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Peng H, Wang Y, Jiang K, Chen X, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Deng Z, Qu X. A Dual Role Reductase from Phytosterols Catabolism Enables the Efficient Production of Valuable Steroid Precursors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University 1 Luojiashan Rd. Wuhan 430071 China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Rd. Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yaya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University 1 Luojiashan Rd. Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University 1 Luojiashan Rd. Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Xinru Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University 1 Luojiashan Rd. Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Wenlu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University 1 Luojiashan Rd. Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University 1 Luojiashan Rd. Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University 1 Luojiashan Rd. Wuhan 430071 China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Rd. Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Xudong Qu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan University 1 Luojiashan Rd. Wuhan 430071 China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Rd. Shanghai 200240 China
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Peng H, Wang Y, Jiang K, Chen X, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Deng Z, Qu X. A Dual Role Reductase from Phytosterols Catabolism Enables the Efficient Production of Valuable Steroid Precursors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5414-5420. [PMID: 33258169 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
4-Androstenedione (4-AD) and progesterone (PG) are two of the most important precursors for synthesis of steroid drugs, however their current manufacturing processes suffer from low efficiency and severe environmental issues. In this study, we decipher a dual-role reductase (mnOpccR) in the phytosterols catabolism, which engages in two different metabolic branches to produce the key intermediate 20-hydroxymethyl pregn-4-ene-3-one (4-HBC) through a 4-e reduction of 3-oxo-4-pregnene-20-carboxyl-CoA (3-OPC-CoA) and 2-e reduction of 3-oxo-4-pregnene-20-carboxyl aldehyde (3-OPA), respectively. Inactivation or overexpression of mnOpccR in the Mycobacterium neoaurum can achieve exclusive production of either 4-AD or 4-HBC from phytosterols. By utilizing a two-step synthesis, 4-HBC can be efficiently converted into PG in a scalable manner (100 gram scale). This study deciphers a pivotal biosynthetic mechanism of phytosterol catabolism and provides very efficient production routes of 4-AD and PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 1 Luojiashan Rd., Wuhan, 430071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yaya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 1 Luojiashan Rd., Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 1 Luojiashan Rd., Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xinru Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 1 Luojiashan Rd., Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wenlu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 1 Luojiashan Rd., Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 1 Luojiashan Rd., Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 1 Luojiashan Rd., Wuhan, 430071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xudong Qu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 1 Luojiashan Rd., Wuhan, 430071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
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3
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Sun H, Yang J, He K, Wang YP, Song H. Enhancing production of 9α-hydroxy-androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (9-OHAD) from phytosterols by metabolic pathway engineering of mycobacteria. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.116195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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4
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Rohman A, Dijkstra BW. The role and mechanism of microbial 3-ketosteroid Δ 1-dehydrogenases in steroid breakdown. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 191:105366. [PMID: 30991094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
3-Ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenases are FAD-dependent enzymes that catalyze the introduction of a double bond between the C1 and C2 atoms of the A-ring of 3-ketosteroid substrates. These enzymes are found in a large variety of microorganisms, especially in bacteria belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria. They play a critical role in the early steps of the degradation of the steroid core. 3-Ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenases are of particular interest for the etiology of some infectious diseases, for the production of starting materials for the pharmaceutical industry, and for environmental bioremediation applications. Here we summarize and discuss the biochemical and enzymological properties of these enzymes, their microbial sources, and their natural diversity. The three-dimensional structure of a 3-ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenase in connection with the enzyme mechanism is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rohman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia; The Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia; The Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bauke W Dijkstra
- The Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands.
