MicroRNA-140 Represses Esophageal Cancer Progression via Targeting ZEB2 to Regulate Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway

Biological roles and molecular mechanism of circular RNAs in epithelial-mesenchymal transition of gastrointestinal malignancies

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are formed by splicing of precursor RNAs and covalently linked at the 5' and 3' ends. Dysregulated circRNAs are closely related to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of gastrointestinal malignancies. CircRNAs, including circRNA_0008717, circGOT1, circ-DOCK5, circVPS33B, circPVT1, circMET, circ-OXCT1, circ_67835, circRTN4, circ_0087502, circFNDC38, circ_PTEN1, circPGPEP1, and circ-E-Cad are involved in the EMT process of gastrointestinal malignancies through a variety of mechanisms, such as regulating EMT-inducing transcription factors, signaling pathways, and tumor microenvironments. Gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies are common malignant tumors worldwide, and the heterogeneity and easy metastasis of gastrointestinal malignancies limit the effectiveness of medical treatments. Therefore, investigating the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal malignancies is essential for clinical treatment. This article summarizes the biological roles and molecular mechanism of circRNAs in EMT of gastrointestinal malignancies, providing a theoretical basis for applying EMT-related circRNAs in targeted therapy.

Long non-coding RNA H19 promotes cervical cancer development via targeting the microRNA-140/ALDH1A1 axis

BACKGROUND

Dysregulation of long non-coding RNA H19 (lncRNA H19) is involved in cervical cancer (CC) progression. This study aims to unveil the specific role and relevant mechanism of lncRNA H19 in CC.

METHODS

The expression of lncRNA H19 in CC cells was detected by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). CC cells were transfected with sh-H19, followed by cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion were examined. After location of H19 in cells using fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH), target microRNAs (miRNAs) and genes associated with lncRNA H19 were predicted using bioinformatics analysis and validated by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Finally, the specific role of lncRNA H19 in CC was explored in vivo.

RESULTS

The upregulation of lncRNA H19 was observed in CC cells. LncRNA H19 knockdown inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CC cells, and remarkably promoted CC cell apoptosis. LncRNA H19 was localized in the nucleus and interacted with miR-140 that was downregulated in CC cells. MiR-140 inhibition reversed the effects of lncRNA H19 knockdown on CC cell development. MiR-140 targets ALDH1A1, and lncRNA H19 knockdown decreased the ALDH1A1 expression, which was rescued by miR-140 inhibition. In vivo experiments also shown that reduction of lncRNA H19 diminishes tumor growth via targeting the miR-140/ALDH1A1 axis.

CONCLUSION

LncRNA H19 promotes the malignant progression of CC through targeting miR-140/ALDH1A1 axis.

The Role of Dicer Phosphorylation in Gemcitabine Resistance of Pancreatic Cancer

Dicer, a cytoplasmic type III RNase, is essential for the maturation of microRNAs (miRNAs) and is implicated in cancer progression and chemoresistance. Our previous research demonstrated that phosphorylation of Dicer at S1016 alters miRNA maturation and glutamine metabolism, contributing to gemcitabine (GEM) resistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In this study, we focused on the role of Dicer phosphorylation at S1728/S1852 in GEM-resistant PDAC cells. Using shRNA to knock down Dicer in GEM-resistant PANC-1 (PANC-1 GR) cells, we examined cell viability through MTT and clonogenic assays. We also expressed phosphomimetic Dicer 2E (S1728E/S1852E) and phosphomutant Dicer 2A (S1728A/S1852A) to evaluate their effects on GEM resistance and metabolism. Our results show that phosphorylation at S1728/S1852 promotes GEM resistance by reprogramming glutamine metabolism. Specifically, phosphomimetic Dicer 2E increased intracellular glutamine, driving pyrimidine synthesis and raising dCTP levels, which compete with gemcitabine's metabolites. This metabolic shift enhanced drug resistance. In contrast, phosphomutant Dicer 2A reduced GEM resistance. These findings highlight the importance of Dicer phosphorylation in regulating metabolism and drug sensitivity, offering insights into potential therapeutic strategies for overcoming GEM resistance in pancreatic cancer.

Inhibition of ERN1 affects the expression of TGIF1 and other homeobox gene expressions in U87MG glioblastoma cells

BACKGROUND

The ERN1 (endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1) pathway plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression in glioblastoma, but molecular mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relative relevance of ERN1 activity as a kinase in comparison to its endoribonuclease activity in the regulation of homeobox gene expression.

