliber endurance athletes usually possess higher tHbmass and BV values. This study aimed to compare tHbmass and BV among swimmers of diverse competitive calibers and distances. METHODS Thirty swimmers (16 female and 14 male) participated in the study: 3 were tier 5, world class (869 [59] FINA points); 15 were tier 4, elite/international (853 [38] points); and 12 were tier 3, highly trained/national (808 [35] points). They specialized in competition distances ranging from 200 m to open-water 10 km. Between February 2019 and February 2020, all swimmers had their tHbmass and BV measured by carbon monoxide rebreathing 1 to 6 times and participated in multiple competitions and race events. RESULTS Relative tHbmass and BV were not different (P > .05) between tiers among women or among men (pooled tHbmass values 14.5 [0.5], 12.5 [1.5], 12.6 [2.3] g/kg for tier 5, tier 4, and tier 3, respectively). No differences were observed in relative tHbmass (P = .215) and BV (P = .458) between pool and open-water swimmers or between 200-, 400-, and 1500-m specialists (P > .05). No significant correlations were found between the highest measured absolute or relative tHbmass and BV and the highest FINA points scored over the follow-up period (R = -.42-.17, P = .256-.833), irrespective of competition distance. CONCLUSION tHbmass and BV values did not differ between swimmers of different calibers or among competition distances. Furthermore, these values did not correlate with FINA points, either in males or in females. The present results indicate that hematological characteristics may have a lesser impact on swimming performance than on land-based endurance sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Mujika
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Basque Country
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Irina Zelenkova
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nicolas Bourdillon
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Fassone M, Bisio A, Puce L, Biggio M, Tassara F, Faelli E, Ruggeri P, Bove M. The metronome-based methodology to monitor the stroke length changes in trained swimmers. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1268146. [PMID: 37915979 PMCID: PMC10616301 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1268146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to develop a methodology that uses the metronome to constrain the swimmers' stroke rate with the aim to monitor changes in stroke length (SL) during two different periods of the season. Thirteen young trained swimmers (15.7 ± 1.7 y) performed three 50 m front crawl time trials during pre-season (PRE) and after 2 months, during the in-season period (IN). They were asked: (I) to swim at their maximum intensity (NO-MET condition); (II) to synchronize their stroke with a metronome beat set to their preferred intra-stroke-interval (ISI) (100% condition, corresponding to 48 ± 0.7 cycles/min); (III) to synchronize their stroke with a metronome beat set at 5% higher than their preferred ISI (95% condition, corresponding to 51 ± 0.8 cycles/min). The outcome parameters used to evaluate the performance were ISI, SL and total time of 50 m (TT). In NO-MET condition, results showed that TT in IN improved with respect to PRE, but no changes in ISI and SL. In 100% condition, no differences were obtained between the imposed and the performed ISI, whilst in 95% condition, the performed ISI was lower than the metronome ISI, and lower than that in 100% condition. At last, when using the metronome, SL was higher during IN compared to PRE and SL was lower in the 95% condition compared to the 100% condition. Results indicate that the use of the metronome successfully allowed monitoring changes in SL during different periods of the season. This methodology provides valuable information to coaches and athletes to enhance their performance throughout the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fassone
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal Child Health, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ambra Bisio
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Puce
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal Child Health, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Monica Biggio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Filippo Tassara
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuela Faelli
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Piero Ruggeri
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Bove
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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Almeida TAF, Espada MC, Massini DA, Macedo AG, Castro EA, Ferreira CC, Reis JF, Pessôa Filho DM. Stroke and physiological relationships during the incremental front crawl test: outcomes for planning and pacing aerobic training. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1241948. [PMID: 37645566 PMCID: PMC10460968 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1241948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the physiological responses associated with the stroke length (SL) and stroke rate (SR) changes as swimming velocity increases during an incremental step-test. Moreover, this study also aimed to verify if SL and SR relationships toward maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), gas respiratory compensation point (RCP), exchange threshold (GET), and swimming cost can be applied to the management of endurance training and control aerobic pace. Methods: A total of 19 swimmers performed the incremental test until volitional exhaustion, with each stage being designed by percentages of the 400 m (%v400) maximal front crawl velocity. V̇O2max, GET, RCP, and the respective swimming velocities (v) were examined. Also, the stroke parameters, SL, SR, the corresponding slopes (SLslope and SRslope), and the crossing point (Cp) between them were determined. Results: GET and RCP corresponded to 70.6% and 82.4% of V̇O2max (4185.3 ± 686.1 mL min-1), and V̇O2 at Cp, SLslope, and SRslope were observed at 129.7%, 75.3%, and 61.7% of V̇O2max, respectively. The swimming cost from the expected V̇O2 at vSLslope (0.85 ± 0.18 kJ m-1), vSRslope (0.77 ± 0.17 kJ m-1), and vCp (1.09 ± 0.19 kJ m-1) showed correlations with GET (r = 0.73, 0.57, and 0.59, respectively), but only the cost at vSLslope and vCp correlated to RCP (0.62 and 0.69) and V̇O2max (0.70 and 0.79). Conclusion: SL and SR exhibited a distinctive pattern for the V̇O2 response as swimming velocity increased. Furthermore, the influence of SL on GET, RCP, and V̇O2max suggests that SLslope serves as the metabolic reference of heavy exercise intensity, beyond which the stroke profile defines an exercise zone with high cost, which is recommended for an anaerobic threshold and aerobic power training. In turn, the observed difference between V̇O2 at SRslope and GET suggests that the range of velocities between SL and SR slopes ensures an economical pace, which might be recommended to develop long-term endurance. The results also highlighted that the swimming intensity paced at Cp would impose a high anaerobic demand, as it is located above the maximal aerobic velocity. Therefore, SLslope and SRslope are suitable indexes of submaximal to maximal aerobic paces, while Cp's meaning still requires further evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago A. F. Almeida
