1
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Abdul TY, Hawse GP, Smith J, Sellon JL, Abdel MP, Wells JW, Coenen MJ, Evans CH, De La Vega RE. Prevalence of AAV2.5 neutralizing antibodies in synovial fluid and serum of patients with osteoarthritis. Gene Ther 2023; 30:587-591. [PMID: 35260797 PMCID: PMC9598672 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-022-00326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of disability with no cure and only supportive therapy. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 2.5 is being used in a Phase I clinical trial to deliver the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist into knee joints with OA. Neutralizing antibodies (Nab) directed against AAV2.5, if present, could inhibit gene transfer. Here, we report the prevalence of AAV2.5 Nab in the sera and synovial fluids of patients with OA. Nab titers were measured by their ability to inhibit in vitro transduction by AAV2.5 encoding GFP. Of 44 synovial fluids from patients with mid-stage and advanced OA, 43% had undetectable Nab; 25% had low titers (<1:100), 16% had medium titers (1:100-1:1000) and 16% had high titers (>1:1000) of Nab. Titers of AAV2.5 Nabs correlated with those of AAV2, but not with those of AAV5. Serum titers of AAV2.5 Nab correlated positively with titers in synovial fluid, and were never less than the matched synovial fluid titers. These findings suggest that high titers of Nab against AAV2.5 are uncommon in the synovial fluids of patients with OA, and individuals with high synovial fluid Nab titers can be identified by measuring titers in the serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temilola Y Abdul
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mary Free Bed Rehabilitation Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Gresin P Hawse
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jay Smith
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jacob L Sellon
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Matthew P Abdel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James W Wells
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Michael J Coenen
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Christopher H Evans
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Rodolfo E De La Vega
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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2
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El Andari J, Renaud-Gabardos E, Tulalamba W, Weinmann J, Mangin L, Pham QH, Hille S, Bennett A, Attebi E, Bourges E, Leborgne C, Guerchet N, Fakhiri J, Krämer C, Wiedtke E, McKenna R, Guianvarc’h L, Toueille M, Ronzitti G, Hebben M, Mingozzi F, VandenDriessche T, Agbandje-McKenna M, Müller OJ, Chuah MK, Buj-Bello A, Grimm D. Semirational bioengineering of AAV vectors with increased potency and specificity for systemic gene therapy of muscle disorders. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabn4704. [PMID: 36129972 PMCID: PMC9491714 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn4704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bioengineering of viral vectors for therapeutic gene delivery is a pivotal strategy to reduce doses, facilitate manufacturing, and improve efficacy and patient safety. Here, we engineered myotropic adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors via a semirational, combinatorial approach that merges AAV capsid and peptide library screens. We first identified shuffled AAVs with increased specificity in the murine skeletal muscle, diaphragm, and heart, concurrent with liver detargeting. Next, we boosted muscle specificity by displaying a myotropic peptide on the capsid surface. In a mouse model of X-linked myotubular myopathy, the best vectors-AAVMYO2 and AAVMYO3-prolonged survival, corrected growth, restored strength, and ameliorated muscle fiber size and centronucleation. In a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, our lead capsid induced robust microdystrophin expression and improved muscle function. Our pipeline is compatible with complementary AAV genome bioengineering strategies, as demonstrated here with two promoters, and could benefit many clinical applications beyond muscle gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihad El Andari
- Medical Faculty, Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Section Viral Vector Technologies, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- BioQuant, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Edith Renaud-Gabardos
- Genethon, 91000 Evry, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Warut Tulalamba
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Jonas Weinmann
- Medical Faculty, Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Section Viral Vector Technologies, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- BioQuant, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Louise Mangin
- Genethon, 91000 Evry, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Quang Hong Pham
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Susanne Hille
- University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Innere Medizin III, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Kiel, Germany
| | - Antonette Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | | | - Christian Leborgne
- Genethon, 91000 Evry, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, 91000 Evry, France
| | | | - Julia Fakhiri
- Medical Faculty, Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Section Viral Vector Technologies, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- BioQuant, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chiara Krämer
- Medical Faculty, Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Section Viral Vector Technologies, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- BioQuant, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ellen Wiedtke
- Medical Faculty, Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Section Viral Vector Technologies, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- BioQuant, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Ronzitti