METHODS

Two sublines of U87MG glioblastoma cells with different ways of ERN1 inhibition were used: dnERN1 (overexpressed transgene without protein kinase and endoribonuclease) and dnrERN1 (overexpressed transgene with mutation in endoribonuclease). ERN1 suppression was also done using siRNA for ERN1. Silencing of XBP1 mRNA by specific siRNA was used for suppression of ERN1 endoribonuclease function mediated by XBP1s. The expression levels of homeobox genes and microRNAs were evaluated by qPCR.

RESULTS

The expression of TGIF1 and ZEB2 genes was downregulated in both types of glioblastoma cells with inhibition of ERN1 showing the ERN1 endoribonuclease-dependent mechanism of their regulation. However, the expression of PBX3 and PRPRX1 genes did not change significantly in dnrERN1 glioblastoma cells but was upregulated in dnERN1 cells indicating the dependence of these gene expressions on the ERN1 protein kinase. At the same time, the changes in PAX6 and PBXIP1 gene expressions introduced in glioblastoma cells by dnrERN1 and dnERN1 were different in direction and magnitude indicating the interaction of ERN1 protein kinase and endoribonuclease activities in regulation of these gene expressions. The impact of ERN1 and XBP1 silencing on the expression of studied homeobox genes is similar to that observed in dnERN1 and dnrERN1 glioblastoma cells, correspondingly.

CONCLUSION

The expression of TGIF1 and other homeobox genes is dependent on the ern1 signaling pathways by diverse mechanisms because inhibition of ERN1 endoribonuclease and both ERN1 enzymatic activities had dissimilar impacts on the expression of most studied genes showing that ERN1 protein kinase plays an important role in controlling homeobox gene expression associated with glioblastoma cell invasion.

Therapeutic implications of signaling pathways and tumor microenvironment interactions in esophageal cancer

Esophageal cancer (EC) is significantly influenced by the tumor microenvironment (TME) and altered signaling pathways. Downregulating these pathways in EC is essential for suppressing tumor development, preventing metastasis, and enhancing therapeutic outcomes. This approach can increase tumor sensitivity to treatments, enhance patient outcomes, and inhibit cancer cell proliferation and spread. The TME, comprising cellular and non-cellular elements surrounding the tumor, significantly influences EC's development, course, and treatment responsiveness. Understanding the complex relationships within the TME is crucial for developing successful EC treatments. Immunotherapy is a vital TME treatment for EC. However, the heterogeneity within the TME limits the application of anticancer drugs outside clinical settings. Therefore, identifying reliable microenvironmental biomarkers that can detect therapeutic responses before initiating therapy is crucial. Combining approaches focusing on EC signaling pathways with TME can enhance treatment outcomes. This integrated strategy aims to interfere with essential signaling pathways promoting cancer spread while disrupting factors encouraging tumor development. Unraveling aberrant signaling pathways and TME components can lead to more focused and efficient treatment approaches, identifying specific cellular targets for treatments. Targeting the TME and signaling pathways may reduce metastasis risk by interfering with mechanisms facilitating cancer cell invasion and dissemination. In conclusion, this integrative strategy has significant potential for improving patient outcomes and advancing EC research and therapy. This review discusses the altered signaling pathways and TME in EC, focusing on potential future therapeutics.

MicroRNAs: A novel signature in the metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a malignant epithelial tumor, characterized by squamous cell differentiation, it is the sixth leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. The increased mortality rate of ESCC patients is predominantly due to the advanced stage of the disease when discovered, coupled with higher risk of metastasis, which is an exceedingly malignant characteristic of cancer, frequently leading to a high mortality rate. Unfortunately, there is currently no specific and effective marker to predict and treat metastasis in ESCC. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNA molecules, approximately 22 nucleotides in length. miRNAs are vital in modulating gene expression and serve pivotal regulatory roles in the occurrence, progression, and prognosis of cancer. Here, we have examined the literature to highlight the intimate correlations between miRNAs and ESCC metastasis, and show that ESCC metastasis is predominantly regulated or regulated by genetic and epigenetic factors. This review proposes a potential role for miRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for metastasis in ESCC metastasis, with the ultimate aim of reducing the mortality rate among patients with ESCC.

Targeting epigenetic deregulations for the management of esophageal carcinoma: recent advances and emerging approaches

Ranking from seventh in incidence to sixth in mortality, esophageal carcinoma is considered a severe malignancy of food pipe. Later-stage diagnosis, drug resistance, and a high mortality rate contribute to its lethality. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and esophageal adenocarcinoma are the two main histological subtypes of esophageal carcinoma, with squamous cell carcinoma alone accounting for more than eighty percent of its cases. While genetic anomalies are well known in esophageal cancer, accountability of epigenetic deregulations is also being explored for the recent two decades. DNA methylation, histone modifications, and functional non-coding RNAs are the crucial epigenetic players involved in the modulation of different malignancies, including esophageal carcinoma. Targeting these epigenetic aberrations will provide new insights into the development of biomarker tools for risk stratification, early diagnosis, and effective therapeutic intervention. This review discusses different epigenetic alterations, emphasizing the most significant developments in esophageal cancer epigenetics and their potential implication for the detection, prognosis, and treatment of esophageal carcinoma. Further, the preclinical and clinical status of various epigenetic drugs has also been reviewed.

Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/microRNA-145 Ratio: Bridging Genomic and Immunological Variabilities in Thyroid Cancer

Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and microRNA-145 (miR-145) have emerged as essential biomarkers in thyroid cancer progression and metastasis. However, their combined evaluation and clinical utility as a unified prognostic marker across diverse thyroid cancer subgroups remain unexplored. We investigated the diagnostic and prognostic value of the MMP9/miR-145 ratio in thyroid cancer, hypothesizing it may overcome inter-patient heterogeneity and serve as a versatile biomarker regardless of genetic mutations or autoimmune status. MMP9 and miR-145 expressions were analyzed in 175 paired papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and normal tissues. Plasma levels were assessed perioperatively and longitudinally over 12-18 months in 86 matched PTC patients. The associations with clinicopathological parameters and patient outcomes were evaluated. MMP9 was upregulated, and miR-145 downregulated in cancer tissues, with a median MMP9/miR-145 ratio 17.6-fold higher versus controls. The tissue ratio accurately diagnosed thyroid malignancy regardless of BRAF mutation or Hashimoto's thyroiditis status, overcoming genetic and autoimmune heterogeneity. A high preoperative circulating ratio predicted aggressive disease features, including lymph node metastasis, extrathyroidal extension, progression/relapse, and recurrence. Although the preoperative plasma ratio was elevated in patients with unfavorable outcomes, it had limited utility for post-surgical monitoring. In conclusion, the MMP9/miR-145 ratio is a promising biomarker in PTC that bridges genetic and immunological variabilities, enhancing preoperative diagnosis and prognostication across diverse patient subgroups. It accurately stratifies heterogenous cases by aggressiveness. The longitudinal trends indicate decreasing applicability for post-thyroidectomy surveillance. Further large-scale validation and protocol standardization can facilitate clinical translation of the MMP9/miR-145 ratio to guide personalized thyroid cancer management.

Circ-FNDC3B Functions as an Oncogenic Factor in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma via Upregulating MYO5A by Absorbing miR-136-5p and miR-370-3p

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of key regulators in cancers via regulating gene levels by acting as sponges of miRNAs. This study was devoted to explore the functional mechanism of circRNA fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 3B (circ-FNDC3B) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). RNA levels were examined via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. Cell viability detection was performed using Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. The proliferation ability was determined through colony formation assay and EDU assay. Flow cytometry was applied for analysis of apoptosis. Invasion ability was assessed via transwell assay. Target binding was analyzed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The protein expression was measured using western blot. In vivo research was conducted via xenograft model in mice. Circ-FNDC3B exhibited significant upregulation in ESCC tissues and cells. Downregulation of circ-FNDC3B inhibited ESCC cell proliferation and invasion but accelerated cell apoptosis. Circ-FNDC3B interacted with miR-136-5p or miR-370-3p. The function of circ-FNDC3B was achieved by sponging miR-136-5p or miR-370-3p. Myosin VA (MYO5A) acted as a downstream target of miR-136-5p or miR-370-3p. MYO5A reversed miR-136-5p/miR-370-3p-induced tumor inhibition in ESCC cells. Circ-FNDC3B targeted miR-136-5p or miR-370-3p to affect MYO5A expression. Circ-FNDC3B knockdown reduced tumor growth in vivo by inhibiting miR-136-5p or miR-370-3p-mediated MYO5A expression. These findings demonstrated that circ-FNDC3B contributed to malignant progression of ESCC cells via miR-136-5p/MYO5A or miR-370-3p/MYO5A axis.

Hsa-miR-1269a up-regulation fosters the malignant progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via targeting FAM46C

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a malignancy of the alimentary tract resulting in death worldwide. The role and underlying mechanism of hsa-miR-1269a in the progression of ESCC remain unclear. In this study, hsa-miR-1269a was screened by differential expression analysis in TCGA, and its target gene FAM46C was predicted. qRT-PCR was conducted to assay the expression of hsa-miR-1269a and FAM46C in ESCC cells. The results showed that hsa-miR-1269a was upregulated in ESCC tissues and cell lines. Hsa-miR-1269a overexpression stimulated the proliferation, migration, and invasion capacities of ESCC cells, and FAM46C overexpression inhibited these phenotypes. Dual-luciferase assay verified that hsa-miR-1269a could target FAM46C. Next, qRT-PCR and western blot demonstrated that hsa-miR-1269a overexpression downregulated FAM46C. Rescue experiments revealed that hsa-miR-1269a accelerated the malignant progression of ESCC through FAM46C down-regulation. These results indicate that the interaction between hsa-miR-1269a and FAM46C plays a regulatory role in driving the malignant progression of ESCC cells, thereby providing a novel molecular mechanism for understanding ESCC.

