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Nassis GP, Girard O, Chiampas GT, Krustrup P, Racinais S. In-match strategies to mitigate the effect of heat on football (soccer) players' health and performance. Br J Sports Med 2024; 58:572-573. [PMID: 38458625 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- George P Nassis
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
- University of Southern Denmark, Faculty of Health Sciences, Odense, Denmark
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - George Tom Chiampas
- Emergency Department, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- United States Soccer Federation, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter Krustrup
- University of Southern Denmark, Faculty of Health Sciences, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sebastien Racinais
- Environmental Stress Unit, CREPS Montpellier Font-Romeu, Montpellier, France
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Pompeo A, Afonso J, Cirillo ELR, Costa JA, Vilaça-Alves J, Garrido N, González-Víllora S, Williams AM, Casanova F. Impact of temperature on physical and cognitive performance in elite female football players during intermittent exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14646. [PMID: 38700046 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
There is limited research on female football players, especially related to their physical and cognitive performance under different climactic conditions. We analyzed the impact of a hot environmental temperature on physical performance and anticipation in elite female football players during a fatigue-inducing intermittent protocol. Elite female players (n = 21) performed the countermovement jump (CMJ) and responded to filmed sequences of offensive play under two distinct environmental temperatures (i.e., mild environment temperature- 20°C and 30% rh versus hot environment temperature- 38°C and 80% rh), interspersed by 1-week interval. Linear mixed models were used. CMJ performance declined following the intermittent protocol on both temperature conditions (p < 0.05). Moreover, there were significant main effects for protocol on CMJ speed (m/s) (p = 0.001; ηp 2 = 0.12), CMJ power (p = 0.002; ηp 2 = 0.11), and CMJ Heightmax (p = 0.002; ηp 2 = 0.12). After performing the intermittent protocol, exposure to a hot temperature caused a greater decline in anticipation accuracy (mild temperature = 64.41% vs. hot temperature = 53.44%; p < 0.001). Our study shows impaired performance in elite female football players following an intermittent protocol under hot compared with mild environmental conditions. We report decreased performance in both CMJ and anticipation performance under hotter conditions. The results reveal that exposure to hot temperatures had a negative effect on the accuracy of their anticipatory behaviors. We consider the implication of the work for research and training interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pompeo
- Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física, Exercício e Saúde (CIDEFES), Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Afonso
- Centre for Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Everton Luis Rodrigues Cirillo
- Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física, Exercício e Saúde (CIDEFES), Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
- State University of Londrina (UEL)/Sports Science Department, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Júlio A Costa
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - José Vilaça-Alves
- Department of Sport-Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Nuno Garrido
- Department of Sport-Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Sixto González-Víllora
- Sport and Physical Activity Education Research Group, Faculty of Education, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Andrew Mark Williams
- Department of Healthspan, Resilience, and Performance Group, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Filipe Casanova
- Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física, Exercício e Saúde (CIDEFES), Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
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Ferguson DP, Alex PR, Castrucci JM, Akouri AM, Januszewski GR, Danes JD, Houck FL. Prompted hands-free drinking improves simulated race car driving in a hot environment. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1093-1106. [PMID: 37728081 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2259213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Race car drivers are often hypohydrated during a race. The FluidLogic drink system is a hands-free, prompted drinking system that is hypothesized to increase the likeliness of drivers' consuming fluids and thereby mitigating hypohydration. To test the hypothesis, 20 elite professional race car drivers participated in a 2-day cross-over study in which they drove on a race simulator in an environmental chamber that was heated to regulation cockpit temperature (38°C). Drivers used either the FluidLogic drink system or a standard in-car water bottle system (Control) on one of each testing day. The results indicated that there was consistent fluid consumption with the FluidLogic system, while the Control condition elicited fluid consumption in bolus doses. The Control condition was associated with moderate (0.5%) increased core body temperature (P < 0.05) and substantial (3.3%) increased urine-specific gravity (P < 0.001) as compared to the FluidLogic condition. Driving performance metrics indicated that lap times during the Control Condition were 5.1 ± 1.4 (4.1%) seconds slower (P < 0.05) than the FluidLogic Condition, due to driving errors that occurred in the high-speed corners. Based on these results, prompted hands-free drinking can mitigate hypohydration and performance loss in automobile racing drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Ferguson
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Paul R Alex
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Julia M Castrucci
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Annabella M Akouri
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Jacob D Danes
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Faith L Houck
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Donnan KJ, Williams EL, Bargh MJ. The effectiveness of heat preparation and alleviation strategies for cognitive performance: A systematic review. Temperature (Austin) 2023; 10:404-433. [PMID: 38130656 PMCID: PMC10732620 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2022.2157645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A range of occupational and performance contexts (e.g. military personnel operations, emergency services, sport) require the critical maintenance of cognitive performance in environmentally challenging environments. Several reviews exist which evaluate the effectiveness of heat preparation strategies to facilitate physical performance. To date, no review has explored the usefulness of heat preparation strategies for cognitive performance. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to evaluate a range of interventions for the maintenance of cognitive performance, during or following active or passive heat exposure. Studies to be included were assessed by two authors reviewing title, abstract, and full-text. Forty articles were identified which met the inclusion criteria. Interventions were categorised into chronic (i.e. acclimation/acclimatisation) and acute strategies (i.e. hydration, cooling, supplementation, psychological). The results indicate that medium-term consecutive heat acclimation may mitigate some cognitive deficits under heat stress, although heat acclimation effectiveness could be influenced by age. Further, pre-cooling appears the most effective cooling method for maintaining cognitive performance under heat stress, although results were somewhat ambiguous. The hydration literature showed that the most effective hydration strategies were those which individualised electrolyte fortified fluid volumes to match for sweat loss. Limited research exploring psychological interventions indicates that motivational self-talk could be facilitative for maintaining cognitive skills following exercise in hot conditions. These findings can be used to help inform strategies for maintaining critical cognitive and decision-making skills in hot environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate J. Donnan
