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Yu P, Xue C, Rosenthal J, Jiang JJ. Effects of vocal fold lesions on particle deposition in a mouth-throat model: A numerical study. Auris Nasus Larynx 2024; 51:120-124. [PMID: 37164816 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dysphonia is very common worldwide and aerosol drug inhalation is an important treatment for patients with dysphonia. This study aimed to explore the effects of vocal fold (VF) lesions on the particle deposition pattern using computational modeling. METHODS A realistic mouth-throat (MT) model of a healthy adult was constructed based on computed tomography images. Small and large vocal fold lesions were incorporated in the original model. A steady inhalation flowrate of 15 and 30 liter per minute (LPM) was used as the velocity inlet and monodisperse particles with diameters of 5 to 10 µm were simulated. RESULTS Particles of larger size are more likely to be deposited in MT models, most of them distributed in oral cavity, oropharynx and supraglottis. The ideal sizes at 30 LPM ranged over 7-10 µm for healthy VFs and 6-8 µm for VF lesions. The best sizes at 15 LPM ranged over 6-8 µm for healthy VFs and 8-9 µm for VF lesions. CONCLUSION Based on this study, VF lesions influence the deposition pattern in the glottis obviously. The ideal sizes differ at the flow rates of 15 and 30 LPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Yu
- 1st Department of Otolaryngology, Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Xue
- 1st Department of Otolaryngology, Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Jonah Rosenthal
- 2nd University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 53792 Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jack J Jiang
- 1st Department of Otolaryngology, Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University, 200031 Shanghai, China; 2nd University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 53792 Madison, WI, USA.
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Cui X, Song W, Xue Y, Jing H, Lei M, Ma H, He X, Zou P, Wu B, Wang J. Numerical analysis of micro lunar dust deposition in the human nasal airway. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132682. [PMID: 37793250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of Lunar dust (LD) is well-known to harm astronauts' health. However, the characteristics of micro-LD deposition in the human nasal airway remains unknown, and studying it through experiments is challenging. Therefore, this study employs numerical investigations to address this issue. Our findings reveal that LD larger than 4 µm primarily (>50%) deposit in the nasal cavity at an inspiration flow rate of Q= 40 L/min, while LD smaller than 8 µm are more likely (>50%) to enter the lung lobe at Q= 15 L/min. The right upper lung lobe receives a higher deposit fraction of LD compared to other lobes, reaching a maximum of 31%. The ratio of deposition fraction in the right lung and left lung can reach to 3.0. Accurately predicting LD deposition in the upper airway and entire lung is possible using mathematical expressions, but the prediction becomes more challenging for the bronchial airway and lung lobes. These results indicate that micro-LD deposition characteristics in the human nasal airway are influenced by LD size and astronauts' activity level. The deposition fractions can be used to assess the health risk from lunar dust to astronauts and provide insights into developing protective measures against LD exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguang Cui
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Wei Song
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Xue
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Jing
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ming Lei
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Honglei Ma
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxing He
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Zou
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wu
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jintao Wang
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Bortoluzzi MG, Neckel A, Bodah BW, Cardoso GT, Oliveira MLS, Toscan PC, Maculan LS, Lozano LP, Bodah ET, Silva LFO. Detection of atmospheric aerosols and terrestrial nanoparticles collected in a populous city in southern Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:3526-3544. [PMID: 38085483 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The main objective of this study is to analyze hazardous elements in nanoparticles (NPs) (smaller than 100 nm) and ultrafine particles (smaller than 1 µm) in Porto Alegre City, southern Brazil using a self-made passive sampler and Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images in 32 collection points. The Aerosol Optical Thickness proportion (T550) identification was conducted using images of the Sentinel-3B SYN satellite at 634 points sampled in 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022. Focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy analyses were performed to identify chemical elements present in NPs and ultrafine particles, followed by single-stage cascade impactor to be processed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. This process was coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and later analysis via secondary ion mass spectrometry. Data was acquired from Sentinel-3B SYN images, normalized to a standard mean of 0.83 µg/mg, at moderate spatial resolution (260 m), and modeled in the Sentinel Application Platform (SNAP) software v.8.0. Statistical matrix data was generated in the JASP software (Jeffreys's Amazing Statistics Program) v.0.14.1.0 followed by a K-means cluster analysis. The results demonstrate the presence of between 1 and 100 nm particles of the following chemical elements: Si, Al, K, Mg, P, and Ti. Many people go through these areas daily and may inhale or absorb these elements that can harm human health. In the Sentinel-3B SYN satellite images, the sum of squares in cluster 6 is 168,265 and in cluster 7 a total of 21,583. The use of images from the Sentinel-3B SYN satellite to obtain T550 levels is of great importance as it reveals that atmospheric pollution can move through air currents contaminating large areas on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alcindo Neckel
- Atitus Educação, 304 - Villa Rodrigues, Passo Fundo, RS, 99070-220, Brazil.