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5
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Tarasova EV, Grishko VV, Ivshina IB. Cell adaptations of Rhodococcus rhodochrous IEGM 66 to betulin biotransformation. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Zhang YM, Li HY, Hu C, Sheng HF, Zhang Y, Lin BR, Zhou GX. Ergosterols from the Culture Broth of Marine Streptomyces anandii H41-59. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E84. [PMID: 27153073 PMCID: PMC4882558 DOI: 10.3390/md14050084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
An actinomycete strain, H41-59, isolated from sea sediment in a mangrove district, was identified as Streptomyces anandii on the basis of 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis as well as the investigation of its morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. Three new ergosterols, ananstreps A-C (1-3), along with ten known ones (4-13), were isolated from the culture broth of this strain. The gross structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive analysis of spectroscopic data, including HR-ESI-MS, and NMR. The cytotoxicities of these isolates against human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7, human glioblastoma cell line SF-268, and human lung cancer cell line NCI-H460 and their antibacterial activities in inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans and some other pathogenic microorganisms were tested. Compounds 3-8, 10 and 11 displayed cytotoxicity with IC50 values in a range from 13.0 to 27.8 μg/mL. However, all the tested compounds showed no activity on C. albicans and other bacteria at the test concentration of 1 mg/mL with the paper disc diffusion method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Mei Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Hong-Yu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Chen Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Hui-Fan Sheng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Bi-Run Lin
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Dlugovitzky DG, Fontela MS, Martinel Lamas DJ, Valdez RA, Romano MC. Mycobacterium smegmatis synthesizes in vitro androgens and estrogens from different steroid precursors. Can J Microbiol 2015; 61:451-5. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fast-growing mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium sp. and Mycobacterium smegmatis degrade natural sterols. They are a model to study tuberculosis. Interestingly, M. smegmatis has been found in river effluents derived from paper production, and therefore, it would be important to gain further insight into its capacity to synthesize steroids that are potential endocrine disruptors affecting the development and reproduction of fishes. To our knowledge, the capacity of M. smegmatis to synthesize estrogens and even testosterone has not been previously reported. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the capacity of M. smegmatis to synthesize in vitro testosterone and estrogens from tritiated precursors and to investigate the metabolic pathways involved. Results obtained by thin-layer chromatography showed that 3H-progesterone was transformed to 17OH-progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, estrone, and estradiol after 6, 12, or 24 h of incubation. 3H-androstenedione was transformed into testosterone and estrogens, mainly estrone, and 3H-testosterone was transformed to estrone and androstenedione. Incubation with 3H-dehydroepiandrosterone rendered androstenediol, testosterone, and estrogens. This ability to transform less potent sex steroids like androstenedione and estrone into other more active steroids like testosterone and estradiol or vice versa suggests that M. smegmatis can influence the amount of self-synthesized strong androgens and estrogens and can transform those found in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana G. Dlugovitzky
- Sección Inmunología, Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Sol Fontela
- Sección Inmunología, Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina
| | - Diego J. Martinel Lamas
- Sección Inmunología, Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ricardo A. Valdez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Marta C. Romano
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F., Mexico
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Brzostek A, Rumijowska-Galewicz A, Dziadek B, Wojcik EA, Dziadek J. ChoD and HsdD can be dispensable for cholesterol degradation in mycobacteria. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 134:1-7. [PMID: 23064392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol degradation is achieved through a complex metabolic pathway that starts with the oxidation of the 17-alkyl side chain and the steroid ring system. In bacteria, the oxidation of the 3β-hydroxyl group and isomerization of the resulting cholest-5-en-3-one to cholest-4-en-3-one is catalyzed by hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HsdD) or cholesterol oxidase (ChoD). Genes encoding both enzymes were annotated in both fast and slow growing mycobacteria, however the enzymatic activity was confirmed for HsdD, exclusively. Here, we used homologous recombination to engineer multiple mutants, and directly show that both ChoD and HsdD are dispensable for cholesterol degradation in fast-growing Mycobacterium smegmatis mc(2)155 and slow-growing Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strains. The mutants deffective in the synthesis of ChoD, HsdD or both enzymes were able to grow in minimal media supplemented with cholesterol as a sole source of carbon and energy. Multiple mutants, defective in synthesis of ChoD, HsdD and ketosteroid dehydrogenase (KstD), showed attenuated growth in minimal medium supplemented with cholesterol and accumulated cholesterol degradation intermediates: androstendion (AD) and 9-hydroxy androstendion (9OHAD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Brzostek
