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Santi D, Cignarelli A, Baldi M, Sansone A, Spaggiari G, Simoni M, Corona G. The chronic alcohol consumption influences the gonadal axis in men: Results from a meta-analysis. Andrology 2024; 12:768-780. [PMID: 37705506 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low testosterone concentrations affect 2-13% of adult males, with a direct association between reduction in testosterone (T) concentrations and cardiovascular events. Lifestyle habits have been linked to visceral fat accumulation and endocrine disorders like secondary hypogonadism. Alcohol intake has also been a topic of debate, with studies showing a detrimental effect on sperm production and underlying mechanisms. This meta-analysis aims to comprehensively evaluate the effect of alcohol consumption on T serum concentrations in adult men. METHODS The literature search included only controlled clinical trials comparing men who drink alcohol to men who do not, or who assumed placebo or nonalcoholic beverages. The primary outcome was the comparison of total testosterone serum concentrations between the study and control groups. The publications were examined for publication bias using Egger's test. RESULTS Twenty-one studies were included in the analysis for a total of 30 trials that examined the effects of alcohol consumption on testosterone level in 10,199 subjects. The meta-analysis showed that alcohol consumption overall is related to significant reduction in circulating concentrations of total testosterone (mean difference [MD] = -4.02; 95% CI -6.30, -1.73), free T (MD = -0.17; 95% CI -0.23, -0.12), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) (MD = -1.94; 95% CI -3.37, -0.48), an increase in estradiol (E2) (MD = 7.65; 95% CI 1.06, 14.23) and neutral effect on luteinizing hormone (LH) (MD = -0.15; 95% CI -0.36, 0.06), independently by age, body mass index (BMI), E2, and LH serum concentrations and alcohol intake. However, these results are evident only in healthy men exposed to chronic alcohol consumption and not in those with a recognized diagnosis of alcohol use disorder or after acute alcohol intake. CONCLUSION This study suggests how chronic alcohol consumption may inhibit the gonadal axis in healthy men, although the exact pathophysiological mechanisms connecting alcohol exposure and steroidogenesis are still not completely clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Santi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
- Unit of Andrology and Sexual Medicine of the Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Angelo Cignarelli
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Matteo Baldi
- Unit of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, presidio Molinette, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Sansone
- Chair of Endocrinology and Medical Sexology (ENDOSEX), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Spaggiari
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
- Unit of Andrology and Sexual Medicine of the Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
- Unit of Andrology and Sexual Medicine of the Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
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De Vincentis S, Greco C, Fanelli F, Decaroli MC, Diazzi C, Mezzullo M, Milic J, De Santis MC, Roli L, Pagotto U, Guaraldi G, Rochira V. Sarcopenic obesity and reduced BMD in young men living with HIV: body composition and sex steroids interplay. J Endocrinol Invest 2024:10.1007/s40618-024-02375-6. [PMID: 38643322 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-024-02375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sex steroids play a key role on male bone homeostasis and body composition (BC), their role in men living with HIV (MLWH) is less recognized. This study aimed at investigating the prevalence of low BMD, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity (SO) and their relationship with sex steroids in MLWH aged < 50. METHODS Prospective, cross-sectional, observational study on MLWH younger than 50 (median age 47.0 years). BC and BMD were evaluated with DXA. Two different definitions of sarcopenia were applied: appendicular lean mass/height2 (ALMI) < 7.26 kg/m2 or appendicular lean mass/body weight (ALM/W) < 28.27%. Low BMD was defined for Z-score < -2.0. Sarcopenia coupled with obesity identified SO. Serum total testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) were measured by LC-MS/MS; free testosterone (cFT) was calculated by Vermeulen equation. RESULTS Sarcopenia was detected in 107 (34.9%) and 44 (14.3%) out of 307 MLWH according to ALMI and ALM/W, respectively. The prevalence of SO was similar by using both ALMI (11.4%) and ALM/W (12.4%). Sarcopenic and SO MLWH had lower total T and cFT in both the definition for sarcopenia. BMD was reduced in 43/307 (14.0%). Serum E2 < 18 pg/mL was an independent contributing factor for sarcopenia, SO, and low BMD. CONCLUSIONS T and E2 are important determinants of BC even in MLWH. This is among the first studies investigating the distribution of obesity phenotypes and the prevalence of SO among MLWH showing that SO is present in 11-12% of enrolled MLWH regardless of the definition used. However, deep differences emerged using two different diagnostic definitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S De Vincentis
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giardini, 1355, 41126, Modena, Italy.
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy.
