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Sharma A, Faber H, AlGhamdi WS, Naphade D, Lin YH, Heeney M, Anthopoulos TD. Label-Free Metal-Oxide Transistor Biosensors for Metabolite Detection in Human Saliva. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2306038. [PMID: 38381100 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Metabolites are essential molecules involved in various metabolic processes, and their deficiencies and excessive concentrations can trigger significant physiological consequences. The detection of multiple metabolites within a non-invasively collected biofluid could facilitate early prognosis and diagnosis of severe diseases. Here, a metal oxide heterojunction transistor (HJ-TFT) sensor is developed for the label-free, rapid detection of uric acid (UA) and 25(OH)Vitamin-D3 (Vit-D3) in human saliva. The HJ-TFTs utilize a solution-processed In2 O3 /ZnO channel functionalized with uricase enzyme and Vit-D3 antibody for the selective detection of UA and Vit-D3, respectively. The ultra-thin tri-channel architecture facilitates strong coupling between the electrons transported along the buried In2 O3 /ZnO heterointerface and the electrostatic perturbations caused by the interactions between the surface-immobilized bioreceptors and target analytes. The biosensors can detect a wide range of concentrations of UA (from 500 nm to 1000 µM) and Vit-D3 (from 100 pM to 120 nm) in human saliva within 60 s. Moreover, the biosensors exhibit good linearity with the physiological concentration of metabolites and limit of detections of ≈152 nm for UA and ≈7 pM for Vit-D3 in real saliva. The specificity is demonstrated against various interfering species, including other metabolites and proteins found in saliva, further showcasing its capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Sharma
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hendrik Faber
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wejdan S AlGhamdi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dipti Naphade
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Martin Heeney
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Photon Science Institute, Henry Royce Institute, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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Mortazavi H, Yousefi-Koma AA, Yousefi-Koma H. Extensive comparison of salivary collection, transportation, preparation, and storage methods: a systematic review. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:168. [PMID: 38308289 PMCID: PMC10837873 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-03902-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human saliva as a bodily fluid-similar to blood-is utilized for diagnostic purposes. Unlike blood sampling, collecting saliva is non-invasive, inexpensive, and readily accessible. There are no previously published systematic reviews regarding different collection, transportation, preparation, and storage methods for human saliva. DESIGN This study has been prepared and organized according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. This systematic review has been registered at PROSPERO (Registration ID: CRD42023415384). The study question according to the PICO format was as followed: Comparison of the performance (C) of different saliva sampling, handling, transportation, and storage techniques and methods (I) assessed for analyzing stimulated or unstimulated human saliva (P and O). An electronic search was executed in Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed. RESULTS Twenty-three descriptive human clinical studies published between 1995 and 2022 were included. Eight categories of salivary features and biomarkers were investigated (i.e., salivary flow rate, total saliva quantity, total protein, cortisol, testosterone, DNA quality and quantity, pH and buffering pH). Twenty-two saliva sampling methods/devices were utilized. Passive drooling, Salivette®, and spitting were the most utilized methods. Sampling times with optimum capabilities for cortisol, iodine, and oral cancer metabolites are suggested to be 7:30 AM to 9:00 AM, 10:30 AM to 11:00 AM, and 14:00 PM to 20:00 PM, respectively. There were 6 storage methods. Centrifuging samples and storing them at -70 °C to -80 °C was the most utilized storage method. For DNA quantity and quality, analyzing samples immediately after collection without centrifuging or storage, outperformed centrifuging samples and storing them at -70 °C to -80 °C. Non-coated Salivette® was the most successful method/device for analyzing salivary flow rate. CONCLUSION It is highly suggested that scientists take aid from the reported categorized outcomes, and design their study questions based on the current voids for each method/device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Mortazavi
- School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Daneshjoo Blvd, Evin, Shahid Chamran Highway, Tehran, 1983963113, Iran
| | - Amir-Ali Yousefi-Koma
- School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Daneshjoo Blvd, Evin, Shahid Chamran Highway, Tehran, 1983963113, Iran.
- Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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AlSufyani AA. Correlation of serum biochemical parameters and saliva pH in healthy individuals. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103793. [PMID: 37744004 PMCID: PMC10514437 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Saliva has the potential to work alongside needles in standard medical diagnosis. Yet the number of studies aimed at deciphering the biochemical communication between saliva and the rest of the body's systems is still very limited. The aim of this study is to investigate the interfluid interaction between saliva and serum by determining the correlation between saliva pH and serum biochemical parameters under mild conditions. Ultimately, using saliva may provide a stress-free diagnostic tool, but more ambitiously, the pH of saliva could present a genuine cost-effective screening tool that may immensely benefit areas with limited access to health care and diagnostic labs. Saliva and blood samples were collected from 43 randomly selected children (7-12 years), living in Jeddah, free from obesity and chronic or systemic body and mouth diseases. A complete serum biochemical analysis was performed, and the salivary pH of all samples was measured immediately at the time of collection. The correlations between saliva pH and serum biochemical parameters were investigated using Univariate and multiple linear regression models. Our results showed that pH has a weak significant positive correlation with total protein and a negative weak significant correlation with urea. Weak correlations suggest the existence of more serum factors to be investigated for their effect on the pH using a stepwise multiple linear regression. The multiple linear models' calculated saliva pH values were close to the measured values, demonstrating its possible capacity to predict saliva pH using serum parameters. The regression model's successful prediction of saliva pH using serum biochemicals reflects the significant correlations between the body fluids' parameters and invites more research to elucidate these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal A. AlSufyani
- College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Kushioka T, Mano H, Matsuoka S, Nishikawa M, Yasuda K, Ikushiro S, Sakaki T. Analysis of vitamin D metabolites in biological samples using a nanoluc-based vitamin D receptor ligand sensing system: NLucVDR. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 233:106367. [PMID: 37517743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Many assays are currently being developed to measure the levels of vitamin D metabolites in various samples (such as blood, urine, and saliva). This study focused on the measurement of vitamin D metabolites in serum and urine using the NLucVDR assay system, which consists of a split-type nanoluciferase and ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the human vitamin D receptor. Blood and urine samples were collected from 23 participants to validate the NLucVDR assay. The 25(OH)D3 levels in the serum and urine determined by the NLucVDR assay showed good correlations with those determined by standard analytical methods (ECLIA for serum and LC-MS/MS for urine), with correlation coefficients of 0.923 and 0.844 for serum and urine samples, respectively. In the case of serum samples, 25(OH)D3 levels determined by the NLucVDR assay were in good agreement with those determined by ECLIA. Therefore, the NLucVDR assay is a useful tool for measuring serum 25(OH)D3 levels. The contribution of each vitamin D metabolite to the luminescence intensity obtained during the NLucVDR assay depends on its concentration and affinity for NLucVDR. Thus, the contribution of 25(OH)D3 in serum appears to be much higher than that of the other metabolites. In contrast, the 25(OH)D3 levels in the urine determined by the NLucVDR assay were more than 20-fold higher than those determined by a standard analytical method (LC-MS/MS), suggesting that some vitamin D metabolite(s) in the urine remarkably increased the luminescence intensity of the NLucVDR assay. Notably, the 25(OH)D3 concentration in the urine determined by the NLucVDR assay and the serum 25(OH)D3 concentration determined by standard analytical methods showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.568). These results suggest that the analysis of a small amount of urine using the NLucVDR assay may be useful for predicting the serum 25(OH)D3 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kushioka
- FANCL Research Institute, FANCL Corporation, 12-13 Kamishinano, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0806, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Sayuri Matsuoka
- FANCL Research Institute, FANCL Corporation, 12-13 Kamishinano, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0806, Japan
| | - Miyu Nishikawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Kaori Yasuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ikushiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan.
