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Yazawa T, Imamichi Y, Sato T, Ida T, Umezawa A, Kitano T. Diversity of Androgens; Comparison of Their Significance and Characteristics in Vertebrate Species. Zoolog Sci 2024; 41:77-86. [PMID: 38587520 DOI: 10.2108/zs230064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Androgen(s) is one of the sex steroids that are involved in many physiological phenomena of vertebrate species. Although androgens were originally identified as male sex hormones, it is well known now that they are also essential in females. As in the case of other steroid hormones, androgen is produced from cholesterol through serial enzymatic reactions. Although testis is a major tissue to produce androgens in all species, androgens are also produced in ovary and adrenal (interrenal tissue). Testosterone is the most common and famous androgen. It represents a major androgen both in males and females of almost vertebrate species. In addition, testosterone is a precursor for producing significant androgens such as11-ketotestosterone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, 11-ketodihydrotestosterones and 15α-hydroxytestosterone in a species- or sex-dependent manner for their homeostasis. In this article, we will review the significance and characteristics of these androgens, following a description of the history of testosterone discovery and its synthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan,
| | - Yoshitaka Imamichi
- Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui 917-0003, Japan,
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Kurume University, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Takanori Ida
- Center for Animal Disease Control, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kitano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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Sun L, Qu K, Liu Y, Ma X, Chen N, Zhang J, Huang B, Lei C. Assessing genomic diversity and selective pressures in Bashan cattle by whole-genome sequencing data. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:835-846. [PMID: 34762022 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1998094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Specific ecological environments and domestication have continuously influenced the physiological characteristics of Chinese indigenous cattle. Among them, Bashan cattle belongs to one of the indigenous breeds. However, the genomic diversity of Bashan cattle is still unknown. Published whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data of 13 Bashan cattle and 48 worldwide cattle were used to investigate the genetic composition and selection characteristics of Bashan cattle. The population structure analysis revealed that Bashan cattle harbored ancestries with East Asian taurine and Chinese indicine. Genetic diversity analysis implied the relatively high genomic diversity in Bashan cattle. Through the identification of containing >5 nsSNPs or frameshift mutations genes in Bashan cattle, a large number of pathways related to sensory perception were discovered. CLR, θπ ratio, FST, and XP-EHH methods were used to detect the candidate signatures of positive selection in Bashan cattle. Among the identified genes, most of the enriched signal pathways were related to environmental information processing, biological systems, and metabolism. We mainly reported genes related to the nervous system (HCN1, KATNA1, FSTL1, GRIK2, and CPLX2), immune (CD244, SLAMF1, LY9, and CD48), and reproduction (AKR1C1, AKR1C3, AKR1C4, and TUSC3). Our findings will be significant in understanding the molecular basis underlying phenotypic variation of breed-related traits and improving productivity in Bashan cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Kaixing Qu
- Academy of Science and Technology, Chuxiong Normal University, Chuxiong, China
| | - Yangkai Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ningbo Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jicai Zhang
- Yunnan Academy of Grassland and Animal Science, Kunming, China
| | - Bizhi Huang
- Yunnan Academy of Grassland and Animal Science, Kunming, China
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Yazawa T, Islam MS, Imamichi Y, Watanabe H, Yaegashi K, Ida T, Sato T, Kitano T, Matsuzaki S, Umezawa A, Muranishi Y. Comparison of Placental HSD17B1 Expression and Its Regulation in Various Mammalian Species. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040622. [PMID: 36830409 PMCID: PMC9951672 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During mammalian gestation, large amounts of progesterone are produced by the placenta and circulate for the maintenance of pregnancy. In contrast, primary plasma estrogens are different between species. To account for this difference, we compared the expression of ovarian and placental steroidogenic genes in various mammalian species (mouse, guinea pig, porcine, ovine, bovine, and human). Consistent with the ability to synthesize progesterone, CYP11A1/Cyp11a1, and bi-functional HSD3B/Hsd3b genes were expressed in all species. CYP17A1/Cyp17a1 was expressed in the placenta of all species, excluding humans. CYP19A/Cyp19a1 was expressed in all placental estrogen-producing species, whereas estradiol-producing HSD17B1 was only strongly expressed in the human placenta. The promoter region of HSD17B1 in various species possesses a well-conserved SP1 site that was activated in human placental cell line JEG-3 cells. However, DNA methylation analyses in the ovine placenta showed that the SP1-site in the promoter region of HSD17B1 was completely methylated. These results indicate that epigenetic regulation of HSD17B1 expression is important for species-specific placental sex steroid production. Because human HSD17B1 showed strong activity for the conversion of androstenedione into testosterone, similar to HSD17B1/Hsd17b1 in other species, we also discuss the biological significance of human placental HSD17B1 based on the symptoms of aromatase-deficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Hokkaido, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-166-68-2342
