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Feng ZG, Cai-Rang XD, Tan XY, Li CY, Zeng SY, Liu Y, Zhang Y. Processing methods and the underlying detoxification mechanisms for toxic medicinal materials used by ethnic minorities in China: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 305:116126. [PMID: 36610672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.116126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Various toxic medicinal materials have been used by different ethnic minorities in China for thousands of years because of their extraordinary pharmacological activities. However, the improper use and complex toxicity-efficacy relationship could cause poisoning and even death. Therefore, the study of toxicity-attenuating methods and mechanisms is necessary. AIM OF THE STUDY This review aims to summarize commonly used toxic ethnomedicines and their processing methods as well as the underlying mechanisms to potentially reduce toxicity and even enhance or preserve efficacy. Prospective for possible future investigations is also discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Processing methods and mechanisms are investigated mainly through literature review. RESULTS Processing methods with heating (boiling, stir frying, and steaming, etc.) and without heating (soaking) are usually used by Chinese ethnic minorities to attenuate the toxicity of ethnomedicines. Wheat bran, vinegar, wine, and herbal decoction are commonly used processing excipients. The mechanisms of detoxification by processing can be briefly summarized into three major categories: (1) direct elimination of impurities or reduction of toxic constituents' contents of ethnomedicines by cutting, washing, soaking or frosting; (2) chemical structure transformation of toxic constituents, such as alkaloids, glycosides, toxic proteins, animal toxicants, and mineral components, during heating and/or soaking; and (3) biological synergism or antagonism effects between the chemical constituents of processing excipients and ethnomedicines in vivo, to reduce toxicity and protect target organs. CONCLUSION Toxic ethnomedicines have long been used in China, and detoxification by processing is the prerequisite for their safe clinical application. However, understanding on the special processing methods and detoxification mechanisms of ethnomedicines in China remains insufficient. Investigations on quality control of toxic ethnomedicines, as well as evaluation of processing methods and studies of the corresponding mechanisms should be further strengthened for safe and effective clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ge Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610225, China
| | - Xia-Dao Cai-Rang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Cong-Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Shang-Yu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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The Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion of 18 Elements of Tibetan Medicine Qishiwei Zhenzhu Pills in Rats with Cerebral Ischemia. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2021:4508533. [PMID: 34992664 PMCID: PMC8727113 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4508533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine 18 elements in Tibetan medicine Qishiwei Zhenzhu pills (QSW) and their absorption, distribution, and excretion in rats with cerebral ischemia. Microwave digestion and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were used to determine 18 elements of QSW in simulated gastrointestinal (GI) juice. Rats were given QSW (66.68 mg/kg) followed by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Sham rats received saline and were not subjected to MCAO. ICP-MS was applied to determine the content of 18 elements in hepatic venous blood, abdominal aortic blood, brain, liver, kidney, hair, urine, and feces 24 h after MCAO. In vitro results showed that the extraction rate of Mn, Cu, Sr, Pb, Au, and Hg of QSW in gastric juice (1 h) was higher than that in water, and the contents of Cu, Au, Sr, and As were higher in intestinal juice (4 h) than in water. In vivo results showed that the contents of elements in the blood were quite low, and QSW increased Ni, Cr, Sr, Co, and V in artery blood and decreased V in venous blood. Elements in the tissues were also low, and QSW increased brain Li but decreased Cr and Cd; QSW increased kidney Ag and Cs and liver Mn but decreased liver Ni. QSW increased urinary excretion of Li, Sr, Hg, Cs, and V; QSW increased Hg content in hair but decreased Ni. Stool is the main excretion pathway of the elements in QSW, with Ba, Mn, Sr, Cd, V, Cu, Cs, Li, Pb, Ag, Hg, Cr, As, and Co the highest. In summary, this study examined the distribution of 18 elements in QSW-treated MCAO rats. The accumulation of these elements in blood and tissues was extremely low, and the majority was excreted in feces within 24 h, highlighting the importance of the gut-microbiota-brain axis in QSW-mediated brain protection.
