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Oesch F, Fruth D, Hengstler JG, Fabian E, Berger FI, Landsiedel R. Enigmatic mechanism of the N-vinylpyrrolidone hepatocarcinogenicity in the rat. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:3717-3744. [PMID: 34595563 PMCID: PMC8536644 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03151-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) is produced up to several thousand tons per year as starting material for the production of polymers to be used in pharmaceutics, cosmetics and food technology. Upon inhalation NVP was carcinogenic in the rat, liver tumor formation is starting already at the rather low concentration of 5 ppm. Hence, differentiation whether NVP is a genotoxic carcinogen (presumed to generally have no dose threshold for the carcinogenic activity) or a non-genotoxic carcinogen (with a potentially definable threshold) is highly important. In the present study, therefore, the existing genotoxicity investigations on NVP (all showing consistently negative results) were extended and complemented with investigations on possible alternative mechanisms, which also all proved negative. All tests were performed in the same species (rat) using the same route of exposure (inhalation) and the same doses of NVP (5, 10 and 20 ppm) as had been used in the positive carcinogenicity test. Specifically, the tests included an ex vivo Comet assay (so far not available) and an ex vivo micronucleus test (in contrast to the already available micronucleus test in mice here in the same species and by the same route of application as in the bioassay which had shown the carcinogenicity), tests on oxidative stress (non-protein-bound sulfhydryls and glutathione recycling test), mechanisms mediated by hepatic receptors, the activation of which had been shown earlier to lead to carcinogenicity in some instances (Ah receptor, CAR, PXR, PPARα). No indications were obtained for any of the investigated mechanisms to be responsible for or to contribute to the observed carcinogenicity of NVP. The most important of these exclusions is genotoxicity. Thus, NVP can rightfully be regarded and treated as a non-genotoxic carcinogen and threshold approaches to the assessment of this chemical are supported. However, the mechanism underlying the carcinogenicity of NVP in rats remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Oesch
- Oesch-Tox Toxicological Consulting and Expert Opinions GmbH&CoKG, Rheinblick 21, 55263, Ingelheim, Germany.,Institute of Toxicology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniela Fruth
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.,Knoell Germany GmbH, Eastsite XII, Konrad-Zuse-Ring 25, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Eric Fabian
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Franz Ingo Berger
- Regulatory Toxicology Chemicals, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.
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Basu A, Dydowiczová A, Trosko JE, Bláha L, Babica P. Ready to go 3D? A semi-automated protocol for microwell spheroid arrays to increase scalability and throughput of 3D cell culture testing. Toxicol Mech Methods 2020; 30:590-604. [PMID: 32713235 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2020.1800881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
3-dimensional (3D) cell cultures are being increasingly recognized as physiologically more relevant in vitro models than traditional monolayer cultures, because they better mimic in vivo-like microenvironment, cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Nevertheless, the broader use of 3D models might be limited by requirements for special consumables, equipment, or skills for 3D cell cultures, and by their limited throughput and scalability. In this study, we optimized and adapted a commercially available agarose-micromolding technique to produce scaffold-free spheroid cultures. Brightfield microscopy was used for routine nondestructive and noninvasive evaluation of spheroid formation and growth. The workflow is compatible with manual, as well as high speed automated microscopic image acquisition, and it is supplemented with an in-house developed macro 'Spheroid_Finder' for open source software Fiji to facilitate rapid automated image analysis. This protocol was used to characterize and quantify spheroid formation and growth of two different hepatic cell lines, hTERT immortalized, but non-cancerous, adult human liver stem cell line HL1-hT1, and human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2, as well as their responses to a model antiproliferative and cytotoxic agent, 5-fluorouracil. The complete protocol provides a simple and ready-to-use solution to initiate scaffold-free spheroid cultures in any laboratory with standard equipment for mammalian in vitro cell culture work. Thus, it allows to increase throughput and scale of spheroid culture experiments, which can be greatly utilized in different areas of biomedical, pharmaceutical and toxicological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Basu
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Dydowiczová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - James E Trosko