| | - Mohammad Sayful Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Imamichi
- Department of Marine Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama 917-0003, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Life and Food Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Takanori Ida
- Center for Animal Disease Control, Frontiers Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Kurume University, Kurume 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kitano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproduction, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Setagaya 157-8535, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Muranishi
- Department of Life and Food Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
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Expression of Chrna9 is regulated by Tbx3 in undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1611. [PMID: 36709241 PMCID: PMC9884305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28814-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
It was reported that nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-mediated signaling pathways affect the proliferation and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. However, detail expression profiles of nAChR genes were unrevealed in these cells. In this study, we comprehensively investigated the gene expression of α subunit of nAChRs (Chrna) during differentiation and induction of pluripotent stem cells. Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells expressed multiple Chrna genes (Chrna3-5, 7 and 9) in undifferentiated status. Among them, Chrna9 was markedly down-regulated upon the differentiation into mesenchymal cell lineage. In mouse tissues and cells, Chrna9 was mainly expressed in testes, ES cells and embryonal F9 teratocarcinoma stem cells. Expression of Chrna9 gene was acutely reduced during differentiation of ES and F9 cells within 24 h. In contrast, Chrna9 expression was increased in induced pluripotent stem cells established from mouse embryonic fibroblast. It was shown by the reporter assays that T element-like sequence in the promoter region of Chrna9 gene is important for its activities in ES cells. Chrna9 was markedly reduced by siRNA-mediated knockdown of Tbx3, a pluripotency-related transcription factor of the T-box gene family. These results indicate that Chrna9 is a nAChR gene that are transcriptionally regulated by Tbx3 in undifferentiated pluripotent cells.
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Ikegawa K, Hasegawa Y. Adrenal gland involvement in 11-ketotestosterone production analyzed using LC-MS/MS. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1051195. [PMID: 36742384 PMCID: PMC9895773 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1051195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 11-ketotestosterone (11KT), which is derived by the bioconversion of testosterone via 11β-hydroxytestosterone (11OHT), is a potent agonist of the human androgen receptor. The adrenal gland is considered an important organ in 11KT production because CYP11B1, which catalyzes testosterone to 11OHT, is expressed in the adrenal glands. The present study aimed to demonstrate adrenal gland involvement in 11KT production in prepubertal children, a topic which has not yet been addressed by any previous studies. METHODS Three, retrospective, observational studies were performed. Study 1 enrolled patients aged 8 months to 7 years with severe Kawasaki disease (KD) who were treated with mPSL pulse. Studies 2 and 3 included patients who had received a corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation test and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test, respectively. Samples were collected before and after treatment or drug administration, and serum 11KT, 11OHT, and other 11-oxygenated androgens were measured by LC-MS/MS. Steroid hormone values before and after medication were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS Studies 1, 2, and 3 included twenty patients with severe KD, eight patients with a CRH stimulation test, and eight patients with an ACTH stimulation test, respectively. Study 1 demonstrated that the median (IQR) 11KT level was significantly higher before, than after, mPSL pulse (0.39 (0.28-0.47) nmol/L versus 0.064 (0.012-0.075) nmol/L; P < 0.001). Studies 2 and 3 indicated no significant difference in the median 11KT value before and after the CRH or ACTH stimulation test while the 11OHT value was significantly higher after the test. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the mediation of 11KT production by ACTH demonstrated the importance of the adrenal glands in the synthesis of this androgen in prepubertal children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Ikegawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Children’s Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
- Clinical Research Support Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Children’s Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kento Ikegawa,