- University of Minho, UMINHO, 4710-057, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Brian William Bodah
- Thaines and Bodah Center for Education and Development, 840 South Meadowlark Lane, Othello, WA, 99344, USA
- Workforce Education & Applied Baccalaureate Programs, Yakima Valley College, South 16th Avenue & Nob Hill Boulevard, Yakima, WA, 98902, USA
| | | | - Marcos L S Oliveira
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de La Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
- Santa Catarina Research and Innovation Support Foundation (Fapesc), Florianópolis, SC, 88030-902, Brazil
| | | | | | - Liliana P Lozano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de La Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
- Postgraduate Doctoral Program in Society, Nature and Development, Universidade Federal Do Oeste Do Pará, UFOPA, Paraná, 68040-255, Brazil
| | - Eliane Thaines Bodah
- Thaines and Bodah Center for Education and Development, 840 South Meadowlark Lane, Othello, WA, 99344, USA
- State University of New York, Onondaga Community College, 4585West Seneca Turnpike, Syracuse, NY, 13215, USA
| | - Luis F O Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de La Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
- Postgraduate Doctoral Program in Society, Nature and Development, Universidade Federal Do Oeste Do Pará, UFOPA, Paraná, 68040-255, Brazil
- CDLAC - Data Collection Laboratory and Scientific Analysis LTDA, Nova Santa Rita, 92480-000, Brazil
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Gao Y, Liu H, Liu N, Zhang L. Numerical simulation of upper airway heat transfer in children with mandibular retrognathia during inspiratory process. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1285812. [PMID: 38027258 PMCID: PMC10655022 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1285812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The human upper airway regulates temperature, but its heating capacity remains unclear when the ambient temperature is low and the airway structure is abnormal. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the heat transfer characteristics of the upper airway in patients with mandibular retrognathia, and to quantitatively evaluate the influence of ambient temperature on the temperature field of the upper airway, which could provide a valuable reference for the prediction, diagnosis and treatment of respiratory tract related diseases. Methods Two typical ambient temperatures of -10 °C and 20 °C were selected to numerically simulate the air flow and heat transfer synchronization in the upper airway model of mandibular retrognathia under quiet breathing and heavy breathing. Results and discussion The results showed that the inspired air could not be sufficiently heated after flowing through the upper airway and main trachea in the two breathing states under low temperature conditions, and the inferior bronchus was more stimulated under the state of heavy breathing. In addition, the vortex flow structure in the upper airway can enhance the convective heat transfer effect in the corresponding area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikai Gao
- Department of Ultrasound Intervention, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Ultrasound Intervention, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
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Yu P, Xue C, Boeckenstedt B, Olsen H, Jiang JJ. Effects of vocal fold adduction on the particle deposition in the glottis: A numerical analysis and in vitro assessment. Comput Biol Med 2023; 166:107537. [PMID: 37820560 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of inhalation therapy depends on the drug deposition in the human respiratory tract. This study investigates the effects of vocal fold adduction on the particle deposition in the glottis. METHODS A realistic mouth-throat (MT) geometry was built based on CT images of a healthy adult (MT-A). Mild (MT-B) and great (MT-C) vocal fold (VF) adduction were incorporated in the original model. Monodisperse particles range in size from 3 to 12 μm were simulated at inspiration flow rates of 15, 30 and 45 L per minute (LPM). The regional deposition of drug aerosols was performed in 3D-printed models and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Both the numerical analysis and in vitro experiments show that most particles are deposited in the mouth, pharynx and supraglottis, while few are deposited in the glottis and subglottis. For most cases in MT-A, the particle quantity in glottis is lower than 0.02 N/mm2 at 15 and 30 LPM while they increase dramatically at 45 LPM. It peaked at 0.347 N/mm2 for 5-μm particles at 45 LPM in MT-B and 2.324 N/mm2 for 6-μm particles at 30 LPM in MT-C. The lowest drug mass faction in the glottis in vitro were found at 15 LPM for MT-A and MT-C, and at 30 LPM for MT-B, whereas it peaked at 45 LPM for all MT models, 0.71% in MT-A, 1.16% in MT-B, and 2.53% in MT-C, respectively. CONCLUSION Based on the results of this study, larger particles are more likely to be deposited in the oral cavity, oropharynx, and supraglottis than in the glottis. However, particle deposition in the glottis generally increases with VF adduction and greater inspiratory flow rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, EENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Chao Xue
- Department of Otolaryngology, EENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Bella Boeckenstedt
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Halli Olsen
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Jack J Jiang
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