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
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9
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Haußmann U, Wolters DA, Fränzel B, Eltis LD, Poetsch A. Physiological adaptation of the Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 membrane proteome to steroids as growth substrates. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:1188-98. [PMID: 23360181 DOI: 10.1021/pr300816n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 is a catabolically versatile soil actinomycete that can utilize a wide range of organic compounds as growth substrates including steroids. To globally assess the adaptation of the protein composition in the membrane fraction to steroids, the membrane proteomes of RHA1 grown on each of cholesterol and cholate were compared to pyruvate-grown cells using gel-free SIMPLE-MudPIT technology. Label-free quantification by spectral counting revealed 59 significantly regulated proteins, many of them present only during growth on steroids. Cholesterol and cholate induced distinct sets of steroid-degrading enzymes encoded by paralogous gene clusters, consistent with transcriptomic studies. CamM and CamABCD, two systems that take up cholate metabolites, were found exclusively in cholate-grown cells. Similarly, 9 of the 10 Mce4 proteins of the cholesterol uptake system were found uniquely in cholesterol-grown cells. Bioinformatic tools were used to construct a model of Mce4 transporter within the RHA1 cell envelope. Finally, comparison of the membrane and cytoplasm proteomes indicated that several steroid-degrading enzymes are membrane-associated. The implications for the degradation of steroids by actinomycetes, including cholesterol by the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis , are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Haußmann
- Lehrstuhl fuer Biochemie der Pflanzen, Ruhr Universitaet Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Yao K, Wang FQ, Zhang HC, Wei DZ. Identification and engineering of cholesterol oxidases involved in the initial step of sterols catabolism in Mycobacterium neoaurum. Metab Eng 2013; 15:75-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Ivashina TV, Nikolayeva VM, Dovbnya DV, Donova MV. Cholesterol oxidase ChoD is not a critical enzyme accounting for oxidation of sterols to 3-keto-4-ene steroids in fast-growing Mycobacterium sp. VKM Ac-1815D. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 129:47-53. [PMID: 22015543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Fast-growing strain of Mycobacterium sp. VKM Ac-1815D is capable of effective oxidizing of sterols (phytosterol, cholesterol, ergosterol) to androstenedione and other valuable 3-oxo-steroids. To elucidate the role of cholesterol oxidase in sterol catabolism by the strain, the choD gene has been cloned and sequenced. The deduced gene product (M(r) 63.5kDa) showed homologies over its entire length to a large number of proteins belonging to the InterPro-family EPR006076, which includes various FAD dependent oxidoreductases. The expression of choD in Escherichia coli was shown to result in the synthesis of membrane associated cholesterol oxidase. In addition to cholesterol, the enzyme oxidized β-sitosterol, dehydroepiandrosterone, ergosterol, pregnenolone, and lithocholic acid. Knock-out of choD in Mycobacterium sp. VKM Ac-1815D strain was obtained by the gene replacement technique. The mutant strain transformed sitosterol forming exclusively 3-keto-4-ene steroids with androstenedione as a major product, thus evidencing that choD knock out did not abrogate sterol A-ring oxidation. The results indicated that ChoD is not a critical enzyme responsible for modification of 3β-hydroxy-5-ene- to 3-keto-4-ene steroids in Mycobacterium sp. VKM Ac-1815D. Article from a special issue on steroids and microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana V Ivashina
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Region, Russia
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12
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Microbial transformation of phytosterols mixture from rice bran oil unsaponifiable matter by selected bacteria. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-008-9659-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Donova MV, Nikolayeva VM, Dovbnya DV, Gulevskaya SA, Suzina NE. Methyl-beta-cyclodextrin alters growth, activity and cell envelope features of sterol-transforming mycobacteria. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2007; 153:1981-1992. [PMID: 17526855 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2006/001636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Modified beta-cyclodextrins have been shown previously to enhance sterol conversion to 4-androstene-3,17-dione (AD) and 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione (ADD) by growing Mycobacterium spp. The enhancement effect was mainly attributed to steroid solubilization by the formation of inclusion complexes with modified cyclodextrins. In this work, the influence of randomly methylated beta-cyclodextrin (MCD) on the growth, AD- and ADD-producing activity, cell wall (CW) composition and ultrastructure of sterol-transforming Mycobacterium sp. VKM Ac-1816D was studied. The specific growth rate of the strain on glycerol increased in the presence of MCD (20-100 mM). Washed cells grown in the presence of MCD (20-40 mM) expressed 1.6-fold higher ADD-producing activity than did the cells grown without MCD, and their adhesiveness differed. Electron microscopy showed MCD-mediated CW exfoliation and accumulation of membrane-like structures outside the cells, while preserving cells intact. The analysis of CW composition revealed both a decrease in the proportion of extractable lipids and a considerable shift in fatty acid profile resulting from MCD action. The MCD-mediated enhancement of mycolic and fatty acids content was observed outside the cells. The total secreted protein level rose 2.4-fold, and the extracellular 3-hydroxysteroid oxidase activity 3.2-fold. The composition of the CW polysaccharide was not altered, while the overall proportion of the carbohydrates in the CW of the MCD-exposed mycobacteria increased. The results showed that the multiple mechanisms of MCD-mediated intensification of sterol to AD(D) conversion by mycobacteria include not only solubilization of steroids, but also the increase of CW permeability for both steroids and soluble nutrients, disorganization of the lipid bilayer and the release of steroid-transforming enzymes weakly associated with the CW.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Donova