| | - C Greco
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giardini, 1355, 41126, Modena, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - F Fanelli
- Endocrinology Research Group, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M C Decaroli
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giardini, 1355, 41126, Modena, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - C Diazzi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - M Mezzullo
- Endocrinology Research Group, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - J Milic
- Multidisciplinary Metabolic Clinic, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - M C De Santis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - L Roli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - U Pagotto
- Endocrinology Research Group, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Guaraldi
- Multidisciplinary Metabolic Clinic, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - V Rochira
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giardini, 1355, 41126, Modena, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
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Cao J, Chen XY. Stable and reproducible MIP-ECL sensors for ultra-sensitive and accurate quantitative detection of Estrone. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1329129. [PMID: 38405376 PMCID: PMC10893587 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1329129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Estrone (E1), as an endogenous estrogen, has a variety of physiological functions in human body and is of great significance to human health. On the other hand, it is a widely distributed and highly disturbing environmental endocrine disruptor in water. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive method for the on-site determination of E1, which is not only for clinical diagnosis and treatment, but also for the investigation and monitoring of endogenous estrogen pollution in environmental water. In this study, Ru(bpy)3 2+/MWCNTs/Nafion/gold electrodes were prepared by surface electrostatic adsorption and ion exchange. A molecularly imprinted membrane (MIP) with the capability to recognize E1 molecules was prepared by sol-gel method, and the electrodes were modified with MIP to form an electrochemical luminescence sensor (MIP-ECL). This method simultaneously possesses ECL's advantage of high sensitivity and MIP's advantage of high selectivity. Moreover, the addition of carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-COOH) improved the functionalization of the gold electrode surface and increased the binding sites of MIP. Meanwhile, the good conductivity of MWCNTs promoted electron transfer and further improved the sensitivity of the sensor. The sensor showed a wide linear interval in which the E1 concentrations can range from 0.1 μg/L to 200 μg/L, along with a high linear correlation coefficient (R 2 = 0.999). The linear regression equation of the sensor was Y = 243.64x-79.989, and the detection limit (LOD) was 0.0047 μg/L. To validate our sensor, actual samples were also measured by the reference method (LC-MS/MS), and it was found that the relative deviation of quantitative results of the two different methods was less than 4.1%. This indicates that the quantitative results obtained by this sensor are accurate and can be used for rapid in situ determination of E1 in clinical samples and environmental water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cao
- Scientific Research and Experiment Center, Fujian Police College, Fuzhou, China
- Fuzhou University Postdoctoral Research Station of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian ShiMing Judicial Expertise Center, Fujian Police College, Fuzhou, China
- Regional Counter-Terrorism Research Centre, Fujian Police College, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
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De Vincentis S, Decaroli MC, Milic J, Fanelli F, Tartaro G, Diazzi C, Mezzullo M, De Santis MC, Roli L, Trenti T, Santi D, Pagotto U, Guaraldi G, Rochira V. Determinants of sexual function in men living with HIV younger than 50 years old: Focus on organic, relational, and psychological issues. Andrology 2023; 11:954-969. [PMID: 36585963 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual dysfunctions, particularly erectile dysfunction, are common in men living with HIV, whose organic and psychological components remain to be clarified. The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of risk factors of sexual dysfunctions, including organic, relational, and psychological determinants of erectile function, in men living with HIV younger than 50 years old. METHODS A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted in men living with HIV < 50 years. The questionnaire International Index of Erectile Function-15 was used to assess the prevalence and degree of erectile dysfunction. The structured interview of erectile dysfunction was used to explore the organic (Scale 1), relational (Scale 2), and psychological (Scale 3) components of erectile dysfunction. Total testosterone, estradiol, and dihydrotestosterone were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem-mass spectrometry; free testosterone was calculated by the Vermeulen equation. RESULTS A total of 313 consecutive men living with HIV were prospectively enrolled (median age 47.0 years; median HIV-infection duration 16.2 years). 187 patients (59.7%) had erectile dysfunction, with a higher prevalence of non-heterosexual (138 out of 187, 73.8%) than heterosexual patients (p = 0.003). Patients with erectile dysfunction showed a worse score of structured interview of erectile dysfunction scale 3 compared to patients without erectile dysfunction (p = 0.025); the International Index of Erectile Function-15 was inversely related to structured interview of erectile dysfunction scale 3 (p = 0.042). No difference was found for sex steroids (total testosterone, estradiol, free testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone) between men living with HIV with and without erectile dysfunction. In the multivariate analysis sexual orientation, and lack of stable relationships were major determinants for erectile dysfunction. Only 35 of 187 patients with erectile dysfunction (18.7%) reported the use of erectile dysfunction medications. CONCLUSIONS Within the multidimensional network of erectile dysfunction in men living with HIV, the psychological component is predominant, highlighting the contribution of peculiar factors related to HIV distress (e.g., fear of virus transmission, stigma) rather than gonadal status and other classical risk factors. In contrast to the high prevalence, only a few patients reported the use of erectile dysfunction medications suggesting a general under-management of such issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara De Vincentis
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Medical Specialties, Unit of Endocrinology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Decaroli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Medical Specialties, Unit of Endocrinology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Jovana Milic
- Multidisciplinary Metabolic Clinic, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Flaminia Fanelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Tartaro
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Medical Specialties, Unit of Endocrinology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Chiara Diazzi
- Department of Medical Specialties, Unit of Endocrinology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Mezzullo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Laura Roli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Tommaso Trenti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniele Santi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Medical Specialties, Unit of Endocrinology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Uberto Pagotto
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Guaraldi
- Multidisciplinary Metabolic Clinic, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Rochira
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Medical Specialties, Unit of Endocrinology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