- Genethon, 91000 Evry, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, 91000 Evry, France
| | | | - Federico Mingozzi
- Genethon, 91000 Evry, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Thierry VandenDriessche
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels 1090, Belgium
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Oliver J. Müller
- University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Innere Medizin III, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marinee K. Chuah
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels 1090, Belgium
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Ana Buj-Bello
- Genethon, 91000 Evry, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Dirk Grimm
- Medical Faculty, Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Section Viral Vector Technologies, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- BioQuant, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a promising delivery vehicle for in vivo gene therapy and has been widely used in >200 clinical trials globally. There are already several approved gene therapy products, e.g., Luxturna and Zolgensma, highlighting the remarkable potential of AAV delivery. In the past, AAV has been seen as a relatively non-immunogenic vector associated with low risk of toxicity. However, an increasing number of recent studies indicate that immune responses against AAV and transgene products could be the bottleneck of AAV gene therapy. In clinical studies, pre-existing antibodies against AAV capsids exclude many patients from receiving the treatment as there is high prevalence of antibodies among humans. Moreover, immune response could lead to loss of efficacy over time and severe toxicity, manifested as liver enzyme elevations, kidney injury, and thrombocytopenia, resulting in deaths of non-human primates and patients. Therefore, extensive efforts have been attempted to address these issues, including capsid engineering, plasmapheresis, IgG proteases, CpG depletion, empty capsid decoy, exosome encapsulation, capsid variant switch, induction of regulatory T cells, and immunosuppressants. This review will discuss these methods in detail and highlight important milestones along the way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Li
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Shenzhen Luohu People’s Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoli Wei
- Guangzhou Dezheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinduan Lin
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Ou
- Genemagic Biosciences, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Li Ou,
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4
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Zhao Z, Kim J, Suja VC, Kapate N, Gao Y, Guo J, Muzykantov VR, Mitragotri S. Red Blood Cell Anchoring Enables Targeted Transduction and Re-Administration of AAV-Mediated Gene Therapy. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2201293. [PMID: 35780495 PMCID: PMC9404386 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene therapy is a promising therapeutic modality for curing many diseases including monogenic diseases. However, limited tissue-targeting and restricted re-administration due to the vector immunogenicity largely restrict its therapeutic potential. Here, using a red blood cell (RBC) as the carrier vehicle for AAV is demonstrated to improve its tissue-targeted transduction and enable its re-administration. Anchoring AAV to the RBC surface minimally affected its infectability toward endothelial cells. Meanwhile, AAV anchored onto RBCs is predominantly delivered to and shows efficient transduction in the lungs by virtue of the biophysical features of RBCs. RBC-anchored AAVs lead to a four- to five-fold enhancement in target gene expression in the lungsas compared to free AAVs following a single- or dual-dosing regimen. While RBC anchoring does not prevent the induction of adaptive immune responses against AAV, it results in successful transgene expression upon re-administration following prior AAV exposure. The ability to re-administer is partially attributed to the delayed and reduced AAV neutralization by neutralizing antibodies, resulting from the combination of limited exposure of physically confined AAVs and the short time required to reach the lungs. This study's findings suggest that the RBC-mediated approach is a promising strategy for repetitive, targeted AAV gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongmin Zhao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02138USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
- Present address:
Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of PharmacyUniversity of Illinois ChicagoChicagoIL60612USA
| | - Jayoung Kim
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02138USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Vinny Chandran Suja
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02138USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Neha Kapate
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02138USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
- Harvard‐MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Yongsheng Gao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02138USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Junling Guo
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02138USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Vladimir R. Muzykantov
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and NanomedicinePerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02138USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
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5
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Abstract
![]()
Adeno-associated
virus (AAV) has a single-stranded DNA genome encapsidated
in a small icosahedrally symmetric protein shell with 60 subunits.