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Emily L. Williams
- Centre for Human Performance, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Melissa J. Bargh
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Social Science of University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
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Roriz M, Brito P, Teixeira FJ, Brito J, Teixeira VH. Performance effects of internal pre- and per-cooling across different exercise and environmental conditions: A systematic review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:959516. [PMID: 36337635 PMCID: PMC9632747 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.959516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise in a hot and humid environment may endanger athlete's health and affect physical performance. This systematic review aimed to examine whether internal administration of ice, cold beverages or menthol solutions may be beneficial for physical performance when exercising in different environmental conditions and sports backgrounds. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and SPORTDiscus databases, from inception to April 2022, to identify studies meeting the following inclusion criteria: healthy male and female physically active individuals or athletes (aged ≥18 years); an intervention consisting in the internal administration (i.e., ingestion or mouth rinse) of ice slush, ice slurry or crushed ice and/or cold beverages and/or menthol solutions before and/or during exercise; a randomized crossover design with a control or placebo condition; the report of at least one physical performance outcome; and to be written in English. Our search retrieved 2,714 articles in total; after selection, 43 studies were considered, including 472 participants, 408 men and 64 women, aged 18-42 years, with a VO2max ranging from 46.2 to 67.2 mL⋅kg-1⋅min-1. Average ambient temperature and relative humidity during the exercise tasks were 32.4 ± 3.5°C (ranging from 22°C to 38°C) and 50.8 ± 13.4% (varying from 20.0% to 80.0%), respectively. Across the 43 studies, 7 exclusively included a menthol solution mouth rinse, 30 exclusively involved ice slurry/ice slush/crushed ice/cold beverages intake, and 6 examined both the effect of thermal and non-thermal internal techniques in the same protocol. Rinsing a menthol solution (0.01%) improved physical performance during continuous endurance exercise in the heat. Conversely, the ingestion of ice or cold beverages did not seem to consistently increase performance, being more likely to improve performance in continuous endurance trials, especially when consumed during exercises. Co-administration of menthol with or within ice beverages seems to exert a synergistic effect by improving physical performance. Even in environmental conditions that are not extreme, internal cooling strategies may have an ergogenic effect. Further studies exploring both intermittent and outdoor exercise protocols, involving elite male and female athletes and performed under not extreme environmental conditions are warranted. Systematic review registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021268197], identifier [CRD42021268197].
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Roriz
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), Porto, Portugal
- Futebol Clube do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Brito
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Filipe J. Teixeira
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
- Atlântica, Instituto Universitário, Fábrica da Pólvora de Barcarena, Barcarena, Portugal
- Bettery Lifelab, Bettery S.A., Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Vitor Hugo Teixeira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), Porto, Portugal
- Futebol Clube do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
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Bouchama A, Abuyassin B, Lehe C, Laitano O, Jay O, O'Connor FG, Leon LR. Classic and exertional heatstroke. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2022; 8:8. [PMID: 35115565 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-021-00334-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades, record-breaking heatwaves have caused an increasing number of heat-related deaths, including heatstroke, globally. Heatstroke is a heat illness characterized by the rapid rise of core body temperature above 40 °C and central nervous system dysfunction. It is categorized as classic when it results from passive exposure to extreme environmental heat and as exertional when it develops during strenuous exercise. Classic heatstroke occurs in epidemic form and contributes to 9-37% of heat-related fatalities during heatwaves. Exertional heatstroke sporadically affects predominantly young and healthy individuals. Under intensive care, mortality reaches 26.5% and 63.2% in exertional and classic heatstroke, respectively. Pathological studies disclose endothelial cell injury, inflammation, widespread thrombosis and bleeding in most organs. Survivors of heatstroke may experience long-term neurological and cardiovascular complications with a persistent risk of death. No specific therapy other than rapid cooling is available. Physiological and morphological factors contribute to the susceptibility to heatstroke. Future research should identify genetic factors that further describe individual heat illness risk and form the basis of precision-based public health response. Prioritizing research towards fundamental mechanism and diagnostic biomarker discovery is crucial for the design of specific management approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrezak Bouchama
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Experimental Medicine Department, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Bisher Abuyassin
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Experimental Medicine Department, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cynthia Lehe
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Experimental Medicine Department, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Orlando Laitano
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Ollie Jay
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Francis G O'Connor
- Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa R Leon
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
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Vargas N, Chalmers S, Jay O. A Special Issue on Heat, Health, and Performance in Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 24:715-717. [PMID: 34175200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Vargas
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Thermal Ergonomics Laboratory, Australia
| | - Samuel Chalmers
- The University of South Australia, Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Australia
| | - Ollie Jay
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Thermal Ergonomics Laboratory, Australia.
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