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Gashaw I, Reif S, Wiesinger H, Kaiser A, Zollmann FS, Scheerans C, Grevel J, Piraino P, Seidel H, Peters M, Rottmann A, Rohde B, Arlt W, Hilpert J. Novel aldo-keto reductase 1C3 inhibitor affects androgen metabolism but not ovarian function in healthy women: a phase 1 study. Eur J Endocrinol 2023; 188:578-591. [PMID: 37306288 PMCID: PMC10376460 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvad063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) has been postulated to be involved in androgen, progesterone, and estrogen metabolism. Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 inhibition has been proposed for treatment of endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome. Clinical biomarkers of target engagement, which can greatly facilitate drug development, have not yet been described for AKR1C3 inhibitors. Here, we analyzed pharmacodynamic data from a phase 1 study with a new selective AKR1C3 inhibitor, BAY1128688, to identify response biomarkers and assess effects on ovarian function. DESIGN In a multiple-ascending-dose placebo-controlled study, 33 postmenopausal women received BAY1128688 (3, 30, or 90 mg once daily or 60 mg twice daily) or placebo for 14 days. Eighteen premenopausal women received 60 mg BAY1128688 once or twice daily for 28 days. METHODS We measured 17 serum steroids by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, alongside analysis of pharmacokinetics, menstrual cyclicity, and safety parameters. RESULTS In both study populations, we observed substantial, dose-dependent increases in circulating concentrations of the inactive androgen metabolite androsterone and minor increases in circulating etiocholanolone and dihydrotestosterone concentrations. In premenopausal women, androsterone concentrations increased 2.95-fold on average (95% confidence interval: 0.35-3.55) during once- or twice-daily treatment. Note, no concomitant changes in serum 17β-estradiol and progesterone were observed, and menstrual cyclicity and ovarian function were not altered by the treatment. CONCLUSIONS Serum androsterone was identified as a robust response biomarker for AKR1C3 inhibitor treatment in women. Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 inhibitor administration for 4 weeks did not affect ovarian function.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02434640; EudraCT Number: 2014-005298-36.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Gashaw
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Reif
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Herbert Wiesinger
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Kaiser
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Joachim Grevel
- Clinical Development, Bast GmbH, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paolo Piraino
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Seidel
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michaele Peters
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Rottmann
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Rohde
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Hilpert
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Fanelli F, Magagnoli M, Mezzullo M, Lispi M, Limoncella S, Tommasini A, Pelusi C, Santi D, Simoni M, Pagotto U, Casarini L. Exploring the human chorionic gonadotropin induced steroid secretion profile of mouse Leydig tumor cell line 1 by a 20 steroid LC-MS/MS panel. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 229:106270. [PMID: 36764496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The canonical androgen synthesis in Leydig cells involves Δ5 and Δ4 steroids. Besides, the backdoor pathway, eompassing 5α and 5α,3α steroids, is gaining interest in fetal and adult pathophysiology. Moreover, the role of androgen epimers and progesterone metabolites is still unknown. We developed a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for measuring 20 steroids and used it to investigate the steroid secretion induced by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the mouse Leydig tumor cell line 1 (mLTC1). Steroids were extracted from 500 µL supernatants from unstimulated or 100 pM hCG-exposed mLTC1 cells, separated on a Luna C8 100 × 3 mm, 3 µm column, with 100 µM NH4F and methanol as mobile phases, and analyzed by positive electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring. Sensitivity ranged within 0.012-38.0 nmol/L. Intra-assay and inter-assay imprecision were < 9.1% and 10.0%, respectively. Trueness, recovery and matrix factor were within 93.4-122.0, 55.6-104.1 and 76.4-106.3%, respectively. Levels of 16OH-progesterone, 11-deoxycortisol, androstenedione, 11-deoxycorticosterone, testosterone, 17OH-progesterone, androstenedione, epitestosterone, dihydrotestosterone, progesterone, androsterone and 17OH-allopregnanolone were effectively measured. Traces of 17OH-dihydroprogesterone, androstanediol and dihydroprogesterone were found, whereas androstenediol, 17OH-pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, pregnenolone and allopregnanolone showed no peak. hCG induced an increase of 80.2-102.5 folds in 16OH-progesterone, androstenedione and testosterone, 16.6 in dihydrotestosterone, 12.2-27.5 in epitestosterone, progesterone and metabolites, 8.1 in 17OH-allopregnanolone and ≤ 3.3 in 5α and 5α,3α steroids. In conclusion, our LC-MS/MS method allows exploring the Leydig steroidogenesis flow according to multiple pathways. Beside the expected stimulation of the canonical pathway, hCG increased progesterone metabolism and, to a low extent, the backdoor route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Fanelli
- Endocrinology research group, Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Matteo Magagnoli
- Endocrinology research group, Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Mezzullo
- Endocrinology research group, Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Lispi
- International Ph.D. School in Clinical and Experimental Medicine (CEM), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Global Medical Affair, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Silvia Limoncella
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia. Ospedale di Baggiovara, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Alessia Tommasini
- Endocrinology research group, Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Carla Pelusi
- Endocrinology research group, Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Italy; Endocrinology and Prevention and Care of Diabetes Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Santi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia. Ospedale di Baggiovara, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy; Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena. Ospedale di Baggiovara, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia. Ospedale di Baggiovara, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy; Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena. Ospedale di Baggiovara, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy; Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Uberto Pagotto
- Endocrinology research group, Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Italy; Endocrinology and Prevention and Care of Diabetes Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Italy
| | - Livio Casarini
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia. Ospedale di Baggiovara, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy; Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Ponzetto F, Parasiliti-Caprino M, Gesmundo I, Marinelli L, Nonnato A, Nicoli R, Kuuranne T, Mengozzi G, Ghigo E, Settanni F. Single-run UHPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of endogenous steroids and their phase II metabolites in serum for anti-doping purposes. Talanta 2023; 255:124218. [PMID: 36603442 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Anti-doping rule violations related to the abuse of endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids can be currently discovered by the urinary steroidal module of Athlete Biological Passport. Since this powerful tool is still subjected to some limitations due to various confounding factors altering the steroid profile, alternative strategies have been constantly proposed. Among these, the measurement of blood concentrations of endogenous steroid hormones by LC-MS is currently of increasing interest in anti-doping, bringing significant advantages for the detection of testosterone abuse in females and in individuals with deletion of UGT2B17 enzyme. Although various research groups have made significant efforts in method development, there is currently no accepted or harmonized anti-doping method for quantitative analysis of the various testosterone doping markers in blood. In this study we present a UHPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of major circulating steroid hormones together with an extended panel of glucuro- and sulpho-conjugated phase II metabolites of androgens. Chromatographic setup was optimized by comparing the performance of three different C18 stationary phases and by the careful selection of mobile phases with the aim of separating all the target steroids, including numerous isomeric/isobaric compounds. MS parameters were fine-tuned to obtain the sensitivity needed for measuring the target analytes, that show specific serum concentrations ranging from low pg/mL for less abundant compounds to μg/mL for sulpho-conjugated steroids. Finally, sample preparation protocol was developed for the extraction of steroid hormones from 200 μL of serum and the performance was evaluated in terms of extraction recovery and matrix effect. The final method was then applied to authentic serum samples collected from healthy volunteers (40 males and 40 females) at the Blood Bank of the City of Health and Science University Hospital of Turin. The analysis of these samples allowed to obtain results on serum concentrations of the targeted steroids, with particular emphasis on previously undiscovered phase II metabolites, such as the isomers of 5-androstane-3,17-diol glucuronide. This preliminary application also enabled measuring dihydrotestosterone sulphate in male samples, efficiently separating this analyte from its isomer, epiandrosterone sulphate, which circulates in blood at high concentrations. The promising results of this study are encouraging for the measurement of blood steroid profile markers in serum and plasma samples for Athlete Biological Passport purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ponzetto
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin; Turin, Italy.