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Babamiri A, Ahookhosh K, Abdollahi H, Taheri MH, Cui X, Nabaei M, Farnoud A. Effect of laryngeal jet on dry powder inhaler aerosol deposition: a numerical simulation. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2023; 26:1859-1874. [PMID: 36511428 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2022.2152280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although pulmonary drug delivery has been deeply investigated, the effect of the laryngeal jet on particle deposition during drug delivery with dry powder inhalers (DPI) has not been evaluated profoundly. In this study, the flow structure and particle deposition pattern of a DPI in two airway models, one with mouth-throat region including the larynx and the other one without it, are numerically investigated. The results revealed that the laryngeal jet has a considerable effect on particle deposition. The presence of laryngeal jet leads to 4-fold and 2-fold higher deposition efficiencies for inlet flow rates of 30 and 90 L/min, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Babamiri
- Department of Engineering, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Kaveh Ahookhosh
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Haniye Abdollahi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Taheri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Xinguang Cui
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Malikeh Nabaei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Farnoud
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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Malka R, Gonzales G, Detar W, Marinelli L, Lee CM, Isaac A, Miar S, Cook S, Guda T, Dion GR. Effect of continuous local dexamethasone on tissue biomechanics and histology after inhalational burn in a preclinical model. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2023; 8:939-945. [PMID: 37621281 PMCID: PMC10446272 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Inhalational burns frequently lead to dysphonia and airway stenosis. We hypothesize local dexamethasone delivery via a novel drug-eluting electrospun polymer-mesh endotracheal tube (ETT) reduces biomechanical and histologic changes in the vocal folds in inhalational burn. Methods Dexamethasone-loaded polymer mesh was electrospun onto ETTs trimmed to transglottic endolaryngeal segments and secured in nine Yorkshire Crossbreed swine with directed 150°C inhalation burns. Uncoated ETTs were implanted in nine additional swine with identical burns. ETT segments were maintained for 3 and 7 days. Vocal fold (VF) structural stiffness was measured using automated-indentation mapping and compared across groups and to four uninjured controls, and matched histologic assessment performed. Statistical analysis was conducted using two-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Results VF stiffness after burn decreased with longer intubation, from 19.4 (7.6) mN/mm at 3 days to 11.3 (5.2) mN/mm at 7 days (p < .0001). Stiffness similarly decreased with local dexamethasone, from 25.9 (17.2) mN/mm at 3 days to 18.1 (13.0) mN/mm at 7 days (p < .0001). VF stiffness in the dexamethasone group was increased compared to tissues without local dexamethasone (p = .0002), and all groups with ETT placement had higher tissue stiffness at 3 days (p < .001). No significant change in histologic evidence of epithelial ulceration or fibrosis was noted, while an increased degree of inflammation was noted in the dexamethasone group (p = .04). Conclusion Local dexamethasone delivery increases VF stiffness and degree of inflammation compared to uncoated ETTs in an acute laryngeal burn model, reflected in early biomechanical and histologic changes in an inhalational burn model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Malka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Gabriela Gonzales
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryBrooke Army Medical Center, JBSA Fort Sam HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Will Detar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Lisa Marinelli
- Department of Pathology and Area Laboratory ServicesBrooke Army Medical Center, JBSA Fort Sam HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Christine M. Lee
- Department of Pathology and Area Laboratory ServicesBrooke Army Medical Center, JBSA Fort Sam HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Alisa Isaac
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryBrooke Army Medical Center, JBSA Fort Sam HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
- Department of Cell Systems and AnatomyUniversity of Texas Health San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Solaleh Miar
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryBrooke Army Medical Center, JBSA Fort Sam HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of HartfordWest HartfordConnecticutUSA
| | - Stacy Cook
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Teja Guda
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryBrooke Army Medical Center, JBSA Fort Sam HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
- Department of Cell Systems and AnatomyUniversity of Texas Health San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Gregory R. Dion
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhioUSA