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, and Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Luděk Bláha
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Chen TC, Neupane M, Chien SJ, Chuang FR, Crawford RB, Kaminski NE, Chang CC. Characterization of Adult Canine Kidney Epithelial Stem Cells That Give Rise to Dome-Forming Tubular Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1424-1433. [PMID: 31495275 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dome formation can occur in cultured tubular epithelial cells originating from various tissues, including the mammary gland and the kidney. The isolation and characterization of normal kidney epithelial stem cells that give rise to dome-forming tubular cells have never been reported. We attempted to isolate and characterize canine kidney epithelial stem cells using a simple cell culture method that we have previously used to isolate other adult human stem cells. Dome-forming kidney epithelial cells were derived from dissociated adult canine kidney tissues that were cultured in a modified keratinocyte serum-free medium supplemented with N-acetyl-l-cysteine, l-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate, nicotinamide, and fetal bovine serum. These cells exhibited high self-renewal capacity in long-term culture (growth for >13 months and 30 cumulative population doublings) and exhibited characteristics of stem cells, including (1) deficiency in gap junctional intercellular communication, (2) anchorage-independent growth, (3) expression of stem cell markers octamer-binding transcription factor 4 and SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2, (4) expression of cell surface markers CD24 and CD133, and (5) multipotent differentiation into osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, and dome-forming tubular cells. Most of these characteristics are shared by the well-known canine renal tubule-derived immortalized Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cell line. Furthermore, the putative canine kidney stem cells developed in this study formed budding tubule-like organoids on Matrigel and required high cell density (>4,000 cells/cm2) for sustained growth and confluency for dome formation. The signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) phosphorylation inhibitor, AG490, inhibited colony-forming efficiency and dome formation, whereas lipopolysaccharide, an activator of STAT3, increased colony-forming efficiency in a dose-dependent manner. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that high cell density induces STAT3 expression, which promotes both stem cell self-renewal and differentiation into tubular cells. Our novel cell culture method should be useful for the future development of normal human kidney stem cells for clinical applications and for studying mechanisms of nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Chuan Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Manish Neupane
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shao-Ju Chien
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Rong Chuang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Robert B Crawford
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Norbert E Kaminski
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Chia-Cheng Chang
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Li X, Li Y, Ding H, Dong J, Zhang R, Huang D, Lei L, Wang Z, Liu G, Li X. Insulin suppresses the AMPK signaling pathway to regulate lipid metabolism in primary cultured hepatocytes of dairy cows. J DAIRY RES 2018; 85:157-62. [PMID: 29785900 DOI: 10.1017/S002202991800016X] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dairy cows with type II ketosis display hepatic fat accumulation and hyperinsulinemia, but the underlying mechanism is not completely clear. This study aimed to clarify the regulation of lipid metabolism by insulin in cow hepatocytes. In vitro, cow hepatocytes were treated with 0, 1, 10, or 100 nm insulin in the presence or absence of AICAR (an AMP-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPKα) activator). The results showed that insulin decreased AMPKα phosphorylation. This inactivation of AMPKα increased the gene and protein expression levels of carbohydrate responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), which downregulated the expression of lipogenic genes, thereby decreasing lipid biosynthesis. Furthermore, AMPKα inactivation decreased the gene and protein expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), which upregulated the expression of lipid oxidation genes, thereby increasing lipid oxidation. In addition, insulin decreased the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) assembly. Consequently, triglyceride content was significantly increased in insulin treated hepatocytes. Activation of AMPKα induced by AICAR could reverse the effect of insulin on PPARα, SREBP-1c, and ChREBP, thereby decreasing triglyceride content. These results indicate that insulin inhibits the AMPKα signaling pathway to increase lipid synthesis and decrease lipid oxidation and VLDL assembly in cow hepatocytes, thereby inducing TG accumulation. This mechanism could partly explain the causal relationship between hepatic fat accumulation and hyperinsulinemia in dairy cows with type II ketosis.