| | - Mirko Parasiliti-Caprino
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin; Turin, Italy
| | - Iacopo Gesmundo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin; Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Marinelli
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin; Turin, Italy
| | - Antonello Nonnato
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory; City of Health and Science University Hospital; Turin, Italy
| | - Raul Nicoli
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine Geneva and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine Geneva and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giulio Mengozzi
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory; City of Health and Science University Hospital; Turin, Italy
| | - Ezio Ghigo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin; Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio Settanni
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin; Turin, Italy; Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory; City of Health and Science University Hospital; Turin, Italy
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8
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Anker SC, Morgenstern J, Adler J, Brune M, Brings S, Fleming T, Kliemank E, Zorn M, Fischer A, Szendroedi J, Kihm L, Zemva J. Verification of sex- and age-specific reference intervals for 13 serum steroids determined by mass spectrometry: evaluation of an indirect statistical approach. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:452-463. [PMID: 36537103 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Conventionally, reference intervals are established by direct methods, which require a well-characterized, obviously healthy study population. This elaborate approach is time consuming, costly and has rarely been applied to steroid hormones measured by mass spectrometry. In this feasibility study, we investigate whether indirect methods based on routine laboratory results can be used to verify reference intervals from external sources. METHODS A total of 11,259 serum samples were used to quantify 13 steroid hormones by mass spectrometry. For indirect estimation of reference intervals, we applied a "modified Hoffmann approach", and verified the results with a more sophisticated statistical method (refineR). We compared our results with those of four recent studies using direct approaches. RESULTS We evaluated a total of 81 sex- and age-specific reference intervals, for which at least 120 measurements were available. The overall agreement between indirectly and directly determined reference intervals was surprisingly good as nearly every fourth reference limit could be confirmed by narrow tolerance limits. Furthermore, lower reference limits could be provided for some low concentrated hormones by the indirect method. In cases of substantial deviations, our results matched the underlying data better than reference intervals from external studies. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows for the first time that indirect methods are a valuable tool to verify existing reference intervals for steroid hormones. A simple "modified Hoffmann approach" based on the general assumption of a normal or lognormal distribution model is sufficient for screening purposes, while the refineR algorithm may be used for a more detailed analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie C Anker
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jakob Morgenstern
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jakob Adler
- Medical Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Genetics Prof. Schenk/Dr. Ansorge & Colleagues, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Maik Brune
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brings
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Fleming
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kliemank
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Zorn
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Fischer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Division Vascular Signaling and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Szendroedi
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lars Kihm
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Zemva
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
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9
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Simultaneous Measurement of Cortisol, Cortisone, Dexamethasone and Additional Exogenous Corticosteroids by Rapid and Sensitive LC-MS/MS Analysis. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010248. [PMID: 36615443 PMCID: PMC9821861 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The simultaneous measurement of dexamethasone and cortisol has proven the ability to increase the diagnostic performance of the overnight dexamethasone-suppression test. Furthermore, the therapeutic drug monitoring of administered corticosteroid drugs could represent a crucial tool for investigating unexpected variations of steroid hormones' circulating levels. In this work, an LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of cortisol, cortisone, dexamethasone and six additional exogenous corticosteroids in the serum/plasma matrix was developed and validated in compliance with the ISO/IEC requirements. To assess the efficiency of the validated method, serum samples of 75 patients undergoing the dexamethasone-suppression test and 21 plasma samples of patients under immunosuppressive treatment after kidney transplant were analyzed. In all dexamethasone-suppression test samples, it was possible to measure the circulating levels of cortisol, cortisone and dexamethasone. Concentrations of the latter were for all tested patients above the proposed cutoff for the dexamethasone-suppression test's results, and the cortisol concentrations showed good correlation with the ones measured by routine immunometric analysis, therefore confirming the screening outcome for all enrolled patients. Prednisone was detected and quantified in all enrolled patients, confirming the use of such a corticosteroid for immunosuppressive therapy. Thanks to these two applications, we proved the overall performance of the developed LC-MS/MS method for four target analytes. The future implementation of such an analytical tool in the clinical biochemistry laboratory's routine will guarantee a single and versatile tool for simultaneously monitoring dexamethasone-suppression-test results and corticosteroid drugs' administration.
