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Kaushik P, Mittal V, Kaushik D. Unleashing the Potential of β -cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes in Bitter Taste Abatement: Development, Optimization and Evaluation of Taste Masked Anti-emetic Chewing Gum of Promethazine Hydrochloride. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:169. [PMID: 39043992 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02888-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Motion sickness also known as kinetosis is a condition in which there exists a disagreement between visually perceived movement and the vestibular system's sense of movement. Nausea, vomiting, dizziness, fatigue, and headache are the most common symptoms of motion sickness. This study mainly focuses on the taste masking of Promethazine Hydrochloride (PMZ) by inclusion complexation method, its formulation development in the chewing gum form by using directly compressible gum base HIG® and its quality and performance testing. Different molar ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4) of PMZ-cyclodextrin complexes were prepared by using β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) as a taste masking agent. These complexes were evaluated for FTIR, DSC, % Entrapment Efficiency, % drug yield, and taste evaluation by E-Tongue. The optimized ratio was further evaluated by sophisticated analytical techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). A central composite design (CCD) (3 ^2) was utilized to examine the effects of independent variables (amount of gum-X1 and amount of plasticizer-X2) on dependent variables (%CDRY1 and hardness Y2). The prepared gums were evaluated for drug content, organoleptic properties, in-vitro dissolution testing by fabricated disintegration apparatus, texture analysis, etc. The optimization statistics showed that on decreasing the amount of gum, in- vitro drug release increases and hardness decreases. The optimized batch MCG-2 of Promethazine MCG showed 92.34 ± 0.92% of drug release, whereas for marketed formulation (Phenergan®-25 mg) drug release value was 86.19 ± 1.88%. Results provided evidence that PMZ MCGs could be a better alternative to conventional tablet formulations with improved drug release, palatability and texture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.D. University, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Vineet Mittal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.D. University, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Deepak Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.D. University, Rohtak, 124001, India.
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Wen D, Shi R, He H, Chen R, Zhang Y, Liu R, Chen H. Development and Validation of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method to Determine Promethazine and Its Metabolites in Edible Tissues of Swine. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112180. [PMID: 37297425 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine promethazine (PMZ) and its metabolites, promethazine sulfoxide (PMZSO) and monodesmethyl-promethazine (Nor1PMZ), in swine muscle, liver, kidney, and fat. A sample preparation method and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis were established and validated. The samples were extracted using 0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile and purified with acetonitrile-saturated n-hexane. After concentration by rotary evaporation, the extract was re-dissolved in a mixture of 0.1% formic acid-water and acetonitrile (80:20, v/v). Analysis was performed using a Waters Symmetry C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm i.d., 3.5 μm) with 0.1% formic acid-water and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The target compounds were determined using positive ion scan and multiple reaction monitoring. PMZ and Nor1PMZ were quantified with deuterated promethazine (PMZ-d6) as the internal standard, while PMZSO was quantified using the external standard method. In spiked muscle, liver, and kidney samples, the limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) for PMZ and PMZSO were 0.05 μg/kg and 0.1 μg/kg, respectively, while for Nor1PMZ, these values were 0.1 μg/kg and 0.5 μg/kg, respectively. For spiked fat samples, the LOD and LOQ for all three analytes were found to be 0.05 μg/kg and 0.1 μg/kg, respectively. The sensitivity of this proposed method reaches or exceeds that presented in previous reports. The analytes PMZ and PMZSO exhibited good linearity within the range of 0.1 μg/kg to 50 μg/kg, while Nor1PMZ showed good linearity within the range of 0.5 μg/kg to 50 μg/kg, with correlation coefficients (r) greater than 0.99. The average recoveries of the target analytes in the samples varied from 77% to 111%, with the precision fluctuating between 1.8% and 11%. This study developed, for the first time, an HPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of PMZ, PMZSO, and Nor1PMZ in four swine edible tissues, comprehensively covering the target tissues of monitoring object. The method is applicable for monitoring veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods, ensuring food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehui Wen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rong Shi
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Haiming He
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rundong Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yingzi Zhang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Domestic Animal Products (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hong Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Alyami HS, Ali DK, Jarrar Q, Jaradat A, Aburass H, Mohammed AA, Alyami MH, Aodah AH, Dahmash EZ. Taste Masking of Promethazine Hydrochloride Using l-Arginine Polyamide-Based Nanocapsules. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020748. [PMID: 36677806 PMCID: PMC9865149 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Promethazine hydrochloride (PMZ), a potent H1-histamine blocker widely used to prevent motion sickness, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting, has a bitter taste. In the present study, taste masked PMZ nanocapsules (NCs) were prepared using an interfacial polycondensation technique. A one-step approach was used to expedite the synthesis of NCs made from a biocompatible and biodegradable polyamide based on l-arginine. The produced NCs had an average particle size of 193.63 ± 39.1 nm and a zeta potential of −31.7 ± 1.25 mV, indicating their stability. The NCs were characterized using differential scanning calorimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction, as well as transmission electron microscopy that demonstrated the formation of the NCs and the incorporation of PMZ within the polymer. The in vitro release study of the PMZ-loaded NCs displayed a 0.91 ± 0.02% release of PMZ after 10 min using artificial saliva as the dissolution media, indicating excellent taste masked particles. The in vivo study using mice revealed that the amount of fluid consumed by the PMZ-NCs group was significantly higher than that consumed by the free PMZ group (p < 0.05). This study confirmed that NCs using polyamides based on l-arginine and interfacial polycondensation can serve as a good platform for the effective taste masking of bitter actives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamad S. Alyami