AAV is the leading delivery vector in emerging gene therapy treatments
for inherited disorders, so its structure and molecular interactions
with human hosts are of intense interest. A wide array of electron
microscopic approaches have been used to visualize the virus and its
complexes, depending on the scientific question, technology available,
and amenability of the sample. Approaches range from subvolume tomographic
analyses of complexes with large and flexible host proteins to detailed
analysis of atomic interactions within the virus and with small ligands
at resolutions as high as 1.6 Å. Analyses have led to the reclassification
of glycan receptors as attachment factors, to structures with a new-found
receptor protein, to identification of the epitopes of antibodies,
and a new understanding of possible neutralization mechanisms. AAV
is now well-enough characterized that it has also become a model system
for EM methods development. Heralding a new era, cryo-EM is now also
being deployed as an analytic tool in the process development and
production quality control of high value pharmaceutical biologics,
namely AAV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Stagg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States.,Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Craig Yoshioka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Omar Davulcu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Michael S Chapman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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6
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Mietzsch M, Hull JA, Makal VE, Jimenez Ybargollin A, Yu JC, Mckissock K, Bennett A, Penzes J, Lins-austin B, Yu Q, Chipman P, Bhattacharya N, Sousa D, Strugatsky D, Tijssen P, Mckenna R, Agbandje-mckenna M, Parrish CR. Characterization of the Serpentine Adeno-Associated Virus (SAAV) Capsid Structure: Receptor Interactions and Antigenicity. J Virol. [DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00335-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AAVs are widely studied therapeutic gene delivery vectors. However, preexisting antibodies and their detrimental effect on therapeutic efficacy are a primary challenge encountered during clinical trials.
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7
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Rapti K, Grimm D. Adeno-Associated Viruses (AAV) and Host Immunity - A Race Between the Hare and the Hedgehog. Front Immunol 2021; 12:753467. [PMID: 34777364 PMCID: PMC8586419 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.753467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) have emerged as the lead vector in clinical trials and form the basis for several approved gene therapies for human diseases, mainly owing to their ability to sustain robust and long-term in vivo transgene expression, their amenability to genetic engineering of cargo and capsid, as well as their moderate toxicity and immunogenicity. Still, recent reports of fatalities in a clinical trial for a neuromuscular disease, although linked to an exceptionally high vector dose, have raised new caution about the safety of recombinant AAVs. Moreover, concerns linger about the presence of pre-existing anti-AAV antibodies in the human population, which precludes a significant percentage of patients from receiving, and benefitting from, AAV gene therapies. These concerns are exacerbated by observations of cellular immune responses and other adverse events, including detrimental off-target transgene expression in dorsal root ganglia. Here, we provide an update on our knowledge of the immunological and molecular race between AAV (the “hedgehog”) and its human host (the “hare”), together with a compendium of state-of-the-art technologies which provide an advantage to AAV and which, thus, promise safer and more broadly applicable AAV gene therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleopatra Rapti
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,BioQuant Center, BQ0030, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Grimm
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,BioQuant Center, BQ0030, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Abstract
The saying "It takes a village to raise a child" has never been truer than in my case. This autobiographical article documents my growing up and working on three different continents and my influencers along the way. Born in a village in Nigeria, West Africa, I spent the first 12 years of life with my grandmother living in a mud house and attending a village primary school. I walked barefoot to school every day, learned to read, and wrote on a chalk slate. At the age of 13, I moved to my second "village," London, England. In secondary school my love of science began to blossom. I attained a double major in chemistry and human biology from the University of Hertfordshire and a PhD in biophysics from the University of London, with a research project aimed at designing anticancer agents. I was mentored by Terence Jenkins and Stephen Neidle. For my postdoctoral training, I crossed the ocean again, to the United States, my third "village." In Michael Rossmann's group at Purdue University, my love for viruses was ignited. My independent career in structural virology began at Warwick University, England, working on pathogenic single-stranded DNA packaging viruses. In 2020, I am a full professor at the University of Florida. Most of my research is focused on the adeno-associated viruses, gene delivery vectors. My list of mentors has grown and includes Nick Muzyczka. Here, the mentee has become the mentor, and along the way, we attained a number of firsts in the field of structural virology and contributed to the field at the national and international stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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9