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10
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De Vincentis S, Decaroli MC, Fanelli F, Diazzi C, Mezzullo M, Tartaro G, Tagliavini S, De Santis MC, Roli L, Milic J, Trenti T, Pagotto U, Guaraldi G, Rochira V. Primary, secondary and compensated male biochemical hypogonadism in people living with HIV (PLWH): relevance of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) measurement and comparison between liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and chemiluminescent immunoassay for sex steroids assay. Aging Male 2022; 25:41-53. [PMID: 35318882 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2022.2039116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data about classification of hypogonadism and estrogen deficiency in male people living with HIV (PLWH) are scanty. AIM To investigate the prevalence and characterization of biochemical hypogonadism and relative estrogen deficiency in male PLWH aged < 50 comparing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with chemiluminescent immunoassay (CI), and combining gonadotropin, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and serum estradiol (E2) measurements. METHODS Prospective, cross-sectional, observational study. Serum total testosterone (TT), E2, gonadotropins, SHBG were measured by CI. TT and E2 were also assessed by LC-MS/MS. Free testosterone (cFT) was calculated by Vermeulen equation. RESULTS A total of 316 PLWH (45.3 ± 5.3 years) were enrolled. TT and cFT by LC-MS/MS were lower compared to CI (p < 0.0001). The prevalence of biochemical hypogonadism was higher with LC-MS/MS than CI, both for TT (5.1% vs 3.2%, p < 0.0001) or cFT (9.5% vs 7%, p < 0.0001). The prevalence of hypogonadism (overt + compensated) was 17.1% for cFT using LC-MS/MS. Secondary form of hypogonadism was more prevalent than primary. The prevalence of relative estrogen deficiency was of 30.0% among hypogonadal patients and 15.5% among eugonadal. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of male hypogonadism results underestimated by CI compared to LC-MS/MS in PLWH, both for TT and cFT. SHBG and gonadotropins are essential for detecting T deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara De Vincentis
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Decaroli
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Flaminia Fanelli
- Unit of Endocrinology and Prevention and Care of Diabetes, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Sant'Orsola Policlinic Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Diazzi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Mezzullo
- Unit of Endocrinology and Prevention and Care of Diabetes, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Sant'Orsola Policlinic Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Tartaro
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Simonetta Tagliavini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Laura Roli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Jovana Milic
- Multidisciplinary Metabolic Clinic, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Tommaso Trenti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Uberto Pagotto
- Unit of Endocrinology and Prevention and Care of Diabetes, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Sant'Orsola Policlinic Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Guaraldi
- Multidisciplinary Metabolic Clinic, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Rochira
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
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11
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Kitamura T, Blinder AR, Nanba K, Tsuiki M, Mishina M, Okuno H, Moriyoshi K, Yamazaki Y, Sasano H, Yoneyama K, Udager AM, Rainey WE, Yasoda A, Satoh-Asahara N, Tagami T. ACTH-independent production of 11-oxygenated androgens and glucocorticoids in an adrenocortical adenoma. Eur J Endocrinol 2022; 187:K39-K45. [PMID: 36691941 DOI: 10.1530/eje-22-0508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Due to its rarity, biochemical and histologic characteristics of androgen and glucocorticoid co-secreting adrenocortical adenomas are largely unknown. Herein, we report a case of adrenocortical adenoma that caused marked hyperandrogenemia and mild autonomous cortisol secretion. In this study, we investigated serum steroid profiles using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and histologic characteristics of the resected tumor. LC-MS/MS revealed highly elevated levels of 11-oxygenated androgens which have not been well studied in adrenal tumors. The expression patterns of steroidogenic enzymes determined by immunohistochemistry supported the results of steroid profiling and suggested the capacity of the tumor cells to produce 11-oxygenated androgens. Measurement of 11-oxygenated steroids should facilitate a better understanding of androgen-producing adrenocortical neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kitamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Amy R Blinder
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kazutaka Nanba
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Hypertension Research, Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mika Tsuiki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mutsuki Mishina
- Department of Urology, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okuno
- Department of Urology, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koki Moriyoshi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuto Yamazaki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Aaron M Udager
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William E Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Akihiro Yasoda
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriko Satoh-Asahara
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Hypertension Research, Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tagami
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Hypertension Research, Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto, Japan
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12
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Design and Validation of a Sensitive Multisteroid LC-MS/MS Assay for the Routine Clinical Use: One-Step Sample Preparation with Phospholipid Removal and Comparison to Immunoassays. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314691. [PMID: 36499017 PMCID: PMC9736865 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid analysis in clinical laboratories is dominated by immunoassays (IAs) that have a high sample turnover but are inherently limited in trueness, precision, and sensitivity. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has proved to be a far more capable tool, delivering better sensitivity, specificity, and the possibility of parallel analysis of multiple steroids and metabolites, providing the endocrinologist with more reliable and comprehensive diagnostic information. An LC-MS/MS assay with gradient elution over less than eight minutes and a one-step sample preparation combining protein precipitation with phospholipid removal of off-line solid-phase extraction was developed and validated. It allowed the quantification of 11-deoxycorticosterone (11-DOC), 11-deoxycortisol (11-DF), 17-OH-progesterone (17P), 21-deoxycortisol (21-DF), androstenedione (ANDRO), aldosterone (ALDO), corticosterone (CC), cortisol (CL), cortisone (CN), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol (E2), progesterone (PROG), and testosterone (TES) in human serum. Interday imprecision was generally better than 15%, trueness was proven by recovery experiments with ISO 17034-certified reference materials, proficiency testing (UK NEQAS), and measuring serum reference standards. In-house comparison against IVD-CE-certified immunoassays (IA) for 17P, ANDRO, CL, DHEAS, E2, PROG, and TES was conducted by assessing leftover routine patient samples and purpose-built patient serum pools. None of the compared routine IAs were meeting the standards of the LC-MS/MS. Insufficient overall comparability was found for ANDRO and 17P (mean bias > +65%). Accuracy limitations at lower concentrations were present in IAs for PROG, E2, and TES.
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13
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Jia Y, Wang Z, Feng Y, Wang M, Jiang L, Yu Z, Shao X, He G, Liu Y. Validity of the association between five steroid hormones quantification and female infertility conditions: A new perspective for clinical diagnosis. Steroids 2022; 186:109086. [PMID: 35803387 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of endogenous steroids and their precursors is essential for diagnosis of a wide range of causes for female infertility. However, immunoassays often overestimate concentrations due to assay interference by other endogenous steroids, especially at low concentrations. In addition, it still lacks of diagnostic reference intervals for five sex steroid hormones, including estradiol (E2), 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP4), pregnenolone (P5) and progesterone (P4), which are crucial for distinguishing between normal individuals and female infertility. Therefore, we developed and validated a reliable and rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination and quantification of five sex hormones, giving the reference intervals to accurately evaluate and diagnose female infertility. Our results showed that the developed UPLC-MS/MS assay was fast, high throughput, reproducible, specific, accurate, highly sensitive, and fully validated for simultaneous determination of P5, P4, 17-OHP4, DOC and E2 in human follicular fluid. The simple sample preparation procedure in the current study gave reproducible and consistent recoveries. The validation results show that the UPLC-MS/MS assay has acceptable accuracy and precision at low concentrations, which permits their use in clinical study. In addition, our data gave the concentration range of five steroid hormones quantification in patients with female infertility and normal individuals. Our data can be used to accurately evaluate and diagnose female infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Jia
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Yuyi Feng
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Meixian Wang
- Department of Reproductive and Genetic Medicine Center, Dalian Municipal Women and Children's Medical Center, Dalian 116037, China
| | - Lili Jiang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Department of Reproductive and Genetic Medicine Center, Dalian Municipal Women and Children's Medical Center, Dalian 116037, China
| | - Xiaoguang Shao
- Department of Reproductive and Genetic Medicine Center, Dalian Municipal Women and Children's Medical Center, Dalian 116037, China
| | - Guiyuan He
- Department of Reproductive and Genetic Medicine Center, Dalian Municipal Women and Children's Medical Center, Dalian 116037, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China.