The interplay of signaling pathways and miRNAs in the pathogenesis and targeted therapy of esophageal cancer

Globally, esophageal cancer (EC) is the 6th leading cause of cancer-related deaths and the second deadliest gastrointestinal cancer. Multiple genetic and epigenetic factors, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), influence its onset and progression. miRNAs are short nucleic acid molecules that can regulate multiple cellular processes by regulating gene expression. Therefore, EC initiation, progression, apoptosis evasions, invasion capacity, promotion, angiogenesis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) enhancement are associated with miRNA expression dysregulation. Wnt/-catenin signaling, Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/P-gp, phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/c-Myc, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling are crucial pathways in EC that are controlled by miRNAs. This review was conducted to provide an up-to-date assessment of the role of microRNAs in EC pathogenesis and their modulatory effects on responses to various EC treatment modalities.

MiR-140 promotes the progression of intracranial aneurysms by targeting BCL2L2

To investigate the role of miR-140/BCL2L2 axis on the formation of intracranial aneurysms. The expression of miR-140 in the serum of patients with intracranial aneurysms and healthy volunteers was detected. CCK-8 assay and Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining flow cytometry were used to evaluate the effect of miR-140 knockdown on the proliferation and apoptosis of human brain vascular smooth muscle cells (HBVSMCs). Meanwhile, the relationship between miR-140 and BCL2L2 was examined. MiR-140 was found to be upregulation in intracranial aneurysm patients. MiR-140 knock-out significantly inhibited the apoptosis of HBVSMCs and promoted cell proliferation. BCL2L2 was a direct target gene of miR-140 and suppressed its expression. Knockdown of miR-140 alleviates the development of intracranial aneurysms. MiR-140/BCL2L2 axis promotes the progression of intracranial aneurysms by regulating apoptosis of HBVSMCs. Therefore, miR-140 is a potential therapeutic target for intracranial aneurysms.

CircKRT14 upregulates E2F3 by interacting with miR-1256 to act as an oncogenic factor in esophageal cancer

BACKGROUND

A growing number of studies have focused on the regulatory role of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in a variety of cancers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of circRNA Keratin 14 (circKRT14) on the progression of esophageal cancer (EC).

METHODS

The levels of circKRT14, miR-1256 and E2F transcription factor 3 (E2F3) were analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot. The circular structure of circKRT14 was confirmed by RNase R digestion assay. Cell apoptosis, migration and invasion were detected by flow cytometry and transwell assay. The protein levels of related factors were determined by western blot. The relationship between miR-1256 and circKRT14 or E2F3 was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The in vivo function of circKRT14 was studied by xenograft tumor assay.

RESULTS

CircKRT14 was significantly increased in EC tissues and cells. CircKRT14 silencing inhibited EC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, but promoted EC cell apoptosis in vitro. CircKRT1 acted as a sponge for miR-1256 in EC, and in-miR-1256 abolished the inhibitory effect of circKRT14 suppression on EC cell progression. E2F3 was a target of miR-1256 and functioned as an oncogene in EC cells. MiR-1256 curbed EC progression by downregulating E2F3. CircKRT14 could affect E2F3 expression by targeting miR-1256. CircKRT14 regulated EC progression in vivo through miR-1256/E2F3 axis.

CONCLUSIONS

These results uncovered that circKRT14 up-regulated the expression of E2F3 and promoted the malignant development of EC through sponging miR-1256.

Key signal transduction pathways and crosstalk in cancer: Biological and therapeutic opportunities

Several different signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms have been identified as responsible for controlling critical functions in human cancer cells, such as selective growth and proliferative advantage, altered stress response favoring overall survival, vascularization, invasion and metastasis, metabolic rewiring, an abetting microenvironment, and immune modulation. This concise summary will provide a selective review of recent studies of key signal transduction pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which are altered in cancer cells, as the novel and promising therapeutic targets.

High level of LncRNA MAPKAPK5-AS1 predicts poor prognosis and contributes to the malignant proliferation and EMT of non-small cell lung cancer via sponging miR-490-3p from HMGB2

BACKGROUND

Patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) show a low survival rate, owing to the lack of early diagnostic method and high invasiveness. Long non-coding RNA MAPKAPK5-AS1 that regulates tumor genesis and progression through multiple signals, is upregulated and involved in the growth and apoptosis in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD).