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, Brazil
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mário C. Espada
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Educação, Setúbal, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (LQRC—CIEQV, Leiria), Complexo Andaluz, Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Danilo A. Massini
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Anderson G. Macedo
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Eliane A. Castro
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Cátia C. Ferreira
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Educação, Setúbal, Portugal
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Sport Performance (GOERD), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Joana F. Reis
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Dalton M. Pessôa Filho
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, Brazil
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Fraser KK, Kochanek J. What place does elite sport have for women? A scoping review of constraints. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1121676. [PMID: 37389274 PMCID: PMC10300643 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1121676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite increases in participation and raised attention for girls and women in sports, female sport is still based on male evidence that ignores gendered differences and experiences of unequal treatment and marginalization from grassroots to elite sport. This paper aimed to critically interrogate the place that women have in the male preserve of elite sport by conducting a two-part study. Methods First, we provided a brief sociohistorical analysis of gender in sport as a means to move away from a decontextualized and universalized approach dominating in sport science literature. We then conducted a scoping review following PRISMA-ScR guidelines to synthesize existing sport science literature that implemented Newell's constraints-led approach to examine elite performance. Results Ten studies were identified, none of which collected demographic data or centred on female athletes and the effects of sociocultural constraints on their performance. Instead, male-centred, masculine sports and physiological profiles dominated the identified studies. Discussion We discussed these results considering critical sport research and cultural sport psychology literature to offer an integrative, interdisciplinary approach to advocate for more culturally sensitive, context-specific interpretations of gender as a sociocultural constraint. We put forth a call to action for sport science researchers, practitioners, and decision-makers to move away from implementing male evidence in female sport and attend to the unique needs of female athletes. Practical suggestions aimed to help stakeholders reimagine elite sport by celebrating these [potential] differences as strengths for promoting gender equity in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotryna K. Fraser
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jill Kochanek
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Springfield College, Springfield, MA, United States
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Nicol E, Pearson S, Saxby D, Minahan C, Tor E. Stroke Kinematics, Temporal Patterns, Neuromuscular Activity, Pacing and Kinetics in Elite Breaststroke Swimming: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:75. [PMID: 35674850 PMCID: PMC9177912 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00467-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Breaststroke is a technically complex stroke characterised by discontinuous propulsive phases, large intracyclic velocity variation and low mean velocity. The performance of this stroke at an elite level is influenced by a number of biomechanical, physiological and psychological factors. The present systematic review aimed to synthesise the biomechanical factors influencing elite breaststroke swimming performance. This review aims to provide elite coaches and performance scientists with a breadth of knowledge from which training and racing interventions can be developed. Methods Electronic searches of Medline, Scopus and SPORTDiscus databases were conducted in May 2020 and March 2022. Search results that were peer-reviewed, published in English and published during or after the year 2000 were considered for review. The methodological rigour of studies was assessed using a risk of bias scale previously used for the evaluation of sports science research. Results Thirty-eight articles were included in the present review. Articles investigated elite breaststroke performance in relation to one of the following areas: stroke kinematics, temporal patterns, neuromuscular activity, pacing and kinetics. Discussion Kinematic, temporal and neuromuscular activity comparisons between groups of various race distance, performance or experience level, and athlete sex were common in the literature. These analyses demonstrated differences in stroke rate, stroke length, propulsive time, recovery time, glide time, sum of total integrated EMG and triceps brachii activation patterns between groups. The evaluation of various pacing strategies, and the relationship between kinetics and breaststroke performance was comparatively rare within the literature. Further research into the relationship between kinetics and breaststroke performance, and the manipulation of pacing strategy would increase the breadth of knowledge from which coaches and performance scientists can develop evidence-based training and racing interventions.