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14
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Shen H, Xu X, Fu Z, Xu C, Wang Y. The interactions of CAP and LYN with the insulin signaling transducer CBL play an important role in polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism 2022; 131:155164. [PMID: 35217034 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and insulin resistance. Evidence suggests that aberrations in insulin signaling-associated pathways may underlie PCOS pathogenesis. Our aim was to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying PCOS and associated insulin resistance using in silico analyses, in vitro cell models, and in vivo murine models. METHODS R-based bioinformatics analysis was performed on granulosa cell microarray data from three human cohorts: healthy control, PCOS patients without insulin resistance, and PCOS patients with insulin resistance. Transgenic human granulosa cell models were utilized for in vitro studies. Transgenic murine models of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced PCOS were utilized for in vivo studies. RESULTS Sorbin and SH3 Domain Containing 1 (SORBS1), the parent gene of the insulin receptor-associated Casitas B-lineage lymphoma protein (CBL)-associated protein (CAP), is a key downregulated gene in PCOS patients with insulin resistance. CAP binding to CBL reduced CBLY731 phosphorylation, CBL-phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) p85α interactivity, protein kinase B (Akt)S473 phosphorylation, and NFκB-induced inflammatory marker expression but enhanced CRKII-mediated membrane GLUT4 translocation in granulosa cells. In contrast, the tyrosine kinase Lck/Yes-Related Novel Protein (LYN) is upregulated in PCOS patients with insulin resistance. LYN binding to CBL enhanced CBLY731 phosphorylation, CBL-PI3K p85α interactivity, AktS473 phosphorylation, and NFκB-induced inflammatory marker expression but did not impact membrane GLUT4 translocation. In PCOS mice, Cap overexpression, Cap transactivation by metformin, or enhancing Cbl-CrkII binding improved insulin sensitivity and ovarian dysfunction (i.e., estrous cycle disruption, cyst-like follicle formation, and sex hormone dysregulation). In contrast, Lyn knockdown, Lyn inhibition by PP2, or CBL-PI3K p85α blockade improved only ovarian dysfunction. Cbl3YF phosphomutant overexpression (which enhances Cbl-CrkII binding but blocks Cbl-PI3K p85α binding) ameliorated both ovarian dysfunction and insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS The interactions of CAP and LYN with CBL, and the resulting effects on CBL phosphorylation and activity, may play an important role in PCOS pathogenesis. Targeting these players may be a viable therapeutic strategy for PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Shen
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, PR China.
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Zhongpeng Fu
- Department of Ultrasonography, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, PR China
| | - Chengjie Xu
- Department of Intelligence Science, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, PR China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200011, PR China.
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15
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Visconti G, Olesti E, González-Ruiz V, Glauser G, Tonoli D, Lescuyer P, Vuilleumier N, Rudaz S. Internal calibration as an emerging approach for endogenous analyte quantification: Application to steroids. Talanta 2021; 240:123149. [PMID: 34954616 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of mass spectrometry methods with triple quadrupole instruments is well established for quantification. However, the preparation of calibration curves can be time-consuming and prone to analytical errors. In this study, an innovative internal calibration (IC) approach using a one-standard calibration with a stable isotope-labeled (SIL) standard version of the endogenous compound was developed. To ensure optimal quantitative performance, the following parameters were evaluated: the stability of the analyte-to-SIL response factor (RF), the chemical and isotopic purities of the SIL, and the instrumental reproducibility. Using six clinically important endogenous steroids and their respective SIL standards, we demonstrated that RFs obtained on different LC-MS platforms were consistent. The quantitative performance of the proposed approach was determined using quality control samples prepared in depleted serum, and showed both satisfactory precision (1.3%-12.4%) and trueness (77.5%-107.0%, with only 3 values outside ±30%). The developed method was then applied to human serum samples, and the results were similar to those obtained with the conventional quantification approach based on external calibration: the Passing-Bablok regression showed a proportional bias of 6.8% and a mean difference of -5.9% between the two methodologies. Finally, we showed that the naturally occurring isotopes of the SIL can be used to provide additional calibration points and increase the accuracy for analytes with low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioele Visconti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eulalia Olesti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland
| | - Víctor González-Ruiz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland
| | - Gaëtan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - David Tonoli
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Lescuyer
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Vuilleumier
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland.