| | - Yukihiro Hasegawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Children’s Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University of School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Androgens are essential sex steroid hormones for both sexes. Testosterone (T) is the predominant androgen in males, while in adult females, T concentrations are about 15-fold lower and androgen precursors are converted to estrogens. T is produced primarily in testicular Leydig cells in men, while in women precursors are biosynthesised in the adrenal cortex and ovaries and converted into T in the periphery. The biosynthesis of T occurs via a series of enzymatic reactions in steroidogenic organs. Notably, the more potent androgen, dihydrotestosterone, may be synthesized from T in the classic pathway, however, alternate metabolic pathways also exist. The classic action of androgens on target organs is mediated through the androgen receptor, which regulates nuclear receptor gene transcription. However, the androgen-androgen receptor complex may also interact directly with membrane proteins or signaling molecules to exert more rapid effects. This review summarizes the current knowledge of androgen biosynthesis, mechanisms of action and endocrine effects in human biology, and relates these effects to respective human congenital and acquired disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawda Naamneh Elzenaty
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Therina du Toit
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Christa E Flück
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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Endo S, Morikawa Y, Matsunaga T, Hara A, Nishinaka T. Porcine aldo-keto reductase 1C subfamily members AKR1C1 and AKR1C4: Substrate specificity, inhibitor sensitivity and activators. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 221:106113. [PMID: 35398259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Most members of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) 1 C subfamily are hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs). Similarly to humans, four genes for AKR1C proteins (AKR1C1-AKR1C4) have been identified in the pig, which is a suitable species for biomedical research model of human diseases and optimal organ donor for xenotransplantation. Previous study suggested that, among the porcine AKR1Cs, AKR1C1 and AKR1C4 play important roles in steroid hormone metabolism in the reproductive tissues; however, their biological functions are still unknown. Herein, we report the biochemical properties of the two recombinant enzymes. Kinetic and product analyses of steroid specificity indicated that AKR1C1 is a multi-specific reductase, which acts as 3α-HSD for 3-keto-5β-dihydro-C19/C21-steroids, 3β-HSD for 3-keto-5α-dihydro-C19-steroids including androstenone, 17β-HSD for 17-keto-C19-steroids including estrone, and 20α-HSD for progesterone, showing Km values of 0.5-11 µM. By contrast, AKR1C4 exhibited only 3α-HSD activity for 3-keto groups of 5α/β-dihydro-C19-steroids, 5β-dihydro-C21-steroids and bile acids (Km: 1.0-1.9 µM). AKR1C1 and AKR1C4 also showed broad substrate specificity for nonsteroidal carbonyl compounds including endogenous 4-oxo-2-nonenal, 4-hydroxy-nonenal, acrolein, isocaproaldehyde, farnesal, isatin and methylglyoxal, of which 4-oxo-2-nonenal was reduced with the lowest Km value of 0.9 µM. Moreover, AKR1C1 had the characteristic of reducing aliphatic ketones and all-trans-retinal. The enzymes were inhibited by flavonoids, synthetic estrogens, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, triterpenoids and phenolphthalein, whereas only AKR1C4 was activated by bromosulfophthalein. These results suggest that AKR1C1 and AKR1C4 function as 3α/3β/17β/20α-HSD and 3α-HSD, respectively, in metabolism of steroid hormones and a sex pheromone androstenone, both of which also play roles in metabolism of nonsteroidal carbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Endo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Morikawa
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Gifu Prefectural Police Headquarters, Gifu 500-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-8585, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Toru Nishinaka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka-Ohtani University, Osaka 584-8540, Japan
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Analyses of Molecular Characteristics and Enzymatic Activities of Ovine HSD17B3. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102876. [PMID: 34679897 PMCID: PMC8532638 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (HSD17B3) converts androstenedione (A4) into testosterone (T), which regulates sex steroid production. Because various mutations of the HSD17B3 gene cause disorder of sex differentiation (DSD) in multiple mammalian species, it is very important to reveal the molecular characteristics of this gene in various species. Here, we revealed the open reading frame of the ovine HSD17B3 gene. Enzymatic activities of ovine HSD17B3 and HSD17B1 for converting A4 to T were detected using ovine androgen receptor-mediated transactivation in reporter assays. Although HSD17B3 also converted estrone to estradiol, this activity was much weaker than those of HSD17B1. Although ovine HSD17B3 has an amino acid sequence that is conserved compared with other mammalian species, it possesses two amino acid substitutions that are consistent with the reported variants of human HSD17B3. Substitutions of these amino acids in ovine HSD17B3 for those in human did not affect the enzymatic activities. However, enzymatic activities declined upon missense mutations of the HSD17B3 gene associated with 46,XY DSD, affecting amino acids that are conserved between these two species. The present study provides basic information and tools to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind DSD not only in ovine, but also in various mammalian species.