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether MAPKAPK5-AS1 affected the malignant progression of NSCLC.

METHODS

The levels of MAPKAPK5-AS1, miR-490-3p and HMGB2 in lung cancer were first analyzed through StarBase website, and confirmed by a quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR (qRT-PCR) assay. The biological functions of NSCLC cells were examined by CCK-8, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) and flow cytometry assays. The potential binding sequences lncRNA-miRNA and miRNA-mRNA were predicted by StarBase software and verified via dual luciferase reporter experiment. The effects of MAPKAPK5-AS1 on tumor growth were evaluated in a xenografted mice model.

RESULTS

The expression of MAPKAPK5-AS1 was upregulated in tumor tissues from NSCLC patients. Patients with high expression of MAPKAPK5-AS1 had higher tumor size, advanced TNM stage, higher incidence of lymph node and distant metastasis, and shorter overall survival. Knockdown of MAPKAPK5-AS1 inhibited the proliferation, induced apoptosis and blocked epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT) of NSCLC cells. Mechanically, MAPKAPK5-AS1 could upregulate the HMGB2 level in NSCLC cells through competitively binding to miR-490-3p. MiR-490-3p inhibitor reversed the roles of MAPKAPK5-AS1 knockdown on tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis and EMT. Also, HMGB2 knockdown suppressed tumor cell malignant phenotypes. Furthermore, interference of MAPKAPK5-AS1 slowed NSCLC tumor growth in vivo.

CONCLUSION

Knockdown of MAPKAPK5-AS1 inhibited the aggressive tumor phenotypes through miR-490-3p/HMGB2 axis in NSCLC. MAPKAPK5-AS1/miR-490-3p/HMGB2 might be potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets for NSCLC.

Inhibition of O-GlcNAc transferase sensitizes prostate cancer cells to docetaxel

The expression of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and its catalytic product, O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc), are elevated in many types of cancers, including prostate cancer (PC). Inhibition of OGT serves as a potential strategy for PC treatment alone or combinational therapy. PC is the second common cancer type in male worldwide, for which chemotherapy is still the first-line treatment. However, the function of inhibition of OGT on chemotherapeutic response in PC cells is still unknown. In this study, we show that inhibition of OGT by genetic knockdown using shRNA or by chemical inhibition using OGT inhibitors sensitize PC cells to docetaxel, which is the most common chemotherapeutic agent in PC chemotherapy. Furthermore, we identified that microRNA-140 (miR-140) directly binds to OGT mRNA 3' untranslated region and inhibits OGT expression. Moreover, docetaxel treatment stimulates miR-140 expression, whereas represses OGT expression in PC cells. Overexpression of miR-140 enhanced the drug sensitivity of PC cells to docetaxel, which could be reversed by overexpression of OGT. Overall, this study demonstrates miR-140/OGT axis as therapeutic target in PC treatment and provides a promising adjuvant therapeutic strategy for PC therapy.

A miRNA-Based Prognostic Model to Trace Thyroid Cancer Recurrence

Simple Summary

Some thyroid tumors elected for surveillance remain indolent, while others progress. The mechanism responsible for this difference is poorly understood, making it challenging to devise patient surveillance plans. Early prediction is important for tailoring treatment and follow-up in high-risk patients. The aim of our study was to identify predictive markers for progression. We leveraged a highly sensitive test that accurately predicts which thyroid nodules are more likely to develop lymph node metastasis, thereby improving care and outcomes for cancer patients.

Abstract

Papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) account for most endocrine tumors; however, screening and diagnosing the recurrence of PTC remains a clinical challenge. Using microRNA sequencing (miR-seq) to explore miRNA expression profiles in PTC tissues and adjacent normal tissues, we aimed to determine which miRNAs may be associated with PTC recurrence and metastasis. Public databases such as TCGA and GEO were utilized for data sourcing and external validation, respectively, and miR-seq results were validated using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). We found miR-145 to be significantly downregulated in tumor tissues and blood. Deregulation was significantly related to clinicopathological features of PTC patients including tumor size, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, and recurrence. In silico data analysis showed that miR-145 can negatively regulate multiple genes in the TC signaling pathway and was associated with cell apoptosis, proliferation, stem cell differentiation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Taken together, the current study suggests that miR-145 may be a biomarker for PTC recurrence. Further mechanistic studies are required to uncover its cellular roles in this regard.