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Bruineberg J, Seifert L, Rietveld E, Kiverstein J. Metastable attunement and real-life skilled behavior. SYNTHESE 2021; 199:12819-12842. [PMID: 35058661 PMCID: PMC8727410 DOI: 10.1007/s11229-021-03355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In everyday situations, and particularly in some sport and working contexts, humans face an inherently unpredictable and uncertain environment. All sorts of unpredictable and unexpected things happen but typically people are able to skillfully adapt. In this paper, we address two key questions in cognitive science. First, how is an agent able to bring its previously learned skill to bear on a novel situation? Second, how can an agent be both sensitive to the particularity of a given situation, while remaining flexibly poised for many other possibilities for action? We will argue that both the sensitivity to novel situations and the sensitivity to a multiplicity of action possibilities are enabled by the property of skilled agency that we will call metastable attunement. We characterize a skilled agent's flexible interactions with a dynamically changing environment in terms of metastable dynamics in agent-environment systems. What we find in metastability is the realization of two competing tendencies: the tendency of the agent to express their intrinsic dynamics and the tendency to search for new possibilities. Metastably attuned agents are ready to engage with a multiplicity of affordances, allowing for a balance between stability and flexibility. On the one hand, agents are able to exploit affordances they are attuned to, while at the same time being ready to flexibly explore for other affordances. Metastable attunement allows agents to smoothly transition between these possible configurations so as to adapt their behaviour to what the particular situation requires. We go on to describe the role metastability plays in learning of new skills, and in skilful behaviour more generally. Finally, drawing upon work in art, architecture and sports science, we develop a number of perspectives on how to investigate metastable attunement in real life situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Bruineberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Industrial Design – Atlas 7.130, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ludovic Seifert
- CETAPS Laboratory - EA 3832, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Rouen Normandy, Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Erik Rietveld
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Philosophy, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Julian Kiverstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Simbaña‐Escobar D, Hellard P, Seifert L. Influence of stroke rate on coordination and sprint performance in elite male and female swimmers. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:2078-2091. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Simbaña‐Escobar
- Département de la Recherche Fédération Française de Natation Clichy France
- Centre d’Etudes des Transformations des Activités Physiques et Sportives Faculté des Sciences du Sport Université de Rouen Mont‐Saint‐Aignan France
| | - Philippe Hellard
- Centre d’Etudes des Transformations des Activités Physiques et Sportives Faculté des Sciences du Sport Université de Rouen Mont‐Saint‐Aignan France
- CREPS de Bordeaux Centre de ressources, d'expertises et de performances sportives Talence France
| | - Ludovic Seifert
- Centre d’Etudes des Transformations des Activités Physiques et Sportives Faculté des Sciences du Sport Université de Rouen Mont‐Saint‐Aignan France
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11
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Zamparo P, Cortesi M, Gatta G. The energy cost of swimming and its determinants. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 120:41-66. [PMID: 31807901 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The energy expended to transport the body over a given distance (C, the energy cost) increases with speed both on land and in water. At any given speed, C is lower on land (e.g., running or cycling) than in water (e.g., swimming or kayaking) and this difference can be easily understood when one considers that energy should be expended (among the others) to overcome resistive forces since these, at any given speed, are far larger in water (hydrodynamic resistance, drag) than on land (aerodynamic resistance). Another reason for the differences in C between water and land locomotion is the lower capability to exert useful forces in water than on land (e.g., a lower propelling efficiency in the former case). These two parameters (drag and efficiency) not only can explain the differences in C between land and water locomotion but can also explain the differences in C within a given form of locomotion (swimming at the surface, which is the topic of this review): e.g., differences between strokes or between swimmers of different age, sex, and technical level. In this review, the determinants of C (drag and efficiency, as well as energy expenditure in its aerobic and anaerobic components) will, thus, be described and discussed. In aquatic locomotion it is difficult to obtain quantitative measures of drag and efficiency and only a comprehensive (biophysical) approach could allow to understand which estimates are "reasonable" and which are not. Examples of these calculations are also reported and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Zamparo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Felice Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy.