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Francischini DS, Arruda MA. When a picture is worth a thousand words: Molecular and elemental imaging applied to environmental analysis – A review. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ma HH, Ding YN, Wang A, Li X, Wang Y, Shi FG, Lu YF. Cinnabar protects serum-nutrient starvation induced apoptosis by improving intracellular oxidative stress and inhibiting the expression of CHOP and PERK. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 27:101055. [PMID: 34258395 PMCID: PMC8255187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cinnabar has been used for treatment of various disorders for thousands of years. The medical use of cinnabar, however, has been controversial because of its heavy metal mercury content. A large quantity of studies indicate that the toxicity of cinnabar is far below other inorganic or organic mercury-containing compounds. Yet, the underlying molecular basis has remained unresolved. Here, we investigated the beneficial effects of cinnabar on serum-nutrient starvation-elicited cell injury. Our findings showed that treatment of human renal proximal tubular cells (HK-2) with 4 nM cinnabar effectively inhibited nutrient deprivation induced apoptosis, reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species generation and increased GSH content, which was contrary to the exacerbated apoptotic cell death and oxidative stress in cells treated with HgCl2 at equal mercury concentration. In addition, cinnabar exerted robust antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects in cells under dual challenges of nutrient deprivation and treatment of H2O2. The protein expression levels of both CHOP and PERK were remarkably down-regulated in the cells treated with cinnabar compared to the control cells or cells treated with HgCl2. Overall, our data indicates that cinnabar at low concentration exerts anti-oxidative stress and anti-apoptosis effects by inhibiting the expression of the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway proteins CHOP and PERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hong Ma
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Yan-Nan Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Ao Wang
- Zunyi Institute of Product Quality Inspection and Testing, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Xia Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Fu-Guo Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Yuan-Fu Lu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
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Nie Y, Xu SF, Lu YL, Zhao XR, Li C, Wei LX, Liu J. Zuotai (β-HgS)-containing 70 Wei Zhen-Zhu-Wan differs from mercury chloride and methylmercury on hepatic cytochrome P450 in mice. F1000Res 2021; 10:203. [PMID: 34249337 PMCID: PMC8240600 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.40667.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Zuotai (mainly β-HgS)-containing 70 Wei-Zhen-Zhu-Wan (70W, Rannasangpei) is a famous Tibetan medicine for treating cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases. We have shown that 70W protected against CCl 4 hepatotoxicity. CCl 4 is metabolized via cytochrome P450 (CYP) to produce reactive metabolites. Whether 70W has any effect on CYPs is unknown and such effects should be compared with mercury compounds for safety evaluation. Methods: Mice were given clinical doses of 70W (0.15-1.5 g/kg, po), Zuotai (30 mg/kg, po), and compared to HgCl 2 (33.6 mg/kg, po) and MeHg (3.1 mg/kg, po) for seven days. Liver RNA and protein were isolated for qPCR and Western-blot analysis. Results: 70W and Zuotai had no effects on hepatic mRNA expression of Cyp1a2, Cyp2b10, Cyp3a11, Cyp4a10 and Cyp7a1, and corresponding nuclear receptors [aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα); farnesoid X receptor (FXR)]. In comparison, HgCl 2 and MeHg increased mRNA expression of Cyp1a2, Cyp2b10, Cyp4a10 and Cyp7a1 except for Cyp3a11, and corresponding nuclear receptors except for PXR. Western-blot confirmed mRNA results, showing increases in CYP1A2, CYP2B1, CYP2E1, CYP4A and CYP7A1 by HgCl 2 and MeHg only, and all treatments had no effects on CYP3A. Conclusions: Zuotai and Zuotai-containing 70W at clinical doses had minimal influence on hepatic CYPs and corresponding nuclear receptors, while HgCl 2 and MeHg produced significant effects. Thus, the use of total Hg content to evaluate the safety of HgS-containing 70W is inappropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Nie
