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Suvarna R, Suryakanth VB, Bakthavatchalam P, Kalthur G, Nayak M D, Prabhu MM, Hadapad BS, Shenoy RP. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity of Liberin, an anti-diabetic polyherbal formulation in rats. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2023; 14:100804. [PMID: 37847964 PMCID: PMC10585375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2023.100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polyherbal formulation (PHF) liberin, is known to exert anti-hyperglycemic effects in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hence, it is important to study the safety profile of PHF in the current study through acute and chronic toxicity evaluation. OBJECTIVES This research aims to assess the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of PHF in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS PHF was administered once orally (1000 mg/kg body weight), and the rats (male and female) were monitored for toxicity signs for a 14-day period. For a 28-day chronic toxicity study, rats were daily administered with PHF dose of 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg body weight. Rats were followed up for mortality, weight changes, and other morbidities. Further haematological, biochemical, and histopathological changes were assessed. RESULTS No death related to treatment or toxicity signs were recorded in the acute single-dose administration group. The results showed that the PHF was tolerated well up to a dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight. Even at the high dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight, sub-chronic tests did not show any significant difference between the dosed and normal groups. No significant changes were seen in the histopathological analysis of the liver, spleen, and kidney as well as haematological and biochemical parameters in acute, sub-chronic and satellite groups following the administration of PHF. CONCLUSION The results confirmed that there was no adverse effect of this PHF at the maximum dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight in Wistar rats. Further, no adverse delayed effects related to PHF were observed in the satellite group. Therefore, this PHF appears safe for therapeutic purposes in the Ayurvedic medicinal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Suvarna
- Division of Ayurveda, Centre for Integrative Medicine and Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Varashree Bolar Suryakanth
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Pugazhandhi Bakthavatchalam
- Department of Anatomy, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Guruprasad Kalthur
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Deepak Nayak M
- Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - M Mukhyaprana Prabhu
- Department of General Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Basavaraj S Hadapad
- Division of Ayurveda, Centre for Integrative Medicine and Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Revathi P Shenoy
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Mert H, İrak K, Çibuk S, Yıldırım S, Mert N. The effect of evening primrose oil ( Oenothera biennis) on the level of adiponectin and some biochemical parameters in rats with fructose induced metabolic syndrome. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:1539-1547. [PMID: 32594769 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1781900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The effect of evening primrose oil on adiponectin level and some biochemical parameters in model of fructose-induced metabolic syndrome were investigated. The rats were divided into 4 groups: control, evening primrose oil, fructose, fructose + evening primrose oil. Body weight, daily feed and water consumptions and systolic blood pressures of animals were measured. At the end of trial, blood samples were taken, livers were excised and histopathological examination was performed. Glucose, uric acid, triglyceride, T.cholesterol, LDL, HDL, VLDL, ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, adiponectin, insulin, IL-6, TNF-α, TAC, and TOS levels were analysed. Some analysed parameters and systolic blood pressure of fructose + evening primrose oil group decreased significantly compared to fructose group and adiponectin, TAC, and HDL levels were significantly increased. As conclusion, evening primrose oil can be considered as antioxidant agent by reducing oxidative stress, increasing adiponectin levels and insulin sensitivity, anti-inflammatory properties, exhibiting anti-atherogenic effect by regulating dyslipidemia and systolic blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handan Mert
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Kıvanç İrak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Salih Çibuk
- Vocational School of Health Services, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yıldırım
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Nihat Mert
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
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Protective Effect of Butanolic Fraction of Delphinium brunonianum on Fructose-Mediated Metabolic Alterations in Rats. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12060481. [PMID: 35736413 PMCID: PMC9227329 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted with an intent to evaluate the protective effect of butanolic fraction of Delphinium brunonianum on fructose mediated metabolic abnormalities in rats. Rats in all groups except control group were fed on 10% fructose for 6 weeks; however, rats in the treated group also received butanolic fraction for the last 3 weeks, along with the fructose. Moreover, phytoconstituents present in butanolic fraction were analyzed using LC-MS. All doses of butanolic fraction profoundly reduce the fructose-induced blood pressure, sympathetic over-activity, and weight gain. Furthermore, butanolic fraction prominently reduces the glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia in fructose-fed rats. On treatment with butanolic fraction, oxidative enzymes and the functionality of the aorta was also restored. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of several active constituents including bergenin, scopolin, rutinoside, kaempferol, coumaric acid, apigenin, and gingerol. In conclusion, butanolic fraction of Delphinium brunonianum has the potential to prevent and recover the fructose-induced metabolic perturbations.