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Croze RH, Kotterman M, Burns CH, Schmitt CE, Quezada M, Schaffer D, Kirn D, Francis P. Viral Vector Technologies and Strategies: Improving on Nature. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2021; 61:59-89. [PMID: 34196318 PMCID: PMC8253506 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0000000000000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Viney L, Bürckstümmer T, Eddington C, Mietzsch M, Choudhry M, Henley T, Agbandje-McKenna M. Adeno-associated Virus (AAV) Capsid Chimeras with Enhanced Infectivity Reveal a Core Element in the AAV Genome Critical for both Cell Transduction and Capsid Assembly. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI. [PMID: 33441336 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02023-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) have attracted significant attention in the field of gene and cell therapy due to highly effective delivery of therapeutic genes into human cells. The ability to generate recombinant AAV vectors compromised of unique or substituted protein sequences has led to the development of capsid variants with improved therapeutic properties. Seeking novel AAV vectors capable of enhanced transduction for therapeutic applications, we have developed a series of unique capsid variants termed AAV X-Vivo (AAV-XV) derived from chimeras of AAV12 VP1/2 sequences and the VP3 sequence of AAV6. These AAV variants showed enhanced infection of human primary T cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and neuronal cell lines over wildtype parental viruses, and superiority over AAV6 for genomic integration of DNA sequences by AAV alone or in combination with CRISPR gene editing. AAV-XV variants demonstrate transduction efficiency equivalent to AAV6 at multiplicities of infection 2 logs lower, enabling T cell engineering at low AAV doses. The protein coding sequence of these novel AAV chimeras revealed disruptions within the assembly-activating protein (AAP) which likely accounted for observed lower virus yield. A series of genome alterations, reverting the AAP sequence back to wildtype AAV6, had a negative impact on the enhanced transduction seen with AAV-VX, indicating overlapping functions within this sequence for both viral assembly and effective T cell transduction. Our findings show these AAV-XV variants are highly efficient at cell transduction at low dose and demonstrates the importance of the AAP coding region in both viral particle assembly and cell infection.IMPORTANCE A major hurdle to the therapeutic potential of AAV in gene therapy lies in achieving clinically meaningful AAV doses, and secondarily, ability to manufacture commercially viable titers of AAV to support this. By virtue of neutralizing antibodies against AAV that impede patient repeat-dosing, the dose of AAV for in vivo gene delivery has been high, which has resulted in unfortunate recent safety concerns and deaths in patients given higher-dose AAV gene therapy. We have generated new AAV variants possessing unique combinations of capsid proteins for gene and cell therapy applications termed AAV-XV, which have high levels of cell transduction and gene delivery at lower MOI. Furthermore, we demonstrate a novel finding, and an important consideration for recombinant AAV design, that a region of the AAV genome encoding the capsid viral protein and AAP is critical for both virus yield and the enhancement of infection/transduction.
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11
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Mietzsch M, Jose A, Chipman P, Bhattacharya N, Daneshparvar N, McKenna R, Agbandje-McKenna M. Completion of the AAV Structural Atlas: Serotype Capsid Structures Reveals Clade-Specific Features. Viruses 2021; 13:101. [PMID: 33450892 DOI: 10.3390/v13010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The capsid structures of most Adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes, already assigned to an antigenic clade, have been previously determined. This study reports the remaining capsid structures of AAV7, AAV11, AAV12, and AAV13 determined by cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction to 2.96, 2.86, 2.54, and 2.76 Å resolution, respectively. These structures complete the structural atlas of the AAV serotype capsids. AAV7 represents the first clade D capsid structure; AAV11 and AAV12 are of a currently unassigned clade that would include AAV4; and AAV13 represents the first AAV2-AAV3 hybrid clade C capsid structure. These newly determined capsid structures all exhibit the AAV capsid features including 5-fold channels, 3-fold protrusions, 2-fold depressions, and a nucleotide binding pocket with an ordered nucleotide in genome-containing capsids. However, these structures have viral proteins that display clade-specific loop conformations. This structural characterization completes our three-dimensional library of the current AAV serotypes to provide an atlas of surface loop configurations compatible with capsid assembly and amenable for future vector engineering efforts. Derived vectors could improve gene delivery success with respect to specific tissue targeting, transduction efficiency, antigenicity or receptor retargeting.