- Key Laboratory for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and the Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China
- Research Lab, Zunyi Blood Center, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Shang-Fu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and the Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Yan-Liu Lu
- Key Laboratory for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and the Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Xiu-Rong Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and the Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Cen Li
- Key Lab of Tibetan Medicine, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810001, China
| | - Li-Xin Wei
- Key Lab of Tibetan Medicine, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810001, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and the Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China
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Nie Y, Xu SF, Lu YL, Zhao XR, Li C, Wei LX, Liu J. Zuotai (β-HgS)-containing 70 Wei Zhen-Zhu-Wan differs from mercury chloride and methylmercury on hepatic cytochrome P450 in mice. F1000Res 2021; 10:203. [PMID: 34249337 PMCID: PMC8240600 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.40667.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Zuotai (mainly β-HgS)-containing 70 Wei-Zhen-Zhu-Wan (70W, Rannasangpei) is a famous Tibetan medicine for treating cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases. We have shown that 70W protected against CCl 4 hepatotoxicity. CCl 4 is metabolized via cytochrome P450 (CYP) to produce reactive metabolites. Whether 70W has any effect on CYPs is unknown and such effects should be compared with mercury compounds for safety evaluation. Methods: Mice were given clinical doses of 70W (0.15-1.5 g/kg, po), Zuotai (30 mg/kg, po), and compared to HgCl 2 (33.6 mg/kg, po) and MeHg (3.1 mg/kg, po) for seven days. Liver RNA and protein were isolated for qPCR and Western-blot analysis. Results: 70W and Zuotai had no effects on hepatic mRNA expression of Cyp1a2, Cyp2b10, Cyp3a11, Cyp4a10 and Cyp7a1, and corresponding nuclear receptors [aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα); farnesoid X receptor (FXR)]. In comparison, HgCl 2 and MeHg increased mRNA expression of Cyp1a2, Cyp2b10, Cyp4a10 and Cyp7a1 except for Cyp3a11, and corresponding nuclear receptors except for PXR. Western-blot confirmed mRNA results, showing increases in CYP1A2, CYP2B1, CYP2E1, CYP4A and CYP7A1 by HgCl 2 and MeHg only, and all treatments had no effects on CYP3A. Conclusions: Zuotai and Zuotai-containing 70W at clinical doses had minimal influence on hepatic CYPs and corresponding nuclear receptors, while HgCl 2 and MeHg produced significant effects. Thus, the use of total Hg content to evaluate the safety of HgS-containing 70W is inappropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Nie
- Key Laboratory for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and the Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China
- Research Lab, Zunyi Blood Center, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Shang-Fu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and the Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Yan-Liu Lu
- Key Laboratory for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and the Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Xiu-Rong Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and the Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Cen Li
- Key Lab of Tibetan Medicine, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810001, China
| | - Li-Xin Wei
- Key Lab of Tibetan Medicine, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810001, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and the Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China