| | - Matteo Cortesi
- Department of Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gatta
- Department of Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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12
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Integral indicators of the swimming techniques effectiveness of highly qualified crawl-stroke swimmers. PEDAGOGICS, PSYCHOLOGY, MEDICAL-BIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF PHYSICAL TRAINING AND SPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.15561/18189172.2019.0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is known that prominent world-class swimmers are characterized by the manifestation of specific abilities. These abilities allow to constantly maintain a stable speed swimming of different segments of the distance. In this case, highly qualified swimmers can increase the maximum speed of swimming on a segment of a given length. They achieve this by increasing the total external mechanical power. In this case, swimmers keep, and in some cases even reduce the power of the stroke. It is implemented the phase-specific principle of creating driving forces during each phase. At the same time, the principle of creating driving forces is common to all swimming locomotion. The article gives a rationale for the effectiveness of the integral criterion application for evaluating swimming techniques. The integral criterion for evaluating the swimming technique was applied at remote speeds of the entire spectrum of the competitive front crawl swimming program. Material . The study involved 9 highly qualified crawl-stroke swimmers, members of Russia national team. The age of the participants ranged from 18 to 24 years. It is studied the kinematic and kinetic characteristics of the front crawl swimming technique of highly qualified athletes at various competitive distances. The studies applied video recording of swimmer’s movements with OLYMPUS TG-5 camera (Vietnam) from a depth of 4.5 m. Three luminous markers located on the swimmer’s hips were applied to record the dynamic parameters of swimmer’s movements. The results of the swims were processed with Natatometry™ (Russia). Results . It was determined that swimmers demonstrated high indices of the intra-cyclic dynamic index (ICDI - Intra Cycle Dynamic Index) and the dynamic coordination index of the swimming cycle (DCI - Dynamic Coordination Index) at speeds in medium distances relative to speeds at sprint distances. Swimmers demonstrate the ability to generate a significant amount of promotional efforts at 100 m distance that ensure the achievement of high speeds. It is established that no general trends in ICDI changes in individual structural phases of the stroke. This indicates the demonstration of individual specific features in the swimming technique of each athlete. Conclusion . It is considered the feasibility of applying the integral indicators ICDI and DCI for a quantitative assessment of the intra cycle promotion forces interaction and hydrodynamic resistance forces arising at the level of an integral biomechanical system of the swimming cycle.
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Pacing the phasing of leg and arm movements in breaststroke swimming to minimize intra-cyclic velocity fluctuations. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186160. [PMID: 29023496 PMCID: PMC5638342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In swimming propelling efficiency is partly determined by intra-cyclic velocity fluctuations. The higher these fluctuations are at a given average swimming velocity, the less efficient is the propulsion. This study explored whether the leg-arm coordination (i.e. phase relation ϕ) within the breaststroke cycle can be influenced with acoustic pacing, and whether the so induced changes are accompanied by changes in intra-cyclic velocity fluctuations. Twenty-six participants were asked to couple their propulsive leg and arm movements to a double-tone metronome beat and to keep their average swimming velocity constant over trials. The metronome imposed five different phase relations ϕi (90, 135, 180, 225 and 270°) of leg-arm coordination. Swimmers adjusted their technique under the influence of the metronome, but failed to comply to the velocity requirement for ϕ = 90 and 135°. For imposed ϕ = 180, 225 and 270°, the intra-cyclic velocity fluctuations increased with increasing ϕ, while average swimming velocity did not differ. This suggests that acoustic pacing may be used to adjust ϕ and thereby performance of breaststroke swimming given the dependence of propelling efficiency on ϕ.
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Guignard B, Rouard A, Chollet D, Hart J, Davids K, Seifert L. Individual-Environment Interactions in Swimming: The Smallest Unit for Analysing the Emergence of Coordination Dynamics in Performance? Sports Med 2017; 47:1543-1554. [PMID: 28181208 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Displacement in competitive swimming is highly dependent on fluid characteristics, since athletes use these properties to propel themselves. It is essential for sport scientists and practitioners to clearly identify the interactions that emerge between each individual swimmer and properties of an aquatic environment. Traditionally, the two protagonists in these interactions have been studied separately. Determining the impact of each swimmer's movements on fluid flow, and vice versa, is a major challenge. Classic biomechanical research approaches have focused on swimmers' actions, decomposing stroke characteristics for analysis, without exploring perturbations to fluid flows. Conversely, fluid mechanics research has sought to record fluid behaviours, isolated from the constraints of competitive swimming environments (e.g. analyses in two-dimensions, fluid flows passively studied on mannequins or robot effectors). With improvements in technology, however, recent investigations have focused on the emergent circular couplings between swimmers' movements and fluid dynamics. Here, we provide insights into concepts and tools that can explain these on-going dynamic interactions in competitive swimming within the theoretical framework of ecological dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Guignard
- Centre d'Etude des Transformations des Activités Physiques et Sportives (CETAPS), Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, 76000, Rouen, France. .,Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM), University Savoie Mont Blanc, 73376, Le Bourget du Lac Cedex, France.