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12
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Mietzsch M, Smith JK, Yu JC, Banala V, Emmanuel SN, Jose A, Chipman P, Bhattacharya N, McKenna R, Agbandje-McKenna M. Characterization of AAV-Specific Affinity Ligands: Consequences for Vector Purification and Development Strategies. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 19:362-373. [PMID: 33145372 PMCID: PMC7591348 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Affinity-based purification of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors has replaced density-based methods for vectors used in clinical settings. This method utilizes camelid single-domain antibodies recognizing AAV capsids. These include AVB Sepharose (AVB) and POROS CaptureSelect affinity ligand for AAV8 (CSAL8) and AAV9 (CSAL9). In this study, we utilized cryo-electron microscopy and 3D image reconstruction to map the binding sites of these affinity ligands on the capsids of several AAV serotypes, including AAV1, AAV2, AAV5, AAV8, and AAV9, representing the range of sequence and structure diversity among AAVs. The AAV-ligand complex structures showed that AVB and CSAL9 bound to the 5-fold capsid region, although in different orientations, and CSAL8 bound to the side of the 3-fold protrusion. The AAV contact residues required for ligand binding, and thus AAV purification, and the ability of the ligands to neutralize infection were analyzed. The data show that only a few residues within the epitopes served to block affinity ligand binding. Neutralization was observed for AAV1 and AAV5 with AVB, for AAV1 with CSAL8, and for AAV9 with CSAL9, associated with regions that overlap with epitopes for neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against these capsids. This information is critical and could be generally applicable in the development of novel AAV vectors amenable to affinity column purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mietzsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - J Kennon Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer C Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Vibhu Banala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shanan N Emmanuel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ariana Jose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Paul Chipman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nilakshee Bhattacharya
- Biological Science Imaging Resource, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Mietzsch M, Li Y, Kurian J, Smith JK, Chipman P, McKenna R, Yang L, Agbandje-McKenna M. Structural characterization of a bat Adeno-associated virus capsid. J Struct Biol 2020; 211:107547. [PMID: 32522552 PMCID: PMC9744130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are widespread among vertebrates. AAVs isolated from bats display low capsid protein sequence identities (<60%) to AAV2, AAV5, and other primate AAVs. Here we report the first capsid structure of a non-primate AAV which was isolated from bats. The capsid structure of BtAAV-10HB (10HB) was determined by cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction to 3.03 Å resolution. Comparison of empty and genome-containing capsids showed that the capsid structures are almost identical except for an ordered nucleotide in a previously described nucleotide-binding pocket, the density in the 5-fold channel, and several amino acids with altered side chain conformations. Compared to other dependoparvoviruses, for example AAV2 and AAV5, 10HB displays unique structural features including insertions and deletions in capsid surface loops. Overall, the 10HB capsid structure superposes with an RMSD of 1.7 Å and 1.8 Å to AAV2 and AAV5, respectively. Currently all approved AAV human gene therapy biologics and vectors in clinical trials are based on primate isolates. However, pre-existing neutralizing antibodies in the human population represents a hurdle to their use. 10HB capsids are capable of packaging AAV2 vector genomes and thus have potential as gene delivery vectors. Significantly, a screen with human sera showed lack of recognition by the 10HB capsid. Thus, the different capsid surface of 10HB vectors likely renders it "invisible" to potential pre-existing neutralizing human anti-AAV antibodies especially because this virus or similar variants do not exist in primate populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mietzsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ya Li
- Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Heart Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Justin Kurian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - James Kennon Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Paul Chipman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Heart Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA,Address correspondence to Mavis Agbandje-McKenna,
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14
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Mietzsch M, McKenna R, Väisänen E, Yu JC, Ilyas M, Hull JA, Kurian J, Smith JK, Chipman P, Lasanajak Y, Smith D, Söderlund-Venermo M, Agbandje-McKenna M. Structural Characterization of Cuta- and Tusavirus: Insight into Protoparvoviruses Capsid Morphology. Viruses 2020; 12:E653. [PMID: 32560452 PMCID: PMC7354515 DOI: 10.3390/v12060653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several members of the Protoparvovirus genus, capable of infecting humans, have been recently discovered, including cutavirus (CuV) and tusavirus (TuV). To begin the characterization of these viruses, we have used cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction to determine their capsid structures to ~2.9 Å resolution, and glycan array and cell-based assays to identify glycans utilized for cellular entry. Structural comparisons show that the CuV and TuV capsids share common features with other parvoviruses, including an eight-stranded anti-parallel β-barrel, depressions at the icosahedral 2-fold and surrounding the 5-fold axes, and a channel at the 5-fold axes. However, the viruses exhibit significant topological differences in their viral protein surface loops. These result in three separated 3-fold protrusions, similar to the bufaviruses also infecting humans, suggesting a host-driven structure evolution. The surface loops contain residues involved in receptor binding, cellular trafficking, and antigenic reactivity in other parvoviruses. In addition, terminal sialic acid was identified as the glycan potentially utilized by both CuV and TuV for cellular entry, with TuV showing additional recognition of poly-sialic acid and sialylated Lewis X (sLeXLeXLeX) motifs reported to be upregulated in neurotropic and cancer cells, respectively. These structures provide a platform for annotating the cellular interactions of these human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mietzsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.M.); (R.M.); (J.C.Y.); (M.I.); (J.A.H.); (J.K.); (J.K.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.M.); (R.M.); (J.C.Y.); (M.I.); (J.A.H.); (J.K.); (J.K.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Elina Väisänen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (E.V.); (M.S.-V.)