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Basu A, Dydowiczová A, Čtveráčková L, Jaša L, Trosko JE, Bláha L, Babica P. Assessment of Hepatotoxic Potential of Cyanobacterial Toxins Using 3D In Vitro Model of Adult Human Liver Stem Cells. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:10078-10088. [PMID: 30059226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) represent hazardous waterborne contaminants and potent human hepatotoxins. However, in vitro monolayer cultures of hepatic cell lines were found to recapitulate, poorly, major hepatocyte-specific functions and inadequately predict hepatotoxic effects of MC-LR and CYN. We utilized 3-dimensional (3D), scaffold-free spheroid cultures of human telomerase-immortalized adult liver stem cells HL1-hT1 to evaluate hepatotoxic potential of MC-LR and CYN. In monolayer cultures of HL1-hT1 cells, MC-LR did not induce cytotoxic effects (EC50 > 10 micromol/L), while CYN inhibited cell growth and viability (48h-96h EC50 ≈ 5.5-0.6 micromol/L). Growth and viability of small growing spheroids were inhibited by both cyanotoxins (≥0.1 micromol/L) and were associated with blebbing and disintegration at the spheroid surface. Hepatospheroid damage and viability reduction were observed also in large mature spheroids, with viability 96h-EC50 values being 0.04 micromol/L for MC-LR and 0.1 micromol/L for CYN, and No Observed Effect Concentrations <0.01 micromol/L. Spheroid cultures of adult human liver stem cells HL1-hT1 exhibit sensitivity comparable to cultures of primary hepatocytes and provide a simple, practical, and cost-effective tool, which can be effectively used in environmental and toxicological research, including assessment of hepatotoxic potential and effect-based monitoring of various samples contaminated with toxic cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Basu
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5 , Brno 625 00 , Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Dydowiczová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5 , Brno 625 00 , Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Čtveráčková
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5 , Brno 625 00 , Czech Republic
| | - Libor Jaša
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5 , Brno 625 00 , Czech Republic
| | - James E Trosko
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development & Institute for Integrative Toxicology , Michigan State University , 1129 Farm Lane , East Lansing , 48824 Michigan , United States
| | - Luděk Bláha
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5 , Brno 625 00 , Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5 , Brno 625 00 , Czech Republic
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Régnier M, Polizzi A, Lippi Y, Fouché E, Michel G, Lukowicz C, Smati S, Marrot A, Lasserre F, Naylies C, Batut A, Viars F, Bertrand-Michel J, Postic C, Loiseau N, Wahli W, Guillou H, Montagner A. Insights into the role of hepatocyte PPARα activity in response to fasting. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 471:75-88. [PMID: 28774777 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The liver plays a central role in the regulation of fatty acid metabolism. Hepatocytes are highly sensitive to nutrients and hormones that drive extensive transcriptional responses. Nuclear hormone receptors are key transcription factors involved in this process. Among these factors, PPARα is a critical regulator of hepatic lipid catabolism during fasting. This study aimed to analyse the wide array of hepatic PPARα-dependent transcriptional responses during fasting. We compared gene expression in male mice with a hepatocyte specific deletion of PPARα and their wild-type littermates in the fed (ad libitum) and 24-h fasted states. Liver samples were acquired, and transcriptome and lipidome analyses were performed. Our data extended and confirmed the critical role of hepatocyte PPARα as a central for regulator of gene expression during starvation. Interestingly, we identified novel PPARα-sensitive genes, including Cxcl-10, Rab30, and Krt23. We also found that liver phospholipid remodelling was a novel fasting-sensitive pathway regulated by PPARα. These results may contribute to investigations on transcriptional control in hepatic physiology and underscore the clinical relevance of drugs that target PPARα in liver pathologies, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Régnier
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France
| | - Arnaud Polizzi
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Lippi
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France
| | - Edwin Fouché
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France
| | - Géraldine Michel
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Lukowicz
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France
| | - Sarra Smati
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France; Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Marrot
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Lasserre
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Naylies
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France
| | - Aurélie Batut
- Metatoul-Lipidomic Facility, MetaboHUB, Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France
| | - Fanny Viars
- Metatoul-Lipidomic Facility, MetaboHUB, Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France
| | - Justine Bertrand-Michel
- Metatoul-Lipidomic Facility, MetaboHUB, Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Postic
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Loiseau
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France
| | - Walter Wahli
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232, Singapore; Center for Integrative Genomics, Université de Lausanne, Le Génopode, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Guillou
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France.
| | - Alexandra Montagner
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France; Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France.