| | - Annie Rouard
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM), University Savoie Mont Blanc, 73376, Le Bourget du Lac Cedex, France
| | - Didier Chollet
- Centre d'Etude des Transformations des Activités Physiques et Sportives (CETAPS), Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - John Hart
- Centre for Sports Engineering Research, Sheffield Hallam University, Room S001 Chestnut Court, Collegiate Crescent, Sheffield, S10 2BP, UK
| | - Keith Davids
- Centre for Sports Engineering Research, Sheffield Hallam University, Room S001 Chestnut Court, Collegiate Crescent, Sheffield, S10 2BP, UK
| | - Ludovic Seifert
- Centre d'Etude des Transformations des Activités Physiques et Sportives (CETAPS), Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, 76000, Rouen, France
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Cluster Stability as a New Method to Assess Changes in Performance and its Determinant Factors Over a Season in Young Swimmers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015; 10:261-8. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2013-0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:To apply a new method to identify, classify, and follow up young swimmers based on their performance and its determinant factors over a season and analyze the swimmers’ stability over a competitive season with that method.Methods:Fifteen boys and 18 girls (11.8 ± 0.7 y) part of a national talent-identification scheme were evaluated at 3 different moments of a competitive season. Performance (ie, official 100-m freestyle race time), arm span, chest perimeter, stroke length, swimming velocity, speed fluctuation, coefficient of active drag, propelling efficiency, and stroke index were selected as variables. Hierarchical and k-means cluster analysis were computed.Results:Data suggested a 3-cluster solution, splitting the swimmers according to their performance in all 3 moments. Cluster 1 was related to better performances (talented swimmers), cluster 2 to poor performances (nonproficient swimmers), and cluster 3 to average performance (proficient swimmers) in all moments. Stepwise discriminant analysis revealed that 100%, 94%, and 85% of original groups were correctly classified for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd evaluation moments, respectively (0.11 ≤ Λ ≤ 0.80; 5.64 ≤ χ2 ≤ 63.40; 0.001 < P ≤ .68). Membership of clusters was moderately stable over the season (stability range 46.1–75% for the 2 clusters with most subjects).Conclusion:Cluster stability is a feasible, comprehensive, and informative method to gain insight into changes in performance and its determinant factors in young swimmers. Talented swimmers were characterized by anthropometrics and kinematic features.
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Seifert L, Komar J, Crettenand F, Millet G. Coordination pattern adaptability: energy cost of degenerate behaviors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107839. [PMID: 25255016 PMCID: PMC4177880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated behavioral adaptability, which could be defined as a blend between stability and flexibility of the limbs movement and their inter-limb coordination, when individuals received informational constraints. Seven expert breaststroke swimmers performed three 200-m in breaststroke at constant submaximal intensity. Each trial was performed randomly in a different coordination pattern: 'freely-chosen', 'maximal glide' and 'minimal glide'. Two underwater and four aerial cameras enabled 3D movement analysis in order to assess elbow and knee angles, elbow-knee pair coordination, intra-cyclic velocity variations of the center of mass, stroke rate and stroke length and inter-limb coordination. The energy cost of locomotion was calculated from gas exchanges and blood lactate concentration. The results showed significantly higher glide, intra-cyclic velocity variations and energy cost under 'maximal glide' compared to 'freely-chosen' instructional conditions, as well as higher reorganization of limb movement and inter-limb coordination (p<0.05). In the 'minimal glide' condition, the swimmers did not show significantly shorter glide and lower energy cost, but they exhibited significantly lower deceleration of the center of mass, as well as modified limb movement and inter-limb coordination (p<0.05). These results highlight that a variety of structural adaptations can functionally satisfy the task-goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Seifert
- Centre d'Etude des Transformations des Activités Physiques et Sportives (CETAPS) - EA 3832, University of Rouen, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - John Komar
- Centre d'Etude des Transformations des Activités Physiques et Sportives (CETAPS) - EA 3832, University of Rouen, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Florent Crettenand
- ISSUL Institute of Sport Sciences - Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire Millet
- ISSUL Institute of Sport Sciences - Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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