| | - Jennifer C. Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.M.); (R.M.); (J.C.Y.); (M.I.); (J.A.H.); (J.K.); (J.K.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Maria Ilyas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.M.); (R.M.); (J.C.Y.); (M.I.); (J.A.H.); (J.K.); (J.K.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Joshua A. Hull
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.M.); (R.M.); (J.C.Y.); (M.I.); (J.A.H.); (J.K.); (J.K.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Justin Kurian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.M.); (R.M.); (J.C.Y.); (M.I.); (J.A.H.); (J.K.); (J.K.S.); (P.C.)
| | - J. Kennon Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.M.); (R.M.); (J.C.Y.); (M.I.); (J.A.H.); (J.K.); (J.K.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Paul Chipman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.M.); (R.M.); (J.C.Y.); (M.I.); (J.A.H.); (J.K.); (J.K.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Yi Lasanajak
- Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (Y.L.); (D.S.)
| | - David Smith
- Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (Y.L.); (D.S.)
| | | | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (M.M.); (R.M.); (J.C.Y.); (M.I.); (J.A.H.); (J.K.); (J.K.S.); (P.C.)
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15
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Mietzsch M, Barnes C, Hull JA, Chipman P, Xie J, Bhattacharya N, Sousa D, McKenna R, Gao G, Agbandje-McKenna M. Comparative Analysis of the Capsid Structures of AAVrh.10, AAVrh.39, and AAV8. J Virol 2020; 94:e01769-19. [PMID: 31826994 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01769-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) from clade E are often used as vectors in gene delivery applications. This clade includes rhesus isolate 10 (AAVrh.10) and 39 (AAVrh.39) which, unlike representative AAV8, are capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), thereby enabling the delivery of therapeutic genes to the central nervous system. Here, the capsid structures of AAV8, AAVrh.10 and AAVrh.39 have been determined by cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction to 3.08-, 2.75-, and 3.39-Å resolution, respectively, to enable a direct structural comparison. AAVrh.10 and AAVrh.39 are 98% identical in amino acid sequence but only ∼93.5% identical to AAV8. However, the capsid structures of all three viruses are similar, with only minor differences observed in the previously described surface variable regions, suggesting that specific residues S269 and N472, absent in AAV8, may confer the ability to cross the BBB in AAVrh.10 and AAVrh.39. Head-to-head comparison of empty and genome-containing particles showed DNA ordered in the previously described nucleotide-binding pocket, supporting the suggested role of this pocket in DNA packaging for the Dependoparvovirus The structural characterization of these viruses provides a platform for future vector engineering efforts toward improved gene delivery success with respect to specific tissue targeting, transduction efficiency, antigenicity, or receptor retargeting.IMPORTANCE Recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors (rAAVs), based on AAV8 and AAVrh.10, have been utilized in multiple clinical trials to treat different monogenetic diseases. The closely related AAVrh.39 has also shown promise in vivo As recently attained for other AAV biologics, e.g., Luxturna and Zolgensma, based on AAV2 and AAV9, respectively, the vectors in this study will likely gain U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for commercialization in the near future. This study characterized the capsid structures of these clinical vectors at atomic resolution using cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction for comparative analysis. The analysis suggested two key residues, S269 and N472, as determinants of BBB crossing for AAVrh.10 and AAVrh.39, a feature utilized for central nervous system delivery of therapeutic genes. The structure information thus provides a platform for engineering to improve receptor retargeting or tissue specificity. These are important challenges in the field that need attention. Capsid structure information also provides knowledge potentially applicable for regulatory product approval.