Effects and mechanisms of GSG2 in esophageal cancer progression

BACKGROUND

Esophageal cancer was recognized as one of the malignant tumors with poor prognosis. Germ cell associated 2 (GSG2) has been reported to be of great significance in cell growth and tumor formation. This study aimed to investigate the biological function and molecular mechanism of GSG2 in esophageal cancer.

METHODS

First, relationship between GSG2 expression and tumor characteristics in esophageal cancer patients was analyzed through immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. MTT assay, flow cytometry, cloning formation assay, wound-healing assay and Transwell assay were used to determine proliferation, apoptosis and migration of esophageal cancer cell with GSG2 knockdown in vitro. Expression of apoptosis related proteins and downstream pathway proteins after GSG2 knockdown were detected through Human Apoptosis Antibody Array and western blot analysis. The GSG2 knockdown function in vivo was explored through a xenograft tumor model.

RESULTS

GSG2 was highly expressed in tumor tissues, which has clinical significance in predicting the malignant degree of patients with esophageal cancer. In addition, GSG2 knockdown significantly inhibited a variety of malignant biological behaviors of esophageal cancer cells, such as inhibiting proliferation, reducing colony formation, promoting apoptosis, hindering migration. The decrease of GSG2 expression in esophageal cancer cells can inhibit the xenograft tumor growth.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, GSG2 was involved in esophageal cancer progression and development, which may provide an effective molecular target for the treatment of esophageal cancer in the future.

Ginsenoside Rh4 Suppresses Metastasis of Esophageal Cancer and Expression of c-Myc via Targeting the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway

The metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a leading cause of death worldwide, however, it has a poor prognosis. Ginsenoside Rh4 is a rare saponin that has been shown to have potential antitumor effectiveness in ESCC. However, the utility of Rh4 in ESCC metastasis and its undiscovered mode of action has not yet been explored. In this study, we found that Rh4 could inhibit ESCC metastasis by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and the level of c-Myc, which is an important transcription factor in cancer. In in vitro experiments, Rh4 could inhibit the migration and invasion of ESCC cells without affecting cell viability. In in vivo experiments, Rh4 restrained ESCC metastasis to the lymph nodes and lungs via the suppression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The Wnt agonist HLY78 promoted EMT and migration of ESCC cells, whereas treatment of Rh4 can attenuate the promotion effect of HLY78. The siRNA knocking out c-Myc can also significantly reduce the expression of EMT-related marker proteins. This study illustrates a new concept for further research on the mechanism of Rh4 in ESCC.

Regulation of VEGFA, KRAS, and NFE2L2 Oncogenes by MicroRNAs in Head and Neck Cancer

Mutations and alterations in the expression of VEGFA, KRAS, and NFE2L2 oncogenes play a key role in cancer initiation and progression. These genes are enrolled not only in cell proliferation control, but also in angiogenesis, drug resistance, metastasis, and survival of tumor cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding regulatory RNA molecules that can regulate post-transcriptional expression of multiple target genes. We aimed to investigate if miRNAs hsa-miR-17-5p, hsa-miR-140-5p, and hsa-miR-874-3p could interfere in VEGFA, KRAS, and NFE2L2 expression in cell lines derived from head and neck cancer (HNC). FADU (pharyngeal cancer) and HN13 (oral cavity cancer) cell lines were transfected with miR-17-5p, miR-140-5p, and miR-874-3p microRNA mimics. RNA and protein expression analyses revealed that miR-17-5p, miR-140-5p and miR-874-3p overexpression led to a downregulation of VEGFA, KRAS, and NFE2L2 gene expression in both cell lines analyzed. Taken together, our results provide evidence for the establishment of new biomarkers in the diagnosis and treatment of HNC.

Long non-coding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 alleviates the progression of recurrent spontaneous abortion via the microRNA-183-5p/ZEB2 axis

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been elucidated to play vital roles in the phenotype of trophoblast cells. Nevertheless, the effect of SNHG1 has not been investigated on trophoblast cells in recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). We aim to investigate the effect of SNHG1 on the phenotype of trophoblast cells during RSA. The RSA mice were established by mating female CBA/J mice with male DBA/2 mice. Microarray analysis was applied in RSA mice, and SNHG1 was identified as a significantly downregulated lncRNA. SNHG1 improved pregnancy outcome and reduced embryo resorption in RSA mice. Trophoblast cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were investigated by CCK8, EdU, TUNEL, wound healing, and Transwell assays. SNHG1 promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion of trophoblast cells, and reduced apoptosis. Mechanistically, SNHG1 bound to miR-183-5p in trophoblast cells. Moreover, miR-183-5p directly targeted ZEB2. Rescue experiment showed that ZEB2 silencing reversed the ameliorative effect of SNHG1 on pregnancy outcome and the promotion of trophoblast activity in RSA mice by impaired the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. In conclusion, we found that SNHG1 plays a critical role in the progression of RSA via miR-183-5p/ZEB2 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. It has potential to be a therapeutic marker of RSA.