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16
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Peng R, Le J, Yang SL, Cheng JR, Li Y, Wang ST. Cold-induced phase separation for the simple and reliable extraction of sex hormones for subsequent LC-MS/MS analysis. J Lipid Res 2021; 63:100158. [PMID: 34863861 PMCID: PMC8953666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex hormones, including androgens, estrogens, and progestogens, are important biomarkers for various diseases. Quantification of sex hormones is typically conducted by LC-MS/MS. At present, most methods require liquid-liquid extraction or solid phase extraction for sample preparation. However, these pretreatments are prone to compromise LC-MS/MS throughput. To improve on the current standard practices, we investigated cold-induced phase separation for sex hormone extraction. After protein precipitation with acetonitrile and adjusting the solution constitution with water, samples were stored at −30°C for 10 min to generate two distinct phases: an acetonitrile-rich layer on top of a water-rich layer. During this process, the hydrophobic sex hormones spontaneously separate into the upper layer. This simple and reliable cold-induced phase separation-based LC-MS/MS methodology was used here to simultaneously detect estrone, estradiol, estriol, testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in serum. Validation of this method indicated satisfactory performance, including acceptable linearity, accuracy, precision, and tractability. Compared with the mainstream liquid-liquid extraction-based method, this new method exhibits significant progress in throughput, which shortens the time cost of sample preparation from 90 to 40 min. We propose that this method can be an excellent alternative for sex hormone analysis in routine clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Juan Le
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Shu-Lin Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jing-Ru Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Shao-Ting Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
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17
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Chang R, Ma C, Yu C, Zhang Q, Li Y, You J, Zhang S. Analysis of estrogens in milk samples using ionic liquid-modified covalent organic framework and stable isotope labeling technique. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03830-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Penell JC, Kushnir MM, Lind L, Bergquist J, Bergquist J, Lind PM, Naessen T. Concentrations of nine endogenous steroid hormones in 70-year-old men and women. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:511-520. [PMID: 33878730 PMCID: PMC8183619 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Circulating concentrations of endogenous steroids have systemic implications on health in elderly. However, population-based age- and ethnicity-specific data are scarce. The aim was to report sex-specific plasma concentrations of endogenous sex and adrenal steroids in elderly Swedish Caucasians, to examine the impact of BMI and to present concentrations in apparently healthy subjects. METHODS A population-based observational study of 70-year olds, including 684 community-dwelling men and women enrolled in the PIVUS study, Sweden. Median plasma concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for pregnenolone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxy-progesterone, 11-deoxycortisol, DHEA, androstenedione, testosterone, estrone and estradiol. RESULTS Plasma concentrations were significantly higher in men (n = 452) than in women (n = 232) for estradiol: median 61.3 pmol/L (95% CI, 11.4, 142.7) vs 18.4 (4.0, 127.3), for estrone: 92.8 (33.3, 206) vs 71.6 (17.8, 209) pmol/L, and for testosterone 13.8 (5.7, 28.0) vs 0.7 (0.2, 2.0) nmol/L. Higher concentrations of estrone and estradiol were observed in obese than non-obese women. Compared to non-obese men, obese men had lower concentrations of testosterone and its precursors: 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione and DHEA. The subgroup of apparently healthy individuals had median values > 20% lower for estrone and estradiol in women but slightly higher for testosterone in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS Concentrations of estradiol, estrone and testosterone were higher in 70-year-old men than in women. BMI associated positively to estradiol and estrone in women and negatively to testosterone in men. Apparently healthy women had lower median concentrations of estradiol and estrone and men had higher median testosterone compared to all individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Christina Penell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence should be addressed to J C Penell:
| | - Mark M Kushnir
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonatan Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry – BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Chemistry – BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Monica Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tord Naessen
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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19
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Olesti E, Boccard J, Visconti G, González-Ruiz V, Rudaz S. From a single steroid to the steroidome: Trends and analytical challenges. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 206:105797. [PMID: 33259940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For several decades now, the analysis of steroids has been a key tool in the diagnosis and monitoring of numerous endocrine pathologies. Thus, the available methods used to analyze steroids in biological samples have dramatically evolved over time following the rapid pace of technology and scientific knowledge. This review aims to synthetize the advances in steroids' analysis, from classical approaches considering only a few steroids or a limited number of steroid ratios, up to the new steroid profiling strategies (steroidomics) monitoring large sets of steroids in biological matrices. In this context, the use of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry has emerged as the technique of choice for the simultaneous determination of a high number of steroids, including phase II metabolites, due to its sensitivity and robustness. However, the large dynamic range to be covered, the low natural abundance of some key steroids, the selectivity of the analytical methods, the extraction protocols, and the steroid ionization remain some of the current challenges in steroid analysis. This review provides an overview of the different analytical workflows available depending on the number of steroids under study. Special emphasis is given to sample treatment, acquisition strategy, data processing, steroid identification and quantification using LC-MS approaches. This work also outlines how the availability of steroid standards, the need for complementary analytical strategies and the improvement of calibration approaches are crucial for achieving complete steroidome quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulalia Olesti
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland
| | - Julien Boccard
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland
| | - Gioele Visconti
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Víctor González-Ruiz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
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20
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Faqehi AM, Denham SG, Naredo G, Cobice DF, Khan S, Simpson JP, Sabil G, Upreti R, Gibb F, Homer NZ, Andrew R. Derivatization with 2-hydrazino-1-methylpyridine enhances sensitivity of analysis of 5α-dihydrotestosterone in human plasma by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1640:461933. [PMID: 33588275 PMCID: PMC7938423 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of low abundance androgens in human plasma. Quantitation of androgens over physiological range in men and post-menopausal women. Use of hydrazine derivatives improves analytical sensitivity.
Liquid Chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is the gold-standard approach for androgen analysis in biological fluids, superseding immunoassays in selectivity, particularly at low concentrations. While LC-MS/MS is established for analysis of testosterone and androstenedione, 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) presents greater analytical challenges. DHT circulates at low nanomolar concentrations in men and lower in women, ionizing inefficiently and suffering from isobaric interference from other androgens. Even using current LC-MS/MS technology, large plasma volumes (>0.5 mL) are required for detection, undesirable clinically and unsuitable for animals. This study investigated derivatization approaches using hydrazine-based reagents to enhance ionization efficiency and sensitivity of analysis of DHT by LC-MS/MS. Derivatization of DHT using 2-hydrazino-1-methylpyridine (HMP) and 2-hydrazino-4-(trifluoromethyl)-pyrimidine (HTP) were compared. A method was validated using an UHPLC interfaced by electrospray with a triple quadruple mass spectrometer , analyzing human plasma (male and post-menopausal women) following solid-phase extraction. HMP derivatives were selected for validation affording greater sensitivity than those formed with HTP. HMP derivatives were detected by selected reaction monitoring (DHT-HMP m/z 396→108; testosterone-HMP m/z 394→108; androstenedione-HMP m/z 392→108). Chromatographic separation of androgen derivatives was optimized, carefully separating isobaric interferents and acceptable outputs for precision and trueness achieved following injection of 0.4 pg on column (approximately 34 pmol/L). HMP derivatives of all androgens tested could be detected in low plasma volumes: male (100 µL) and post-menopausal female (200 µL), and derivatives were stable over 30 days at -20°C. In conclusion, HMP derivatization, in conjunction with LC-MS/MS, is suitable for quantitative analysis of DHT, testosterone and androstenedione in low plasma volumes, offering advantages in sensitivity over current methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Mm Faqehi
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, United Kingdom.