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Bennett A, Keravala A, Makal V, Kurian J, Belbellaa B, Aeran R, Tseng YS, Sousa D, Spear J, Gasmi M, Agbandje-McKenna M. Structure comparison of the chimeric AAV2.7m8 vector with parental AAV2. J Struct Biol 2020; 209:107433. [PMID: 31859208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.107433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The AAV2.7m8 vector is an engineered capsid with a 10-amino acid insertion in adeno-associated virus (AAV) surface variable region VIII (VR-VIII) resulting in the alteration of an antigenic region of AAV2 and the ability to efficiently transduce retina cells following intravitreal administration. Directed evolution and in vivo screening in the mouse retina isolated this vector. In the present study, we sought to identify the structural differences between a recombinant AAV2.7m8 (rAAV2.7m8) vector packaging a GFP genome and its parental serotype, AAV2, by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and image reconstruction. The structures of rAAV2.7m8 and AAV2 were determined to 2.91 and 3.02 Å resolution, respectively. The rAAV2.7m8 amino acid side-chains for residues 219-745 (the last C-terminal residue) were interpretable in the density map with the exception of the 10 inserted amino acids. While observable in a low sigma threshold density, side-chains were only resolved at the base of the insertion, likely due to flexibility at the top of the loop. A comparison to parental AAV2 (ordered from residues 217-735) showed the structures to be similar, except at some side-chains that had different orientations and, in VR-VIII containing the 10 amino acid insertion. VR-VIII is part of an AAV2 antigenic epitope, and the difference is consistent with rAAV2.7m8's escape from a known AAV2 monoclonal antibody, C37-B. The observations provide valuable insight into the configuration of inserted surface peptides on the AAV capsid and structural differences to be leveraged for future AAV vector rational design, especially for retargeted tropism and antibody escape.
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Albright BH, Simon KE, Pillai M, Devlin GW, Asokan A. Modulation of Sialic Acid Dependence Influences the Central Nervous System Transduction Profile of Adeno-associated Viruses. J Virol 2019; 93:e00332-19. [PMID: 30894463 PMCID: PMC6532073 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00332-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) transduction by systemically administered recombinant adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors requires crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We recently mapped a structural footprint on the AAVrh.10 capsid, which, when grafted onto the AAV1 capsid (AAV1RX), enables viral transport across the BBB; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we establish through structural modeling that this footprint overlaps in part the sialic acid (SIA) footprint on AAV1. We hypothesized that altered SIA-capsid interactions may influence the ability of AAV1RX to transduce the CNS. Using AAV1 variants with altered SIA footprints, we map functional attributes of these capsids to their relative SIA dependence. Specifically, capsids with ablated SIA binding can penetrate and transduce the CNS with low to moderate efficiency. In contrast, AAV1 shows strong SIA dependency and does not transduce the CNS after systemic administration and, instead, transduces the vasculature and the liver. The AAV1RX variant, which shows an intermediate SIA binding phenotype, effectively enters the brain parenchyma and transduces neurons at levels comparable to the level of AAVrh.10. In corollary, the reciprocal swap of the AAV1RX footprint onto AAVrh.10 (AAVRX1) attenuated CNS transduction relative to that of AAVrh.10. We conclude that the composition of residues within the capsid variable region 1 (VR1) of AAV1 and AAVrh.10 profoundly influences tropism, with altered SIA interactions playing a partial role in this phenotype. Further, we postulate a Goldilocks model, wherein optimal glycan interactions can influence the CNS transduction profile of AAV capsids.IMPORTANCE Understanding how viruses cross the blood-brain barrier can provide insight into new approaches to block infection by pathogens or the ability to exploit these pathways for designing new recombinant viral vectors for gene therapy. In this regard, modulation of virus-carbohydrate interactions by mutating the virion shell can influence the ability of recombinant viruses to cross the vascular barrier, enter the brain, and enable efficient gene transfer to neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake H Albright
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katherine E Simon
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Minakshi Pillai
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Garth W Devlin
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aravind Asokan
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Abstract