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 55461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia Khalil Ali
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Isra University, Amman 11622, Jordan
| | - Qais Jarrar
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman 11622, Jordan
| | - Abdolelah Jaradat
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman 11622, Jordan
| | - Hadeel Aburass
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman 11622, Jordan
| | - Abdul Aleem Mohammed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 55461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad H. Alyami
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 55461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alhassan H. Aodah
- National Center of Biotechnology, Life Science & Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Zmaily Dahmash
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-7542329215
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Aswathy K, Asdaq SMB, Saritha C, Thomas L, Haridas N, Viswanad V, Sahu RK, Fattepur S, Alamri AS, Alsanie WF, Alhomrani M, Sreeharsha N, Khalid Anwer M. Formulation and in-vitro characterization of fast-disintegrating herbal extract sublingual immunotherapy tablet for peanut-induced allergic asthma. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:1283-1297. [PMID: 35280568 PMCID: PMC8913557 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) involves the regimen of gradually incrementing doses of the allergen, thereby inducing desensitization and tolerance. Sublingual Immunotherapy tablets (SLIT-tablets) have been formulated for several allergies and had manifested efficacy for allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. SLIT promises an alternative method to other routes of AIT enabling patients to self-administer AIT. Objective The study aimed to formulate fast disintegrating SLIT containing crude peanut extract for peanut-induced allergic asthma. Methods The crude peanut extract was prepared by a simple extraction method and was subjected to quantitative and qualitative analysis. The extract was also characterised for its physical properties. The preformulation study for the extract and excipients of the tablet was performed using FT-IR spectroscopy and Differential scanning calorimetry. The tablet powder blends were characterised for pre-compression properties. The SLIT tablets were developed by direct compression and the post-compression evaluation was performed. Results The results of the quantitative and qualitative analysis of extract confirmed the presence of peanut proteins in the extract. The preformulation studies using FT-IR spectroscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry revealed that there is no significant interaction between the CPE and excipients. The pre-compression characterisation showed that the powder blends had good flowproperties. Three doses of SLIT tablets were formulated with each dose containing four batches and the tablet of each dose was optimized by studying the effect of varying concentrations of super disintegrants on disintegration time and dissolution rate. The post compression characterization of the tablets was performed and the optimized batch of the three doses with the concentration of 5% crospovidone and 2% croscarmellose sodium showed less wetting time and high-water absorption ratio, shorter disintegration time of 14secs and maximum drug release of >90% within 2-3 min. Conclusion The results indicated the suitability of formulated SLIT tablets for peanut induced allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.N. Aswathy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
| | | | - C.K. Saritha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Litha Thomas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, Bangalore 560035, Karnataka, India
| | - Nithya Haridas
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, AIMS Health Science Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Vidya Viswanad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Ram Kumar Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam University (A Central University), Silchar 788011, India
| | - Santosh Fattepur
- School of Pharmacy, Management and Science University, Seksyen 13, 40100 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdulhakeem S. Alamri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa F. Alsanie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alhomrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nagaraja Sreeharsha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vidya Siri College of Pharmacy, Off Sarjapura Road, Bangalore 560035, India
| | - Md. Khalid Anwer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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dos Santos J, da Silva GS, Velho MC, Beck RCR. Eudragit ®: A Versatile Family of Polymers for Hot Melt Extrusion and 3D Printing Processes in Pharmaceutics. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1424. [PMID: 34575500 PMCID: PMC8471576 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Eudragit® polymers are polymethacrylates highly used in pharmaceutics for the development of modified drug delivery systems. They are widely known due to their versatility with regards to chemical composition, solubility, and swelling properties. Moreover, Eudragit polymers are thermoplastic, and their use has been boosted in some production processes, such as hot melt extrusion (HME) and fused deposition modelling 3D printing, among other 3D printing techniques. Therefore, this review covers the studies using Eudragit polymers in the development of drug delivery systems produced by HME and 3D printing techniques over the last 10 years. Eudragit E has been the most used among them, mostly to formulate immediate release systems or as a taste-masker agent. On the other hand, Eudragit RS and Eudragit L100-55 have mainly been used to produce controlled and delayed release systems, respectively. The use of Eudragit polymers in these processes has frequently been devoted to producing solid dispersions and/or to prepare filaments to be 3D printed in different dosage forms. In this review, we highlight the countless possibilities offered by Eudragit polymers in HME and 3D printing, whether alone or in blends, discussing their prominence in the development of innovative modified drug release systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-900, Brazil; (J.d.S.); (M.C.V.)
| | - Guilherme Silveira da Silva
- Departamento de Produção e Controle de Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-900, Brazil;
| | - Maiara Callegaro Velho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-900, Brazil; (J.d.S.); (M.C.V.)
| | - Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-900, Brazil; (J.d.S.); (M.C.V.)
- Departamento de Produção e Controle de Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-900, Brazil;
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