- G. K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - V M Nikolayeva
- G. K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - D V Dovbnya
- G. K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - S A Gulevskaya
- G. K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - N E Suzina
- G. K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
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14
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Hunter AC, Bergin-Simpson H. Distinct metabolic handling of 3β-hydroxy-17a-oxa-D-homo-5α-androstan-17-one by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus tamarii KITA: Evidence in support of steroid/hydroxylase binding hypothesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2007; 1771:1254-61. [PMID: 17692565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus tamarii KITA transforms progesterone in to testololactone in high yield through a sequential four-step enzymatic pathway which also has the flexibility to transform a range of steroidal substrates. This study has investigated the further metabolism of testololactone and a range of fully saturated steroidal lactone analogues. In contrast to testololactone, which even after 120 h incubation did not undergo further metabolism, the lactone analogues entered the minor hydroxylation pathway. Uniquely, after forming 3beta-hydroxy-17a-oxa-D-homo-5alpha-androstan-17-one (48 h) 4 distinct positions on the steroid skeleton were monohydroxylated (11beta, 6beta, 7beta, 11alpha) which geometrically relate to the four binding positions (normal, reverse, inverted normal and inverted reverse) possible within the steroidal hydroxylase(s). This is the first evidence demonstrating the four possible steroid/hydroxylase(s) binding interactions with a single molecule that has previously been hypothesized with a single organism. In addition a rare 1beta-monohydroxylation was observed, this may be indicative of dehydration generating 1-ene functionality in A. tamarii rather than dehydrogenation as reported in man and microorganisms. The importance of these findings in relation to steroid/hydroxylase binding interactions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Christy Hunter
- Molecular Targeting and Polymer Toxicology Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Brighton, East Sussex, BN2 4GJ, UK.
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Sukhodolskaya GV, Nikolayeva VM, Khomutov SM, Donova MV. Steroid-1-dehydrogenase of Mycobacterium sp. VKM Ac-1817D strain producing 9α-hydroxy-androst-4-ene-3,17-dione from sitosterol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 74:867-73. [PMID: 17136536 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0728-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The strain of Mycobacterium sp. VKM Ac-1817D forms 9alpha-hydroxy-androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (9-OH-AD) as a major product from sitosterol. The formation of 9-OH-AD was accompanied with its partial destruction due to residual steroid-1-dehydrogenase (St1DH) activity. The activity was found to be induced by androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD), while other intermediates of sitosterol oxidation did not influence 1(2)-dehydrogenation. The enzyme is located mainly in the cytosolic fraction. The cytosolic St1DH (dimer, M (r) approximately 58 kDa) was partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose and Phenyl-Sepharose, and gel filtration on Bio-Gel A-0.5M. It expressed the St1DH activity toward both AD and 9-OH-AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Sukhodolskaya
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
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17
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Egorova OV, Nikolayeva VM, Suzina NE, Donova MV. Localization of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in Mycobacterium sp. VKM Ac-1815D mutant strain. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 94:519-25. [PMID: 15876416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The localization of mycobacterial 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-OH SDH) was studied using cell fractionation and cytochemical investigation. Mycobacterium sp. Et1 mutant strain derived from Mycobacterium sp. VKM Ac-1815D and characterized by increased 17beta-OH SDH activity was used as a model organism. Subcellular distribution study showed both soluble and membrane-bound forms of mycobacterial 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The cytochemical method based on a copper ferrocyanide procedure followed by electron microscopic visualization was applied in order to investigate the intracellular localization of bacterial 17beta-OH SDH in more detail. The enzyme was found to be located in the peripheral cytoplasmic zone adjoining the cytoplasmic membrane (CM). 17beta-OH SDH was loosely membrane bound and easily released into the environment under the cell integrity failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Egorova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
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