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Binick S, Matthews SW, Kamp KJ, Heitkemper M. Vitamin D Measurement: Clinical Practice and Research Implications. J Nurse Pract 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nurpra.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Alexandridou A, Volmer DA. Sample preparation techniques for extraction of vitamin D metabolites from non-conventional biological sample matrices prior to LC-MS/MS analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:4613-4632. [PMID: 35501505 PMCID: PMC9174318 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The determination of vitamin D metabolites as status marker or for diagnostic purposes is almost entirely conducted from blood serum or plasma. Other biological matrices, however, have also interested researchers, for two main reasons: (1) alternative matrices may allow non-invasive sampling, permit easier sample transfer and require less demanding storage conditions; and (2) the levels of vitamin D metabolites in other body compartments may further aid the understanding of vitamin D metabolism and function. Thus, the development of reliable and efficient sample preparation protocols for sample matrices other than serum/plasma, which will remove potential interferences and selectively extract the targeted metabolites, is of great importance. This review summarizes sample preparation methods for measurement of vitamin D metabolites using liquid chromatography-(tandem)mass spectrometry in more than ten different human tissues, including hair, saliva, adipose tissue, brain and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Alexandridou
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
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Alexandridou A, Schorr P, Stokes CS, Volmer DA. Analysis of vitamin D metabolic markers by mass spectrometry: Recent progress regarding the "gold standard" method and integration into clinical practice. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021. [PMID: 34967037 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry is firmly established today as the gold standard technique for analysis of vitamin D, both for vitamin D status assessments as well as for measuring complex and intricate vitamin D metabolic fingerprints. While the actual mass spectrometry technology has seen only incremental performance increases in recent years, there have been major, very impactful changes in the front- and back-end of MS-based vitamin D assays; for example, the extension to new types of biological sample matrices analyzed for an increasing number of different vitamin D metabolites, novel sample preparation techniques, new powerful chemical derivatization reagents, as well the continued integration of high resolution mass spectrometers into clinical laboratories, replacing established triple-quadrupole instruments. At the same time, the sustainability of mass spectrometry operation in the vitamin D field is now firmly established through proven analytical harmonization and standardization programs. The present review summarizes the most important of these recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pascal Schorr
- Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Caroline S Stokes
- Food and Health Research Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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8
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The potential of salivary biomarkers of nutritional status and dietary intake: A Systematic Review. J Dent 2021; 115:103840. [PMID: 34624418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore whether nutritional salivary biomarkers could be used to aid nutritional status assessment and/or support traditional dietary assessment methods for patients. DATA AND SOURCES Searches were performed using four electronic databases; MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Science. Trial registers (i.e. Cochrane), grey literature and reference lists were searched. STUDY SELECTION Studies which measured nutritional salivary biomarkers related to nutritional status and/or dietary intake outcome were included. No restrictions on participants' age, study design, publication date, setting or health status. Animal studies, non-English language studies, commentaries, and conference abstracts were excluded. RESULTS Study titles and abstracts were screened (n = 7982), full-texts assessed (n = 176) and 85 studies were included in a narrative synthesis. The most promising salivary biomarkers for nutritional status included: glucose, where saliva and serum levels were positively correlated in those with type 2 diabetes (T2D), higher salivary calcium levels in post-menopausal women in general and specifically those with lower bone mineral density (BMD), and salivary vitamin D to assess vitamin D status in healthy volunteers. Higher salivary total antioxidant capacity (TAC), nitrate/nitrite and fluoride were observed with increased antioxidant, nitrate/nitrite and fluoride dietary intake, respectively. A meta-analysis found significantly higher mean salivary glucose (n = 12) in T2D compared with healthy controls, but there was substantial heterogeneity (I2=94%) and evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS The most promising salivary biomarkers identified in this systematic review were, glucose, vitamin D, calcium, TAC, nitrate/nitrite and fluoride. However, this was based on a small number of studies of varying quality, with many lacking a salivary assay performance assessment. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE At present, nutritional salivary biomarkers cannot be used alone to assess nutritional status or dietary intake. Further research into the most promising nutritional salivary biomarkers is required.
