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Alarcón-López YA, Aguirre-Vidal P, Vásquez-Valadez HV, Hernández-Serda AM, Cárdenas-Granados AL, Espinosa de la Garza CE, Pérez NO, Angeles E, Martínez VPM. In Silico and Experimental Evidence for the Stabilization of rhEPO by Glycine, Glutamic Acid and Lysine. AAPS PharmSciTech 2025; 26:21. [PMID: 39775375 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-03008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 11/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
The available literature indicates that amino acids can stabilize proteins. Our experimental data demonstrated that lysine and glutamic acid can stabilize recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) at 40°C for at least 1 month, as measured by RP-UPLC. Studies with different excipient concentrations demonstrated optimal concentrations of these amino acids within 10-12 mM. The results suggest that a lower concentration of amino acids may not be sufficient to stabilize formulations, while a higher concentration of amino acids can lead lower stability. In silico studies highlighted the importance of the FA4G4S4 model in experimental glycosylation determination, particularly in glycoprotein analysis. We obtained insights into the interactions between the glycosylated ligands of rhEPO and amino acids, as well as their impact on protein behavior and stability. We observed different interactions between the amino acids glycine, glutamic acid, and lysine and the rhEPO protein using this model in docking experiments. They also made it easier to find specific interaction areas by analyzing ligand‒protein interaction fingerprints (PLIFs). This demonstrated how the ligands bind to the proteins or remain outside their vicinity. Furthermore, this study revealed specific places where ligands and rhEPO residues can interact, which helps us learn more about how they stabilize rhEPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Aldo Alarcón-López
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal y Teórica FESC, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. 1 de Mayo S/N Cuautitlán Izcalli, ZIP 54750, México City, Estado de México, México
| | - Pablo Aguirre-Vidal
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal y Teórica FESC, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. 1 de Mayo S/N Cuautitlán Izcalli, ZIP 54750, México City, Estado de México, México
| | - Hugo Víctor Vásquez-Valadez
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal y Teórica FESC, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. 1 de Mayo S/N Cuautitlán Izcalli, ZIP 54750, México City, Estado de México, México
- QSAR Analytics SA de CV, Tempano 10, Colonia Atlanta, Cuautitlán Izcalli, ZIP 54740, México City, Estado de México, México
| | - Alejandro Manuel Hernández-Serda
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal y Teórica FESC, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. 1 de Mayo S/N Cuautitlán Izcalli, ZIP 54750, México City, Estado de México, México
| | - Alfonso Luis Cárdenas-Granados
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal y Teórica FESC, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. 1 de Mayo S/N Cuautitlán Izcalli, ZIP 54750, México City, Estado de México, México
| | | | - Néstor O Pérez
- Dirección de Operaciones, Probiomed S.A. de C.V. Cd. de México, C.P. 11520, México City, México
| | - Enrique Angeles
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal y Teórica FESC, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. 1 de Mayo S/N Cuautitlán Izcalli, ZIP 54750, México City, Estado de México, México.
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Abed HS, Al-Ghobashy MA, Fathalla FA, Salem MY. Evaluation of the combined effects of pegylation and glycosylation on the stability of erythropoietin using a stability-indicating SE-HPLC. Biologicals 2017; 50:129-136. [PMID: 28958787 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) is a commonly used biopharmaceutical for the treatment of anemia-associated disorders. Epogen; glycosylated erythropoietin (G-EPO) has short half-life and poor stability. Pegylated Epogen (Peg-G-EPO) was introduced to the market to overcome these limitations. The combined effects of pegylation and glycosylation on the stability of Peg-G-EPO was studied. Determination of Peg-G-EPO in the presence of its degradation products was achieved using SE-HPLC. The assay was validated according to ICH guidelines over concentration range of 50.00-320.00 μg/mL (r 0.9999). A mobile phase of 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) with 300 mM sodium chloride and 20% ethanol was employed. Isocratic elution was carried out at 0.5 mL/min over run time of 30 min. Peg-G-EPO was found stable towards mechanical agitation only at low concentrations while it was stable towards repeated freeze/thaw; regardless of the concentration. Effect of temperature and pH were also investigated and Peg-G-EPO was found stable within narrow ranges. Results indicated formation of small molecular weight and very high molecular weight aggregates that have been filtered-off the column. Although Peg-G-EPO was found relatively more stable than its non-pegylated but glycosylated version, results indicated the need for careful stability-assessment of Peg-G-EPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba S Abed
- National Organization for Research and Control of Biologicals, Egypt
| | - Medhat A Al-Ghobashy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt; Bioanalysis Research Group, School of Pharmacy, New Giza University, Egypt.
| | - Faten A Fathalla
- National Organization for Research and Control of Biologicals, Egypt
| | - Maissa Y Salem
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
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