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Narayanan JK, Lin J, Feng Y, Cui X. Numerical study on the impact of mucus layer and inlet air-temperatures on the particle deposition in a highly idealized mouth-throat model using LES. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wu J, Weng W. COVID-19 virus released from larynx might cause a higher exposure dose in indoor environment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 199:111361. [PMID: 34029546 PMCID: PMC8139337 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 virus can replicate in the infected individual's larynx independently, which is different from other viruses that replicate in lungs only, e.g. SARS. It might contribute to the fast spread of COVID-19. However, there are few scientific reports about quantitative comparison of COVID-19 exposure dose (inhalation dose and adhesion dose) for the susceptible individual when the viruses were released from the larynx or lungs. In this paper, a typical numerical model was built based on a breathing human model with real respiratory tract. By using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, two kinds of virus released sites in the infected individual's respiratory tract (larynx, lungs), seven kinds of particle sizes between 1 and 50 μm, three kinds of expiratory flow rates: calm (10 L/min), moderate (30 L/min) and intense (90 L/min) were used to compare the particle deposition proportion and escape proportion. The inhalation dose and the adhesion dose of the susceptible individual were quantified. The results showed that COVID-19 virus-containing droplets and aerosols might be released into the environment at higher proportions (39.1%-44.2%) than viruses that replicate in lungs only (15.3%-37.1%). The exposure doses (inhalation dose and adhesion dose) of the susceptible individual in different situations were discussed. The susceptible individual suffered a higher exposure dose when the viruses were released from the larynx rather than lungs (the difference for 1 μm particles was 1.2-2.2 times). This study provides a possible explanation for the higher transmission risk of COVID-19 virus compared to other viruses and some control advice of COVID-19 in typical indoor environments were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Wu
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of City Integrated Emergency Response Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenguo Weng
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of City Integrated Emergency Response Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Faizal WM, Ghazali NNN, Khor CY, Badruddin IA, Zainon MZ, Yazid AA, Ibrahim NB, Razi RM. Computational fluid dynamics modelling of human upper airway: A review. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 196:105627. [PMID: 32629222 PMCID: PMC7318976 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Human upper airway (HUA) has been widely investigated by many researchers covering various aspects, such as the effects of geometrical parameters on the pressure, velocity and airflow characteristics. Clinically significant obstruction can develop anywhere throughout the upper airway, leading to asphyxia and death; this is where recognition and treatment are essential and lifesaving. The availability of advanced computer, either hardware or software, and rapid development in numerical method have encouraged researchers to simulate the airflow characteristics and properties of HUA by using various patient conditions at different ranges of geometry and operating conditions. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has emerged as an efficient alternative tool to understand the airflow of HUA and in preparing patients to undergo surgery. The main objective of this article is to review the literature that deals with the CFD approach and modeling in analyzing HUA. METHODS This review article discusses the experimental and computational methods in the study of HUA. The discussion includes computational fluid dynamics approach and steps involved in the modeling used to investigate the flow characteristics of HUA. From inception to May 2020, databases of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, BioMed Central, and Web of Science have been utilized to conduct a thorough investigation of the literature. There had been no language restrictions in publication and study design of the database searches. A total of 117 articles relevant to the topic under investigation were thoroughly and critically reviewed to give a clear information about the subject. The article summarizes the review in the form of method of studying the HUA, CFD approach in HUA, and the application of CFD for predicting HUA obstacle, including the type of CFD commercial software are used in this research area. RESULTS This review found that the human upper airway was well studied through the application of computational fluid dynamics, which had considerably enhanced the understanding of flow in HUA. In addition, it assisted in making strategic and reasonable decision regarding the adoption of treatment methods in clinical settings. The literature suggests that most studies were related to HUA simulation that considerably focused on the aspects of fluid dynamics. However, there is a literature gap in obtaining information on the effects of fluid-structure interaction (FSI). The application of FSI in HUA is still limited in the literature; as such, this could be a potential area for future researchers. Furthermore, majority of researchers present the findings of their work through the mechanism of airflow, such as that of velocity, pressure, and shear stress. This includes the use of Navier-Stokes equation via CFD to help visualize the actual mechanism of the airflow. The above-mentioned technique expresses the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in its result to demonstrate the real mechanism of the airflow. Apart from that, key result such as wall shear stress (WSS) can be revealed via turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and turbulent energy dissipation (TED), where it can be suggestive of wall injury and collapsibility tissue to the HUA.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Faizal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University Malaysia Perlis, 02100 Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N N N Ghazali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - C Y Khor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University Malaysia Perlis, 02100 Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Irfan Anjum Badruddin