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du Toit T, Swart AC. Turning the spotlight on the C11-oxy androgens in human fetal development. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 212:105946. [PMID: 34171490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Research into the biosynthesis of C11-oxy C19 steroids during human fetal development, specifically fetal adrenal development and during the critical period of sex differentiation, is currently lacking. Cortisol, which possesses a C11-hydroxyl moiety has, however, been firmly established in this context. Compelling questions are whether the C11-oxy C19 steroids (11β-hydroxyandrostenedione, 11β-hydroxytestosterone, 11-ketoandrostenedione and 11-ketotestosterone [11KT]) and the C11-oxy C21 steroids (11β-hydroxyprogesterone and 11-ketoprogesterone) are biosynthesised during gestation, and whether these hormones circulate between the placenta and the developing fetus, and between the placenta and the mother. This review will consider the role of cortisol, 11KT and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11βHSD2) in determining the sex of teleost fish, while these hormones and 11βHSD2 will also be discussed with regards to murine mammals. The focus of the review will shift to highlight the potential role of C11-oxy steroids in human fetal development based on the timely expression of steroidogenic enzymes in the adrenal, testes and ovary, as well as in the placenta; summarising reported evidence of C11-oxy steroids in neonatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therina du Toit
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
| | - Amanda C Swart
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa; Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
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Yazawa T, Inaba H, Imamichi Y, Sekiguchi T, Uwada J, Islam MS, Orisaka M, Mikami D, Ida T, Sato T, Miyashiro Y, Takahashi S, Khan MRI, Suzuki N, Umezawa A, Kitano T. Profiles of 5α-Reduced Androgens in Humans and Eels: 5α-Dihydrotestosterone and 11-Ketodihydrotestosterone Are Active Androgens Produced in Eel Gonads. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:657360. [PMID: 33833737 PMCID: PMC8021924 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.657360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) and testosterone (T) are major androgens in both teleosts and humans, their 5α-reduced derivatives produced by steroid 5α-reductase (SRD5A/srd5a), i.e., 11-ketodihydrotestosterone (11KDHT) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), remains poorly characterized, especially in teleosts. In this study, we compared the presence and production of DHT and 11KDHT in Japanese eels and humans. Plasma 11KT concentrations were similar in both male and female eels, whereas T levels were much higher in females. In accordance with the levels of their precursors, 11KDHT levels did not show sexual dimorphism, whereas DHT levels were much higher in females. It is noteworthy that plasma DHT levels in female eels were higher than those in men. In addition, plasma 11KDHT was undetectable in both sexes in humans, despite the presence of 11KT. Three srd5a genes (srd5a1, srd5a2a and srd5a2b) were cloned from eel gonads. All three srd5a genes were expressed in the ovary, whereas only both srd5a2 genes were expressed in the testis. Human SRD5A1 was expressed in testis, ovary and adrenal, whereas SRD5A2 was expressed only in testis. Human SRD5A1, SRD5A2 and both eel srd5a2 isoforms catalyzed the conversion of T and 11KT into DHT and 11KDHT, respectively, whereas only eel srd5a1 converted T into DHT. DHT and 11KDHT activated eel androgen receptor (ar)α-mediated transactivation as similar fashion to T and 11KT. In contrast, human AR and eel arβ were activated by DHT and11KDHT more strongly than T and 11KT. These results indicate that in teleosts, DHT and 11KDHT may be important 5α-reduced androgens produced in the gonads. In contrast, DHT is the only major 5α-reduced androgens in healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takashi Yazawa,
| | - Hiroyuki Inaba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Freshwater Resources Research Center, Aichi Fisheries Research Institute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Imamichi
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toshio Sekiguchi
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Junsuke Uwada
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Makoto Orisaka
- Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Daisuke Mikami
- Department of Nephrology, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Takanori Ida
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Kurume University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Md. Rafiqul Islam Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproduction, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kitano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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