| | - Scott G Denham
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Gregorio Naredo
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Diego F Cobice
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, United Kingdom.
| | - Shazia Khan
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Joanna P Simpson
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, United Kingdom.
| | - Ghazali Sabil
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Upreti
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, United Kingdom
| | - Fraser Gibb
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, United Kingdom.
| | - Natalie Zm Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Ruth Andrew
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, United Kingdom; Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
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21
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Gertner DS, Bishop DP, Oglobline A, Padula MP. Enhancing Coverage of Phosphatidylinositol Species in Canola Through Specialised Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Buffer Conditions. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1637:461860. [PMID: 33422796 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositols (PIs) constitute a minor class of phospholipid with wide-spread influence throughout various cellular functions. Monitoring the distribution of these lipids can therefore provide insight as to the state of cellular processes or reveal the development of various pathologies. The speciation of these compounds is often performed either as part of a comprehensive characterisation of lipids, or specifically targeted using the same methods, however, such methods were intended to maximise coverage of lipid classes rather than provide an in-depth analysis of any single class. In the particular case of PIs, the majority of reported molecular diversity is limited to a small proportion of the already minor class, as such the cursory glance enabled by such methods is insufficient. Therefore, this work compared the suitability of both established and novel LC-MS buffers with the aim of maximising the ionisation efficiency of PIs, in an attempt to enhance coverage of the class. Through experimentation, it was determined that a 0.25 mM ammonium fluoride buffer provided up to a 6-fold increase in signal intensity, and on average a 38-fold increase in the signal-to-noise ratio. Using these new conditions, 14 PI species, and 12 PI candidates were identified within a dilute lipid extract sourced from canola seed, compared to 0 species identified using the generalised method. As a result, it is suggested that this procedure has yielded the highest number of PI species identifications for a sample of this concentration. Methods which therefore intend to characterise PI species in dilute quantities, such as those extracted from mammalian cells, are henceforth provided with the means to conduct more comprehensive characterisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Gertner
- School of Life Sciences and Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, Australia
| | - David P Bishop
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, Australia
| | - Alexandre Oglobline
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, Australia; Chemistry First Pty Ltd, Mosman 2088, Australia
| | - Matthew P Padula
- School of Life Sciences and Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, Australia.
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22
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Gravitte A, Archibald T, Cobble A, Kennard B, Brown S. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry applications for quantification of endogenous sex hormones. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 35:e5036. [PMID: 33226656 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, presents a powerful tool for the quantification of the sex steroid hormones 17-β estradiol, progesterone and testosterone from biological matrices. The importance of accurate quantification with these hormones, even at endogenous levels, has evolved with our understanding of the role these regulators play in human development, fertility and disease risk and manifestation. Routine monitoring of these analytes can be accomplished by immunoassay techniques, which face limitations on specificity and sensitivity, or using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. LC-MS/MS is growing in capability and acceptance for clinically relevant quantification of sex steroid hormones in biological matrices and is able to overcome many of the limitations of immunoassays. Analyte specificity has improved through the use of novel derivatizing agents, and sensitivity has been refined through the use of high-resolution chromatography and mass spectrometric technology. This review highlights these innovations, among others, in LC-MS/MS steroid hormone analysis captured in the literature over the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Gravitte
- James H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Timothy Archibald
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Allison Cobble
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Benjamin Kennard
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Stacy Brown
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Johnson City, TN, USA
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23
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Tezuka Y, Yamazaki Y, Ono Y, Morimoto R, Omata K, Seiji K, Takase K, Kawasaki Y, Ito A, Nakamura Y, Harigae H, Sasano H, Satoh F. Unique Sex Steroid Profiles in Estrogen-Producing Adrenocortical Adenoma Associated With Bilateral Hyperaldosteronism. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa004. [PMID: 32099947 PMCID: PMC7031070 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of its rarity, our understanding of steroidogenesis in estrogen-producing adrenocortical adenoma, including the response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation, remains limited. A 65-year-old man was referred to us because of primary aldosteronism and a right adrenal tumor. Endocrinological evaluations revealed secondary hypogonadism due to hyperestrogenemia. Adrenal venous sampling (AVS) and subsequent liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) indicated bilateral hyperaldosteronism and a right estrogen-producing adrenocortical tumor. He subsequently underwent right unilateral adrenalectomy, which resulted in clinical remission of hypogonadism. Subsequent histopathological analysis identified a right estrogen-producing adrenocortical adenoma and multiple, concomitant adrenocortical micronodules. Sequential evaluation of steroid profiles using LC-MS/MS revealed unique hormone production, including adrenal androgens, and less responsiveness to ACTH in the right estrogen-producing adrenocortical adenoma as compared to the nonneoplastic adrenal cortex. This case study revealed unique profiles of steroid production in estrogen-producing adrenocortical adenoma associated with concomitant primary aldosteronism. Sequential steroid profiling analysis using LC-MS/MS in combination with AVS can contribute to the diagnosis of various adrenal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tezuka
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yuto Yamazaki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yoshikiyo Ono
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ryo Morimoto
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kei Omata
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Seiji
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kei Takase
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Kawasaki
- Department of Urology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ito
- Department of Urology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hideo Harigae
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Satoh
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.,Division of Clinical Hypertension, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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