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Hu AL, Song S, Li Y, Xu SF, Zhang F, Li C, Liu J. Mercury sulfide-containing Hua-Feng-Dan and 70W (Rannasangpei) protect against LPS plus MPTP-induced neurotoxicity and disturbance of gut microbiota in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 254:112674. [PMID: 32105745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Mercury sulfides (HgS) are frequently included in Ayurveda, Tibetan and Chinese medicines to assist the presumed therapeutic effects, but the ethnopharmacology remains elusive. The present study examined the protective effects of α-HgS-containing Hua-Feng-Dan and β-HgS-containing 70 Wei-Zhen-Zhu-Wan (70W, Rannasangpei) against Parkinson's disease mice induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). METHOD A single injection of LPS (5 mg/kg ip) was given to adult male C57BL/6 mice, and 150 days later, the low dose of MPTP (15 mg/kg, ip, for 4 days) was given to produce the "two-hit" Parkinson's disease model. Together with MPTP treatment, mice were fed with clinically-relevant doses of Hua-Feng-Dan (0.6 g/kg) and 70W (0.2 g/kg) for 35 days. Rotarod test was performed to examine muscle coordination capability. At the end of the experiment, brain was transcardially perfused with paraformaldehyde, the substantia nigra was sectioned for microglia (Iba1 staining) and dopaminergic neuron (THir staining) determination. Colon bacterial DNA was extracted and subjected to qPCR analysis with 16S rRNA probes. RESULTS The low-grade, chronic neuroinflammation produced by LPS aggravated MPTP neurotoxicity, as evidenced by decreased motor activity, intensified microglia activation and loss of dopaminergic neurons. Both Hua-Feng-Dan and 70W increased rotarod activity and ameliorated the pathological lesions in the brain. In gut microbiomes examined, LPS plus MPTP increased Verrucomicrobiaceae, Methanobacteriaceae, Pronicromonosporaceae, and Clostridaceae species were attenuated by Hua-Feng-Dan and 70W. CONCLUSIONS α-HgS-containing Hua-Feng-Dan and β-HgS-containing 70W at clinical doses protected against chronic LPS plus MPTP-induced toxicity to the brain and gut, suggesting HgS-containing traditional medicines could target gut microbiota as a mechanism of their therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Ling Hu
- Key Lab for Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Sheng Song
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Yi Li
- Key Lab for Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Shang-Fu Xu
- Key Lab for Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Lab for Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Cen Li
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Lab for Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
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Fu K, Xu M, Zhou Y, Li X, Wang Z, Liu X, Meng X, Zeng Y, Zhang H. The Status quo and way forwards on the development of Tibetan medicine and the pharmacological research of tibetan materia Medica. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104688. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Dhondrup W, Tidwell T, Wang X, Tso D, Dhondrup G, Luo Q, Wangmo C, Kyi T, Liu Y, Meng X, Zhang Y. Tibetan Medical informatics: An emerging field in Sowa Rigpa pharmacological & clinical research. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 250:112481. [PMID: 31862406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
MESH Headings
- History, 15th Century
- History, 16th Century
- History, 17th Century
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- History, Medieval
- Humans
- Medical Informatics
- Medicine, Traditional/history
- Medicine, Traditional/methods
- Medicine, Traditional/psychology
- Tibet
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Affiliation(s)
- Wüntrang Dhondrup
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Tawni Tidwell
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 625 W. Washington Ave, Madison, WI, 53711, USA.
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Dungkar Tso
- Mongolian and Tibetan Medicine Hospital in Haixi State, Delingha, 817000, People's Republic of China
| | - Gönpo Dhondrup
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingfang Luo
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Choknyi Wangmo
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Tsering Kyi
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongguo Liu
- Knowledge and Data Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine, School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianli Meng
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People's Republic of China.