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Khanal P, Patil BM. Reversal of insulin resistance by Ficus benghalensis bark in fructose-induced insulin-resistant rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 284:114761. [PMID: 34678414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bark of Ficus benghalensis L. (family: Moraceae), commonly known as Banyan is recorded as Nyagrodha in Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India to manage burning sensation, obesity, diabetes, bleeding disorders, thirst, skin diseases, wounds, and dysmenorrhoea. However, the effect of F. benghalensis bark over glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and appetite regulation in insulin-resistant pathogenesis has not been reported yet. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed to investigate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of F. benghalensis bark in gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, and appetite regulation in fructose-induced insulin resistance in experimental rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wister rats were supplemented with fructose in drinking water (10% w/v for 42 days and 20% w/v for next 12 days; a total of 54 days); insulin resistance was confirmed via the elevated area under the curve of the glucose during oral glucose tolerance test after 54 days and was subjected with extract treatment for next 30 days. After 30 days of treatment, animals were fasted to perform oral glucose and insulin tolerance test to estimate glucose and insulin levels. The blood sample was collected for biochemical estimation and the liver homogenate was prepared to estimate hepatic enzymes and enzymatic and non-enzymatic anti-oxidant biomarkers followed by histopathological evaluation. Also, glycogen content was quantified in gastrocnemius muscle and liver homogenates. Further, reported bioactives from the F. benghalensis were retrieved from the ChEBI database and docked against hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and fructose-1,6-biphosphatase to identify the probable lead hits against the enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis. RESULTS Treatment with the F. benghalensis bark extract significantly increased the body weight and food intake and significantly decreased fructose supplemented water intake. Further, treatment with extract significantly increased the exogenous glucose clearance and well responded to the exogenous insulin. Further, extract treatment improved lipid metabolism, ameliorated plasma leptin, and multiple enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant biomarkers. Likewise, it also improved gluconeogenesis mediated pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver injury. Additionally, molecular docking also identified mucusisoflavone A and B as lead hits in downregulating gluconeogenesis. CONCLUSION Hydroalcoholic extract of F. benghalensis bark may prevent insulin resistance by downregulating gluconeogenesis and improving the appetite in fructose-induced insulin-resistant rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pukar Khanal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, KLE College of Pharmacy Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (KAHER), Belagavi-590010, India.
| | - B M Patil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, KLE College of Pharmacy Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (KAHER), Belagavi-590010, India.
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Variya BC, Bakrania AK, Patel SS. Antidiabetic potential of gallic acid from Emblica officinalis: Improved glucose transporters and insulin sensitivity through PPAR-γ and Akt signaling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 73:152906. [PMID: 31064680 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nature has gifted a variety of vital phytochemicals having potential therapeutic application against various ailments. Emblica officinalis (E. officinalis), an ancient plant, has long been used as a remedy for diabetes and cardiovascular complications, and presence of abundant amount of gallic acid could be accountable for its medicinal potential. PURPOSE The study was aimed to determine the in-vivo and in-vitro anti-diabetic potential of gallic acid and fruit juice of E. officinalis. Molecular mechanism of gallic acid as well as fruit juice of E. officinalis for anti-diabetic potential has also been revealed. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY DESIGN Anti-diabetic potential of E. officinalis and gallic acid was evaluated in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and various animal models like db/db mice and fructose administered rats. PPAR-γ expression and glucose translocation were observed using western blot and PCR techniques. RESULTS Treatment of E. officinalis fruit juice and gallic acid facilitated their glucose homeostasis; improved insulin sensitivity; reduced obesity; abridged elevated blood pressure and declined cholesterol level, and also induced adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mechanistically, treatment increased expression of PPAR-γ through activation of C/EBPs and simultaneously increased Glut4 translocation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Moreover, gallic acid treatment increased insulin sensitivity through activation of Akt rather than AMPK signaling pathway while fruit juice of E. officinalis showed dual activation, Akt and AMPK as well. CONCLUSION These findings reveal the role of gallic acid in E. officinalis mediated antidiabetic potential, and delineate the upregulation of pAkt, PPAR-γ and Glut4 in gallic acid mediated antidiabetic activity, thus providing potential therapy for diabetes and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavesh C Variya
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Anita K Bakrania
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Snehal S Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India.