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Asir, Kingdom Saudi Arabia; Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, PO Box 394, Abha, 61421, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - M Z Zainon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Aznijar Ahmad Yazid
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norliza Binti Ibrahim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Roziana Mohd Razi
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Xu X, Wu J, Weng W, Fu M. Investigation of inhalation and exhalation flow pattern in a realistic human upper airway model by PIV experiments and CFD simulations. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 19:1679-1695. [PMID: 32026145 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, flow field characteristics in the trachea region in a realistic human upper airway model were firstly measured by particle image velocimetry (PIV) in the air under three constant inhalation and exhalation conditions: 36 L/min, 64 L/min and 90 L/min, representing flow rates of 18 L/min, 32 L/min and 45 L/min in real human airway (the model was twice the size of a human airway). Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses were performed on four turbulence models, with boundary conditions corresponding to the PIV experiments. The effects of flow rates and breathing modes on the airflow patterns were investigated. The CFD prediction results were compared with the PIV measurements and showed relatively good agreement in all cases. During inhalation, the higher the flow rates, the less significant the "glottal jet" phenomenon, and the smaller the area of the separation zone. The air in the nasal inhalation condition accelerated more dramatically after glottis. The SST-Transition model was the best choice for predicting inhalation velocity profiles. For exhalation condition, the maximum velocity was much smaller than that during inhalation due to the more uniform flow field. The exhalation flow rates and breathing modes had little effect on the flow characteristics in the trachea region. The RNG k - ε model and SST k - ω model were recommended to simulate the flow field in the respiratory tract during exhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xu
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of City Integrated Emergency Response Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jialin Wu
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of City Integrated Emergency Response Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenguo Weng
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of City Integrated Emergency Response Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Ming Fu
- Hefei Institute for Public Safety Research, Tsinghua University, Hefei, 320601, Anhui Province, China
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A Review of Respiratory Anatomical Development, Air Flow Characterization and Particle Deposition. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020380. [PMID: 31935991 PMCID: PMC7014067 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of complex inhalation and transport processes of pollutant particles through the human respiratory system is important for investigations into dosimetry and respiratory health effects in various settings, such as environmental or occupational health. The studies over the last few decades for micro- and nanoparticle transport and deposition have advanced the understanding of drug-aerosol impacts in the mouth-throat and the upper airways. However, most of the Lagrangian and Eulerian studies have utilized the non-realistic symmetric anatomical model for airflow and particle deposition predictions. Recent improvements to visualization techniques using high-resolution computed tomography (CT) data and the resultant development of three dimensional (3-D) anatomical models support the realistic representation of lung geometry. Yet, the selection of different modelling approaches to analyze the transitional flow behavior and the use of different inlet and outlet conditions provide a dissimilar prediction of particle deposition in the human lung. Moreover, incorporation of relevant physical and appropriate boundary conditions are important factors to consider for the more accurate prediction of transitional flow and particle transport in human lung. This review critically appraises currently available literature on airflow and particle transport mechanism in the lungs, as well as numerical simulations with the aim to explore processes involved. Numerical studies found that both the Euler–Lagrange (E-L) and Euler–Euler methods do not influence nanoparticle (particle diameter ≤50 nm) deposition patterns at a flow rate ≤25 L/min. Furthermore, numerical studies demonstrated that turbulence dispersion does not significantly affect nanoparticle deposition patterns. This critical review aims to develop the field and increase the state-of-the-art in human lung modelling.