FoXA2 promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression by ZEB2 activation

Background

It has been reported that Forkhead transcription family member (FOXA2) regulates esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) progression. However, the specific mechanism, by which FOXA2 promotes ESCC malignant progression, remains unclear.

Materials and methods

QRT-PCR and western blotting were applied to measure FOXA2 expression in ESCC tissues, while CCK-8 assay and Transwell assays were used to investigate the effect of FOXA2 on ESCC. Luciferase reporter assay, followed by fast chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, was used to study the relationship between FOXA2 and ZEB2.

Results

FOXA2 was significantly increased in ESCC tissues, when compared to normal tissues. Moreover, high expression of FOXA2 was also found in ESCC cells. Knockdown of FOXA2 inhibited ESCC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Mechanically, FOXA2 was verified to regulate ZEB2 expression at transcription level. Moreover, ZEB2 reversed the inhibitory effect of FOXA2 on ESCC proliferation, invasion, and migration. The relationship between ZEB2 and FOXA2 in ESCC tissues was negative.

Conclusions

These results indicate that FOXA2 plays a critical role in ESCC progression and may become a potential candidate target for ESCC treatment.

Bie Jia Jian Pill Combined with Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells Regulates microRNA-140 to Suppress Hepatocellular Carcinoma Stem Cells

Background and Objectives

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) with tumorigenic potential are reported as the crucial factors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence and therapy resistance. Bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are documented to play an important role in the protection of hepatocytes. Bie Jia Jian pill (BJJP), a Traditional Chinese Medicine, has been used to treat liver fibrosis and liver cancer. This study aimed to explore the potential role of combined use of BJJP with BMSCs in HCC cell lines.

Methods and Results

Flow cytometry was used to identify BMSCs isolated from BALB/c mice and CSCs enriched from Huh7 cells by measuring CD24, CD133, CD44, CD73, CD105, CD166, CD29, CD14 and CD34. Differentiation potential of BMSCs was also determined. Cell viability and proliferation ability of CSCs were determined by CCK-8 assay and clone formation assay. The expressions of CSCs biomarkers and Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway related proteins were determined by PCR and western blot. TOP-Flash/FOP-Flash luciferase assay was applied to measure the activity of β-catenin/TCF. Compared with untreated CSCs, BJJP or BMSCs treatment alone on CSCs lead to increased miR-140 expression and cell apoptosis, as well as decreased expressions of CD24, CD133, EpCAM and cell viability. Downregualted expressions of Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway related proteins, Wnt3a and β-catenin were found in response to BJJP or BMSCs treatment alone. The combination of BJJP＋BMSCs treatment on CSCs could further enhance the suppressive effect on CSCs. Down-regulation of miR-140 in CSCs partially blocked the effects of BMSCs or BMSCs＋BJJP on the expressions of Wnt3a and β-catenin as well as the cell viability and apoptosis of CSCs. Reversed expression pattern was found in CSCs transfected with miR-140 overexpression.

Conclusions

Taken together, we demonstrate that BJJP＋BMSCs together could further enhance the suppressive effect on CSCs through regulating miR-140 and suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway. This study demonstrated the potential of BJJP＋BMSCs in therapeutic treatment of HCC.

ZEB2, the Mowat-Wilson Syndrome Transcription Factor: Confirmations, Novel Functions, and Continuing Surprises