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Wang X, Rezeng C, Wang Y, Li J, Zhang L, Chen J, Li Z. Toxicological Risks of Renqingchangjue in Rats Evaluated by 1H NMR-Based Serum and Urine Metabolomics Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:2169-2179. [PMID: 32064377 PMCID: PMC7016918 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Renqingchangjue (RQCJ), a kind of Traditional Tibetan Medicine, has been widely utilized to treat various gastroenteritis diseases. However, the biosafety and toxicity of RQCJ was still indefinite because of toxic components in RQCJ, which included a variety of heavy metals. Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate the toxicity and expound the toxicological mechanism of RQCJ. In this study, rats were intragastrically administered with different doses of RQCJ for 15 days, and then, the restorative observation period lasted for 15 days. Liver and kidney tissues were collected for histopathological examination, and simultaneously serum and urine samples were collected for 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy analysis and biochemical analysis combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) measurement. The 1H NMR-based metabolomics analysis revealed that the administration of RQCJ significantly altered the concentrations of 14 serum metabolites and 14 urine metabolites, which implied disturbances in energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, intestinal flora environment, and membrane damage. Besides, the biochemical analysis of serum samples was consistent with the histopathological results, which indicated slight hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. The quantification of As and Hg in urine and serum samples by ICP-MS provided more evidence about the toxicity of RQCJ. This work provided an effective method to systematically and dynamically evaluate the toxicity of RQCJ and suggested that precautions should be taken in the clinic to monitor the potential toxicity of RQCJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, No. 105, Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Caidan Rezeng
- College
of Pharmacy, Qinghai Nationalities University, No. 3 Bayizhong Road, Xining 810000, PR China
| | - Yingfeng Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, No. 105, Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Jian Li
- Beijing
University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Beisanhuandonglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, No. 105, Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Beijing
University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Beisanhuandonglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Zhongfeng Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, No. 105, Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China
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Geng L, Xia Z, Yuan L, Li C, Zhang M, Du Y, Wei L, Bi H. Effects of β-HgS on cell viability and intracellular oxidative stress in PC-12 cells. Metallomics 2020; 12:1389-1399. [DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00088d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Tibetan medicines containing β-HgS have been used to treat chronic ailments for thousands of years. The effects were studied of β-HgS on cell viability and intracellular oxidative stress in PC-12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujing Geng
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology
- CAS
- Xining 810008
- China
| | - Zhenghua Xia
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology
- CAS
- Xining 810008
- China
| | - Lu Yuan
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology
- CAS
- Xining 810008
- China
| | - Cen Li
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology
- CAS
- Xining 810008
- China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology
- CAS
- Xining 810008
- China
| | - Yuzhi Du
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology
- CAS
- Xining 810008
- China
| | - Lixin Wei
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology
- CAS
- Xining 810008
- China
| | - Hongtao Bi
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology
- CAS
- Xining 810008
- China
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Chemical Compositions of Metals in Bhasmas and Tibetan Zuotai Are a Major Determinant of Their Therapeutic Effects and Toxicity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:1697804. [PMID: 30941186 PMCID: PMC6421027 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1697804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Minerals are alchemically processed as Bhasmas in Ayurvedic medicines or as Zuotai in Tibetan medicines. Ayurveda is a knowledge system of longevity and considers the mineral elixir made from “nature” capable of giving humans perpetual life. Herbo-metallic preparations have a long history in the treatment of various diseases in India, China, and around the world. Their disposition, pharmacology, efficacy, and safety require scientific evaluation. This review discusses the Bhasmas in Ayurvedic medicines and Zuotai in Tibetan medicines for their occurrence, bioaccessibility, therapeutic use, pharmacology, toxicity, and research perspectives. A literature search on Mineral, Bhasma, Ayurvedic medicine, Zuotai, Tibetan medicine, and Metals/metalloids from PubMed, Google and other sources was carried out, and the relevant papers on their traditional use, pharmacology, and toxicity were selected and analyzed. Minerals are processed to form Bhasma or Zuotai to alter their physiochemical properties distinguishing them from environmental metals. The metals found in Ayurveda are mainly from the intentional addition in the form of Bhasma or Zuotai. Bhasma and Zuotai are often used in combination with other herbals and/or animal-based products as mixtures. The advanced technologies are now utilized to characterize herbo-metallic preparations as Quality Assurance/Quality Control. The bioaccessibility, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of herbo-metallic preparations are different from environmental metals. The pharmacological basis of Bhasma in Ayurveda and Zuotai in Tibetan medicines and their interactions with drugs require scientific research. Although the toxic potentials of Bhasma and Zuotai differ from environmental metals, the metal poisoning case reports, especially lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) from inappropriate use of traditional medicines, are increasing, and pharmacovigilance is desired. In risk assessment, chemical forms of metals in Bhasma and Zuotai should be considered for their disposition, efficacy, and toxicity.