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Rezaei AA, Salehi I, Karimi SA, Rahnama M. The effects of Commiphora mukul extract on spermatogenesis and testosterone levels in male diabetic rats. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2020; 47:34-41. [PMID: 32146773 PMCID: PMC7127907 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2019.03251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The strong antioxidant activity of Commiphora mukul prompted us to conduct the present study to explore whether treatment with C. mukul extract (CME) would have any protective influence on sperm parameters, testosterone levels, and plasma glucose levels in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, control animals treated with CME, diabetic animals, and diabetic animals treated with CME. CME extract (300 mg/kg) was administered for 60 days by daily gavage. Diabetes was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg STZ. The epididymal sperm count, weight, motility, morphology, viability, and serum testosterone and glucose levels were determined. Results In the diabetic animals, CME decreased blood glucose levels (p<0.05), increased the total sperm count (p<0.05), and decreased the proportion of sperm with abnormal morphology (p<0.05). Diabetes reduced sperm motility (p<0.001), and CME supplementation partially reversed this effect of diabetes (p=0.003). Furthermore, in diabetic animals, CME decreased the proportion of immotile sperm (p<0.001). In rats, diabetes caused a significant decrease (p<0.05) in serum testosterone levels (F[3, 28]=3.283, p=0.035), but treatment of diabetic animals with CME increased serum testosterone levels. Conclusion The present study demonstrated that C. mukul possesses proandrogenic activity and exerts a beneficial effect on sperm parameters in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Akbar Rezaei
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Iraj Salehi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Seyed Asaad Karimi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rahnama
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran
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Xie Y, Zhang Y, Su X. Antidiabetic and Hypolipidemic Effects of 5,7-Dimethoxyflavone in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:9893-9901. [PMID: 31869828 PMCID: PMC6939444 DOI: 10.12659/msm.918794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The flavones are considered as competent antidiabetic molecules due to their strong antioxidant activities and higher in vivo stability. The present study evaluated the antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of 5,7-dimethoxyflavone in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat models. Material/Methods The antidiabetic potential of 5,7-dimethoxyflavone was evaluated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The serum levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured using the Randox assay kit. Histopathological examination was carried out by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Results Oral administration of 5,7-dimethoxyflavone significantly reduced STZ-induced enhancement in blood sugar and glycosylated hemoglobin, as well as significant increases in C-peptide, insulin, hemoglobin, and total protein content (p<0.05). Additionally, treatment with 5,7-dimethoxyflavone resulted in a remarkable increase in non-enzymic antioxidants. Administration of 5,7-dimethoxyflavone had a hypolipidemic effect by significantly reducing levels of serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoproteins. The histopathological examination of rat pancreases revealed the beneficial effect of 5,7-dimethoxyflavone and protection of β cell integrity in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Conclusions These findings reflect the antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of 5,7-dimethoxyflavone, suggesting that 5,7-dimethoxyflavone may be a promising compound for use in development of new antidiabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangxi Pingxiang People's Hospital, Pingxiang, Jiangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Yawei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangxi Pingxiang People's Hospital, Pingxiang, Jiangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoqing Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangxi Pingxiang People's Hospital, Pingxiang, Jiangxi, China (mainland)
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Chrysin mitigated obesity by regulating energy intake and expenditure in rats. J Tradit Complement Med 2019; 10:577-585. [PMID: 33134134 PMCID: PMC7588347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Chrysin is a flavonoid found in plant extracts from Passiflora species, honey and propolis. It has demonstrated anti-adipogenic activity in vitro but there are no studies substantiating the anti-obesity activity of chrysin in vivo. Experimental procedure The pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibitory potential of chrysin was determined by preliminary in silico screening and further confirmed by in vitro PL inhibitory assay and oral fat tolerance test (OFTT). The effect of chrysin on acute feed intake and sucrose preference test was determined in normal rats. Obesity was induced by feeding of high fructose diet (HFD) to the rats. The rats were divided into six groups: normal control, HFD control, orlistat and three doses of chrysin (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight). Body weight, body mass index (BMI), abdominal circumference/thoracic circumference (AC/TC) ratio, calorie intake, adiposity index, fecal cholesterol, locomotor activity and histopathology of the adipose tissue of the rats were evaluated. Results Chrysin showed good affinity to PL with competitive type of inhibition. It significantly reduced serum triglycerides in OFTT. Chrysin also significantly reduced acute feed intake and sucrose preference in rats. Chrysin significantly decreased the body weight, BMI, AC/TC ratio, adiposity index, calorie intake while it significantly increased the fecal cholesterol and locomotor activity of the rats. Chrysin was found to reduce the size of the adipocytes when compared to the HFD control group. Conclusion Thus, chrysin exerted anti-obesity effect by inhibiting PL, reducing sucrose preference, reducing calorie intake and increasing the locomotor activity of rats.
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Key Words
- AC/TC, ratio-abdominal circumference to thoracic circumference ratio
- AUC, area under the curve
- Adipose tissue
- BMI, body mass index
- C100, chrysin 100 mg/kg p.o. body weight
- C25, chrysin 25 mg/kg p.o. body weight
- C50, chrysin 50 mg/kg p.o. body weight
- GLP, 1-glucagon like peptide 1
- HFD, high fructose diet
- Locomotion
- NC, normal control
- OFTT, oral fat tolerance test
- Orli, orlistat
- PL, pancreatic lipase
- Pancreatic lipase
- SEM, standard error of mean
- Sucrose preference
- TG, triglycerides
- VC, vehicle control
- p-NPP, p-nitrophenyl palmitate
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Effects of Centella asiatica on skeletal muscle structure and key enzymes of glucose and glycogen metabolism in type 2 diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 112:108715. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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