After its publication in 1999 as a DNA-binding and SMAD-binding transcription factor (TF) that co-determines cell fate in amphibian embryos, ZEB2 was from 2003 studied by embryologists mainly by documenting the consequences of conditional, cell-type specific Zeb2 knockout (cKO) in mice. In between, it was further identified as causal gene causing Mowat-Wilson Syndrome (MOWS) and novel regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). ZEB2's functions and action mechanisms in mouse embryos were first addressed in its main sites of expression, with focus on those that helped to explain neurodevelopmental and neural crest defects seen in MOWS patients. By doing so, ZEB2 was identified in the forebrain as the first TF that determined timing of neuro-/gliogenesis, and thereby also the extent of different layers of the cortex, in a cell non-autonomous fashion, i.e., by its cell-intrinsic control within neurons of neuron-to-progenitor paracrine signaling. Transcriptomics-based phenotyping of Zeb2 mutant mouse cells have identified large sets of intact-ZEB2 dependent genes, and the cKO approaches also moved to post-natal brain development and diverse other systems in adult mice, including hematopoiesis and various cell types of the immune system. These new studies start to highlight the important adult roles of ZEB2 in cell-cell communication, including after challenge, e.g., in the infarcted heart and fibrotic liver. Such studies may further evolve towards those documenting the roles of ZEB2 in cell-based repair of injured tissue and organs, downstream of actions of diverse growth factors, which recapitulate developmental signaling principles in the injured sites. Evident questions are about ZEB2's direct target genes, its various partners, and ZEB2 as a candidate modifier gene, e.g., in other (neuro)developmental disorders, but also the accurate transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of its mRNA expression sites and levels. Other questions start to address ZEB2's function as a niche-controlling regulatory TF of also other cell types, in part by its modulation of growth factor responses (e.g., TGFβ/BMP, Wnt, Notch). Furthermore, growing numbers of mapped missense as well as protein non-coding mutations in MOWS patients are becoming available and inspire the design of new animal model and pluripotent stem cell-based systems. This review attempts to summarize in detail, albeit without discussing ZEB2's role in cancer, hematopoiesis, and its emerging roles in the immune system, how intense ZEB2 research has arrived at this exciting intersection.

LncRNA DLEU1 Contributes to the Growth and Invasion of Colorectal Cancer via Targeting miR-320b/PRPS1

Growing evidences suggest that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are closely correlated to the development of human cancer, such as colorectal cancer (CRC). A previous report suggested that DLEU1 accelerated CRC development. However, DLEU1's underlying mechanism in CRC remains unclear. In our study, the level of DLEU1 in CRC tissues is investigated by qRT-PCR. Our data exhibited that DLEU1 level was observably increased in CRC tissues and CRC cell lines and was closely associated with bad prognosis of CRC patients. CRC cell proliferation was repressed by sh-LncRNA DLEU1, whereas cell apoptosis was markedly stimulated. Moreover, knockdown of DLEU1 inhibited cell migration and invasion. Mechanistically, through interacting with miR-320b in CRC, DLEU1 promoted the level of PRPS1 which was a target of miR-320b. The rescue experiment confirmed that knockdown of DLEU1 repressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion while stimulated cell apoptosis via miR-320b/phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1 (PRPS1) axis. Meanwhile, the data of xenograft model exhibited that inhibition of DLEU1 suppressed tumor growth in vivo. In summary, DLEU1 knockdown may repress PRPS1 expression via miR-320b, and then repress cell proliferation, migration and invasion while stimulate cell apoptosis. Our research may provide a novel target for the treatment of CRC.

MicroRNA-210 targets FBXO31 to inhibit tumor progression and regulates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and EMT in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Evidence from previous studies showed that the dysregulation of microRNA (miR) is frequently associated with tumor progression. The aberrant miR‐210 expression has been identified in a variety of tumors. However, its biological roles in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) still need further elucidation. Thus, in the current study we explore the roles of miR‐210 in ESCC progression. The findings of our study reveal that miR‐210 is down‐regulated in ESCC, which indicates poor prognosis and aggressive tumor progression. Moreover, miR‐210 restoration was found to enhance ESCC viability, invasion, and migration abilities. F‐Box only protein 31 (FBXO31) was confirmed to be one of the targets of miR‐210 in ESCC cells. Results also revealed that miR‐210 played crucial roles in regulating ESCC cell epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. In conclusion, data show that miR‐210 serves as an anti‐ESCC miR via down‐regulation of FBXO31 and regulation of EMT and Wnt signaling, suggesting that the miR‐210/FBXO31 axis may function as promising therapeutic targets and effective prognostic markers for ESCC patients.

miR‐210 serves as an anti‐ESCC miR via down‐regulation of FBXO31 and regulation of EMT and Wnt signaling

microRNA-140: A miRNA with diverse roles in human diseases

MicroRNA-140 (miR-140) has been shown to be associated with the pathogenesis of a wide range of pathologies including osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, renal fibrosis, ischemic conditions, and most importantly neoplasia. This miRNA has been shown to be down-regulated in a diversity of cancers namely breast cancer, gastrointestinal cancers, lung cancer, and prostate cancer. miR-140 has a lot of immune-related targets. Moreover, several miR-140 targets regulate cell proliferation, cell cycle transition, and apoptosis. This miRNA has been shown to be sponged by a number of lncRNAs and circ-RNAs. miR-140 has essential roles in the determination of the sensitivity of neoplastic cells to chemotherapeutic agents such as temozolomide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin. Besides, expression quantities of miR-140 in cancer tissues can be used for the prediction of clinical outcomes of patients with neoplasia. In the present paper, we describe the impact of miR-140 in neoplastic and non-neoplastic disorders.