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Perspectives of XRF and XANES Applications in Cryospheric Sciences Using Chinese SR Facilities. CONDENSED MATTER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/condmat3040029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
As an important part of the climate system, the cryosphere, can be studied with a variety of techniques based on laboratory-based or field-portable equipment in order to accumulate data for a better understanding of this portion of the Earth’s surface. The advent of synchrotron radiation (SR) facilities as large scientific interdisciplinary infrastructures has reshaped the scenario of these investigations and, in particular, of condensed matters researches. Many spectroscopic methods allow for characterizing the structure or electronic structure of samples, while the scattering/diffraction methods enable the determination of crystalline structures of either organic or inorganic systems. Moreover, imaging methods offer an unprecedented spatial resolution of samples, revealing their inner structure and morphology. In this contribution, we briefly introduce the SR facilities now available in mainland China, and the perspectives of SR-based methods suitable to investigate ice, snow, aerosols, dust, and other samples of cryospheric origin from deep ice cores, permafrost, filters, etc. The goal is to deepen the understanding in cryospheric sciences through an increased collaboration between the synchrotron radiation community and the scientists working in polar areas or involved in correlated environmental problems.
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Yeshi K, Wangdi T, Qusar N, Nettles J, Craig SR, Schrempf M, Wangchuk P. Geopharmaceuticals of Himalayan Sowa Rigpa medicine: Ethnopharmacological uses, mineral diversity, chemical identification and current utilization in Bhutan. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 223:99-112. [PMID: 29751124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Geological materials, such as minerals, have a long history of usage as ingredients in multicompound formulations of Himalayan Sowa Rigpa medicine - as well as in its localized form of Bhutanese traditional medicine (BTM) - for treating various disorders for over thousand years. Yet, hardly any scientific research has been done on their ethnopharmacological efficacy and chemistry. AIM OF THE STUDY This study documents and correlates the rarely explored ethnopharmacological and chemical identification of various minerals and their ethnomedicinal uses in BTM formulations for the first time. MATERIAL AND METHODS A five stage cross-disciplinary process was conducted as follows: (1) a review of classical literature of Sowa Rigpa texts (Tibetan medical texts, pharmacopoeias and formularies) that are still in use today; (2) listing of mineral ingredients according to Sowa Rigpa names, followed by identification with common English and chemical names, as well as re-translating their ethnomedical uses; (3) cross-checking the chemical names and chemical composition of identified Sowa Rigpa minerals with various geological mineral databases and mineral handbooks; (4) authentication and standardization of Sowa Rigpa names through open forum discussion with diverse BTM practitioners; (5) further confirmation of the chemical names of identified minerals by consulting different experts and pharmacognosists. RESULTS Our current study lists 120 minerals as described in Sowa Rigpa medical textbooks most of which we were able to chemically identify, and of which 28 are currently used in BTM herbo-mineral formulations. Out of these 28 mineral ingredients, 5 originate from precious metal and stone, 10 stem from earth, mud and rocks, 8 are salts, and 5 concern 'essences' and exudates. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified 120 mineral ingredients described in Sowa Rigpa medical textbooks, out of which 28 are currently used. They are crucial in formulating 108 multicompound prescription medicines in BTM presently in use for treating more than 135 biomedically defined ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karma Yeshi
- Wangbama Central School, Thimphu District, Bhutan
| | - Tendrel Wangdi
- Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical Sciences of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Namgyal Qusar
- Qusar Tibetan Healing Centre, P.O. Sidhpur, Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | | | | | - Mona Schrempf
- Central Asian Seminar, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany
| | - Phurpa Wangchuk
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Australia.
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Tan Q, Liu Z, Li H, Liu Y, Xia Z, Xiao Y, Usman M, Du Y, Bi H, Wei L. Hormesis of mercuric chloride-human serum albumin adduct on N9 microglial cells via the ERK/MAPKs and JAK/STAT3 signaling pathways. Toxicology 2018; 408:62-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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