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Raska J, Ctverackova L, Dydowiczova A, Sovadinova I, Blaha L, Babica P. Tumor-promoting cyanotoxin microcystin-LR does not induce procarcinogenic events in adult human liver stem cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 345:103-13. [PMID: 29534881 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HL1-hT1 cell line represents adult human liver stem cells (LSCs) immortalized with human telomerase reverse transcriptase. In this study, HL1-hT1 cells were found to express mesenchymal markers (vimentin, CD73, CD90/THY-1 and CD105) and an early hepatic endoderm marker FOXA2, while not expressing hepatic progenitor (HNF4A, LGR5, α-fetoprotein) or differentiated hepatocyte markers (albumin, transthyretin, connexin 32). In response to microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a time- and concentration-dependent formation of MC-positive protein bands in HL1-hT1 cells was observed. Cellular accumulation of MC-LR occurred most likely via mechanisms independent on organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) or multidrug resistance (MDR) proteins, as indicated (a) by a gene expression analysis of 11 human OATP genes and 4 major MDR genes (MDR1/P-glycoprotein, MRP1, MRP2 and BCRP); (b) by non-significant effects of OATP or MDR1 inhibitors on MC-LR uptake. Accumulation of MC-positive protein bands in HL1-hT1 cells was associated neither with alterations of cell viability and growth, dysregulations of ERK1/2 and p38 kinases, reactive oxygen species formation, induction of double-stranded DNA breaks nor modulations of stress-inducible genes (ATF3, HSP5). It suggests that LSCs might have a selective, MDR1-independent, survival advantage and higher tolerance towards MC-induced cytotoxic, genotoxic or cancer-related events than differentiated adult hepatocytes, fetal hepatocyte or malignant liver cell lines. HL1-hT1 cells provide a valuable in vitro tool for studying effects of toxicants and pharmaceuticals on LSCs, whose important role in the development of chronic toxicities and liver diseases is being increasingly recognized.
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Drakaki A, Hatziapostolou M, Polytarchou C, Vorvis C, Poultsides GA, Souglakos J, Georgoulias V, Iliopoulos D. Functional microRNA high throughput screening reveals miR-9 as a central regulator of liver oncogenesis by affecting the PPARA-CDH1 pathway. BMC Cancer 2015. [PMID: 26206264 PMCID: PMC4512159 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1562-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths, reflecting the aggressiveness of this type of cancer and the absence of effective therapeutic regimens. MicroRNAs have been involved in the pathogenesis of different types of cancers, including liver cancer. Our aim was to identify microRNAs that have both functional and clinical relevance in HCC and examine their downstream signaling effectors. Methods MicroRNA and gene expression levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR in HCC tumors and controls. A TargetScan algorithm was used to identify miR-9 downstream direct targets. Results A high-throughput screen of the human microRNAome revealed 28 microRNAs as regulators of liver cancer cell invasiveness. MiR-9, miR-21 and miR-224 were the top inducers of HCC invasiveness and also their expression was increased in HCC relative to control liver tissues. Integration of the microRNA screen and expression data revealed miR-9 as the top microRNA, having both functional and clinical significance. MiR-9 levels correlated with HCC tumor stage and miR-9 overexpression induced SNU-449 and HepG2 cell growth, invasiveness and their ability to form colonies in soft agar. Bioinformatics and 3′UTR luciferase analyses identified E-cadherin (CDH1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA) as direct downstream effectors of miR-9 activity. Inhibition of PPARA suppressed CDH1 mRNA levels, suggesting that miR-9 regulates CDH1 expression directly through binding in its 3′UTR and indirectly through PPARA. On the other hand, miR-9 inhibition of overexpression suppressed HCC tumorigenicity and invasiveness. PPARA and CDH1 mRNA levels were decreased in HCC relative to controls and were inversely correlated with miR-9 levels. Conclusions Taken together, this study revealed the involvement of the miR-9/PPARA/CDH1 signaling pathway in HCC oncogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1562-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Drakaki
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Maria Hatziapostolou
- Center for Systems Biomedicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., CHS 44-133, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7278, USA.
| | - Christos Polytarchou
- Center for Systems Biomedicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., CHS 44-133, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7278, USA.
| | - Christina Vorvis
- Center for Systems Biomedicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., CHS 44-133, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7278, USA.
| | - George A Poultsides
- Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - John Souglakos
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Vassilis Georgoulias
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios Iliopoulos
- Center for Systems Biomedicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., CHS 44-133, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7278, USA.
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Kim JH, Jang YJ, An SY, Son J, Lee J, Lee G, Park JY, Park HJ, Hwang DY, Kim JH, Han J. Enhanced Metabolizing Activity of Human ES Cell-Derived Hepatocytes Using a 3D Culture System with Repeated Exposures to Xenobiotics. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:190-206. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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