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Duan M, Liu L, Da G, Géhin E, Nielsen PV, Weinreich UM, Lin B, Wang Y, Zhang T, Sun W. Measuring the administered dose of particles on the facial mucosa of a realistic human model. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:108-116. [PMID: 31608493 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate contaminants can cause serious adverse health effects. Deposition on the facial mucosa is an important path of exposure, but it is difficult to conduct direct dose measurement on real human subjects. In this study, we propose an in vitro method to assess the administered doses of micron-sized particles on the eyes and lips in which computed tomographic scanning and three-dimensional printing were used to create a model that includes a face, oropharynx, trachea, the first five generations of bronchi, and lung volume. This realistic model of a face and airway was exposed to monodispersed fluorescent particles released from an incoming jet. The administered dose of particles deposited upon the eyes and lips, as quantified by fluorescence intensity, was determined via a standard wiping protocol. The results show that, in this scenario, the administered doses normalized by source were 2.15%, 1.02%, 0.88%, 2.13%, and 1.55% for 0.6-, 1.0-, 2.0-, 3.0-, and 5.0-µm particles, respectively. The administered dose of large particles on the mucosa within a given exposure time has great significance. Moreover, the lips suffer a much greater risk of exposure than the eyes and account for more than 80% of total facial mucosa deposition. Our study provides a fast and economical method to assess the administered dose on the facial mucosa on an individual basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Duan
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Université Paris-Est, CERTES (EA 3481), UPEC, Créteil, France
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- State Key laboratory of Green Building in Western China, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China
- Department of Civil Engineering, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Guillaume Da
- Université Paris-Est, CERTES (EA 3481), UPEC, Créteil, France
| | - Evelyne Géhin
- Université Paris-Est, CERTES (EA 3481), UPEC, Créteil, France
| | - Peter V Nielsen
- Department of Civil Engineering, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ulla M Weinreich
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- The Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Borong Lin
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key laboratory of Green Building in Western China, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China
- School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomanufacturing Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomanufacturing Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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14
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Yan W, Tang C, Liu Y, Li G. Numerical study on abnormal airflow patterns and particle deposition characteristics in the realistic HUA model with pharyngeal obstruction. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Soni B, Nayak AK. Effect of inspiration cycle and ventilation rate on heat exchange in human respiratory airways. J Therm Biol 2019; 84:357-367. [PMID: 31466774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A transient three dimensional (3D) theoretical axisymmetric model is developed for heat exchange across the human respiratory tract during inspiration phase and applied to study the changes in the airway temperature and velocity profile for varying ventilation rates and inhalation temperatures. A multi-compartment approach is used to study the same to avoid the airway scaling problem from micro to nano scale. This analysis also includes the role of water evaporation in mucus and non perfused tissue layers and the role of capillary bed in thermal variations during respiration. The results of heat transfer in airway and mucus layer depend on the local morphological parameters. The results are compared with the case of hypothetical regular geometry to show the significance of local morphology. The location where the inhaled air gets saturated with the body core temperature is computed to estimate the saturation distance of air. The complete analysis is made for two breathing cycles with different inhalation to exhalation ratios. The results indicate that decreasing the ventilation rate and increasing the respiration cycle can avoid the deep penetration of heat into the tract and consequently tissue thermal injury can be avoided. We have also explained numerically the role of mucus layer in avoiding tissue injury in intra-thoracic airways. We have also observed a significant difference in results for high ventilation rates between the cases of actual (cast replica) and regular airway geometry. The numerical results are in good adjustment with existing experimental data and thus validate our approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Soni
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India.
| | - Ameeya Kumar Nayak
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India.
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Xu X, Shang Y, Tian L, Weng W, Tu J. Fate of the inhaled smoke particles from fire scenes in the nasal airway of a realistic firefighter: A simulation study. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2019; 16:273-285. [PMID: 30668285 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2019.1572900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the inhalation, transport and deposition of smoke particles during fire missions are important to evaluating the health risks for firefighters. In this study, measurements from Underwriters Laboratories' large-scale fire experiments on smoke particle size distribution and concentration in three residential fire scenes were incorporated into models to investigate the fate of inhaled toxic ultrafine particulates in a realistic firefighter nasal cavity model. Deposition equations were developed, and the actual particle dosimetry (in mass, number and surface area) was evaluated. A strong monotonic growth of nasal airway dosages of simulated smoke particles was identified for airflow rates and fire duration across all simulated residential fire scene conditions. Even though the "number" dosage of arsenic in the limited ventilation living room fire was similar to the "number" dosage of chromium in the living room, particle mass and surface area dosages simulated in the limited living room were 90-200 fold higher than that in the ventilated living room. These were also confirmed when comparing the dosimetry in the living room and the kitchen. This phenomenon implied that particles with larger size were the dominant factors in mass and surface area dosages. Firefighters should not remove the self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) during fire suppression and overhaul operations, especially in smoldering fires with limited ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xu
- a Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
- b School of Engineering - Mechanical and Automotive , RMIT University , Bundoora , Victoria , Australia
- c School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Yidan Shang
- b School of Engineering - Mechanical and Automotive , RMIT University , Bundoora , Victoria , Australia
| | - Lin Tian
- b School of Engineering - Mechanical and Automotive , RMIT University , Bundoora , Victoria , Australia
| | - Wenguo Weng
- a Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Jiyuan Tu
- b School of Engineering - Mechanical and Automotive , RMIT University , Bundoora , Victoria , Australia
- c School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia
- d Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Reactor Engineering and Safety , Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
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