Parvoviruses, infecting vertebrates and invertebrates, are a family of single-stranded DNA viruses with small, non-enveloped capsids with T = 1 icosahedral symmetry. A quarter of a century after the first parvovirus capsid structure was published, approximately 100 additional structures have been analyzed. This first structure was that of Canine Parvovirus, and it initiated the practice of structure-to-function correlation for the family. Despite high diversity in the capsid viral protein (VP) sequence, the structural topologies of all parvoviral capsids are conserved. However, surface loops inserted between the core secondary structure elements vary in conformation that enables the assembly of unique capsid surface morphologies within individual genera. These variations enable each virus to establish host niches by allowing host receptor attachment, specific tissue tropism, and antigenic diversity. This review focuses on the diversity among the parvoviruses with respect to the transcriptional strategy of the encoded VPs, the advances in capsid structure-function annotation, and therapeutic developments facilitated by the available structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mietzsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Judit J Pénzes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Barnes C, Scheideler O, Schaffer D. Engineering the AAV capsid to evade immune responses. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 60:99-103. [PMID: 30807882 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is progressively emerging as a promising and powerful therapeutic modality, and adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a major delivery vehicle for such therapies. Among the most significant challenges that limit AAV's utility, however, is the immune response it elicits. Antibodies elicited by prior exposure to natural virus or vector can bind to an AAV vector, preventing it from entering the cell. Furthermore, even if AAV manages to infect a target cell, these cells can then be attenuated by lymphocytes. Improvements in our understanding of how the immune system responds to AAV have guided engineering of the capsid to reduce those responses, yielding capsid variants that are much stealthier and more effective. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the immune response to AAV as well as highlights engineering methods that enhance AAV's potential as a gene therapy vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Barnes
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Olivia Scheideler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; The UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David Schaffer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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Zhang R, Cao L, Cui M, Sun Z, Hu M, Zhang R, Stuart W, Zhao X, Yang Z, Li X, Sun Y, Li S, Ding W, Lou Z, Rao Z. Adeno-associated virus 2 bound to its cellular receptor AAVR. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:675-82. [DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0356-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Guenther CM, Brun MJ, Bennett AD, Ho ML, Chen W, Zhu B, Lam M, Yamagami M, Kwon S, Bhattacharya N, Sousa D, Evans AC, Voss J, Sevick-Muraca EM, Agbandje-McKenna M, Suh J. Protease-Activatable Adeno-Associated Virus Vector for Gene Delivery to Damaged Heart Tissue. Mol Ther 2019; 27:611-622. [PMID: 30772143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has emerged as a promising gene delivery vector because of its non-pathogenicity, simple structure and genome, and low immunogenicity compared to other viruses. However, its adoption as a safe and effective delivery vector for certain diseases relies on altering its tropism to deliver transgenes to desired cell populations. To this end, we have developed a protease-activatable AAV vector, named provector, that responds to elevated extracellular protease activity commonly found in diseased tissue microenvironments. The AAV9-based provector is initially inactive, but then it can be switched on by matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and -9. Cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction reveal that the provector capsid is structurally similar to that of AAV9, with a flexible peptide insertion at the top of the 3-fold protrusions. In an in vivo model of myocardial infarction (MI), the provector is able to deliver transgenes site specifically to high-MMP-activity regions of the damaged heart, with concomitant decreased delivery to many off-target organs, including the liver. The AAV provector may be useful in the future for enhanced delivery of transgenes to sites of cardiac damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Guenther
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Mitchell J Brun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Antonette D Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Michelle L Ho
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Weitong Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Banghe Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6767 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77225, USA
| | - Michael Lam
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Momona Yamagami
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Sunkuk Kwon
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6767 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77225, USA
| | - Nilakshee Bhattacharya
- Biological Science Imaging facility (BSIR), Department of Biology, 89 Chieftan Way, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Duncan Sousa
- Biological Science Imaging facility (BSIR), Department of Biology, 89 Chieftan Way, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Annicka C Evans
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Julie Voss
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6767 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77225, USA
| | - Eva M Sevick-Muraca
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6767 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77225, USA
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Junghae Suh
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA.
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