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Boroumand M, Olianas A, Cabras T, Manconi B, Fanni D, Faa G, Desiderio C, Messana I, Castagnola M. Saliva, a bodily fluid with recognized and potential diagnostic applications. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3677-3690. [PMID: 34350708 PMCID: PMC9290823 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human whole saliva is a bodily fluid that can be obtained easily by noninvasive techniques. Specimens can be collected by the patient also at home in order to monitor health status and variations of several analytes of clinical interest. The contributions to whole saliva include secretions from salivary glands and, among others, from the gingival crevicular fluid that derives from the epithelial mucosa. Therefore, saliva is currently a relevant diagnostic fluid for many substances, including steroids, nonpeptide hormones, therapeutic drugs, and drugs of abuse. This review at first briefly describes the different contributions to whole saliva. A section illustrates the procedures for the collection, handling, and storage of salivary specimens. Another section describes the present use of whole saliva for diagnostic purposes and its specific utilization for the diagnosis of several local and systemic diseases. The final sections illustrate the future opportunities offered by various not conventional techniques with a focus on the most recent –omic investigations. It describes the various issues that have to be taken into account to avoid false positives and negatives, such as the strength of the experimental plan, the adequacy of the number of samples under study, and the proper choice of controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhgan Boroumand
- Laboratorio di Proteomica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Olianas
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Daniela Fanni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Patologia, Università di Cagliari, AOU of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gavino Faa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Patologia, Università di Cagliari, AOU of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Claudia Desiderio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Roma, Italy
| | - Irene Messana
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Laboratorio di Proteomica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy
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Nikolac Gabaj N, Unic A, Miler M, Pavicic T, Culej J, Bolanca I, Herman Mahecic D, Milevoj Kopcinovic L, Vrtaric A. In sickness and in health: pivotal role of vitamin D. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2021; 30:020501. [PMID: 32550812 PMCID: PMC7271749 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2020.020501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the last several years, frequency of vitamin D testing has multiplied substantially all over the world, since it has been shown to have an important role in many diseases and conditions. Even though liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been identified as "gold standard" method for vitamin D measurement, most laboratories still use immunochemistry methods. Besides analytical problems (hydrophobicity, low circulating concentrations, ability to bind to lipids, albumins and vitamin D binding protein, presence of multiple vitamin D metabolites and variable ratios of 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3 in the blood), vitamin D shows great preanalytical variability, since its concentration is drastically influenced by seasonal changes, exposure to sun, type of clothes or sun block creams. Vitamin D is mostly measured in serum or plasma, but new studies are showing importance of measuring vitamin D in pleural effusions, breast milk, urine, synovial fluid and saliva. Besides the main role in calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism, many studies linked vitamin D deficiency with cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, fertility and many other conditions. However, even though initial observational studies indicated that supplementation with vitamin D might be beneficial in disease development and progression; first results of well-designed randomized controlled prospective studies did not find differences in frequency of cardiovascular events or invasive cancer between patients taking vitamin D supplementation compared to placebo. In the light of these recent findings, validity of excessive vitamin D testing remains an open question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Nikolac Gabaj
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Adriana Unic
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijana Miler
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Pavicic
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Culej
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Bolanca
- Department of Human Reproduction, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davorka Herman Mahecic
- Department for Endocrinology, Dieabetes and Metabolism, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lara Milevoj Kopcinovic
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alen Vrtaric
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
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Hurst EA, Homer NZ, Mellanby RJ. Vitamin D Metabolism and Profiling in Veterinary Species. Metabolites 2020; 10:E371. [PMID: 32942601 PMCID: PMC7569877 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10090371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for vitamin D analysis in veterinary species is increasing with the growing knowledge of the extra-skeletal role vitamin D plays in health and disease. The circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin-D (25(OH)D) metabolite is used to assess vitamin D status, and the benefits of analysing other metabolites in the complex vitamin D pathway are being discovered in humans. Profiling of the vitamin D pathway by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) facilitates simultaneous analysis of multiple metabolites in a single sample and over wide dynamic ranges, and this method is now considered the gold-standard for quantifying vitamin D metabolites. However, very few studies report using LC-MS/MS for the analysis of vitamin D metabolites in veterinary species. Given the complexity of the vitamin D pathway and the similarities in the roles of vitamin D in health and disease between humans and companion animals, there is a clear need to establish a comprehensive, reliable method for veterinary analysis that is comparable to that used in human clinical practice. In this review, we highlight the differences in vitamin D metabolism between veterinary species and the benefits of measuring vitamin D metabolites beyond 25(OH)D. Finally, we discuss the analytical challenges in profiling vitamin D in veterinary species with a focus on LC-MS/MS methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A. Hurst
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK;
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 4TJ, UK;
| | - Natalie Z. Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 4TJ, UK;
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK;
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