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Jones BM, Mingin GC, Tykocki NR. The mast cell stimulator compound 48/80 causes urothelium-dependent increases in murine urinary bladder contractility. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F50-F60. [PMID: 37199916 PMCID: PMC10292985 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00116.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells and degranulation of preformed inflammatory mediators contribute to lower urinary tract symptoms. This study investigated pathways by which the mast cell stimulator compound 48/80 alters urinary bladder smooth muscle contractility via mast cell activation. We hypothesized that 1) mast cell degranulation causes spontaneous urinary bladder smooth muscle contractions and 2) these contractions are caused by urothelium-derived PGE2. Urothelium-intact and -denuded urinary bladder strips were collected from mast cell-sufficient (C57Bl/6) and mast cell-deficient (B6.Cg-Kitw-sh) mice to determine if compound 48/80 altered urinary bladder smooth muscle (UBSM) contractility. Electrical field stimulation was used to assess the effects of compound 48/80 on nerve-evoked contractions. Antagonists/inhibitors were used to identify prostanoid signaling pathways activated or if direct activation of nerves was involved. Compound 48/80 caused slow-developing contractions, increased phasic activity, and augmented nerve-evoked responses in both mast cell-sufficient and -deficient mice. Nerve blockade had no effect on these responses; however, they were eliminated by removing the urothelium. Blockade of P2 purinoreceptors, cyclooxygenases, or G protein signaling abolished compound 48/80 responses. However, only combined blockade of PGE2 (EP1), PGF2α (FP), and thromboxane A2 (TP) receptors inhibited compound 48/80-induced responses. Thus, the effects of compound 48/80 are urothelium dependent but independent of mast cells. Furthermore, these effects are mediated by druggable inflammatory pathways that may be used to manage inflammatory nonneurogenic bladder hyperactivity. Finally, these data strongly suggest that great care must be taken when using compound 48/80 to determine mast cell-dependent responses in the urinary bladder.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Urothelial cells are first responders to noxious contents of the urine. Our study demonstrates that the urothelium is not only a barrier but also a modulator of urinary bladder smooth muscle phasic activity and contractility independent of immune cell recruitment in response to an inflammatory insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Malique Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Gerald C Mingin
- Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States
| | - Nathan R Tykocki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
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2
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Abdelrahman RS, Nashar EME, Alghamdi MA, Al-Khater KM, Taha RI. Phosphodiesterase1 inhibitor "Vinpocetine" ameliorates the inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress induced by cyclophosphamide in urinary bladder: an experimental study. Int Urol Nephrol 2023; 55:129-139. [PMID: 35817991 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-022-03246-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemorrhagic cystitis often develops in patients treated with cyclophosphamide (CP). Vincamine (vinca alkaloid) is the source of the synthetic derivative vinpocetine (Vinpo). Worldwide, Vinpo is used as a cerebroprotective drug. As it has anti-oxidant, anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory effects but the power of Vinpo to prevent CP induced cystitis has not been studied. AIM OF STUDY This research was planned to explore the effect of Vinpo (10-30 mg/kg, orally) administered 1 or 4 h before inducing cystitis by CP injection (300 mg/kg, i.p.) on the urinary bladder of mice. RESULTS Administration of Vinpo 30 mg/kg, 4 h before CP injection ameliorated inflammatory markers. It reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α), and BCL2 Associated X (Bax) expression in the bladder and increased the total antioxidant capacity level. Histological examination of the bladder has further supported these results. The present study suggests a protective effect of Vinpo (30 mg/kg, 4 h before CP injection) against CP-induced bladder inflammation. CONCLUSION This proposes that Vinpo 30 mg/kg may become a promising pharmacological drug to prevent urinary adverse effects in patients treated with chemotherapy using CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab Sabri Abdelrahman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madina Al-Munawwarah, Riyadh, 30001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Mohamad El Nashar
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, King Khalid University Post Office Box: 960, Abha, Postal Code: 61421, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology College of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt.
| | - Mansour Abdullah Alghamdi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Genomics and Personalized Medicine Unit, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khulood Mohammed Al-Khater
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reham Ismail Taha
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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3
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Hou R, Yu Y, Jiang J. PGE2 receptors in detrusor muscle: Drugging the undruggable for urgency. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 184:114363. [PMID: 33309520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome is a prevalent condition of the lower urinary tract that causes symptoms, such as urinary frequency, urinary urgency, urge incontinence, and nocturia, and disproportionately affects women and the elderly. Current medications for OAB merely provide symptomatic relief with considerable limitations, as they are no more than moderately effective, not to mention that they may cause substantial adverse effects. Identifying novel molecular targets to facilitate the development of new medical therapies with higher efficacy and safety for OAB is in an urgent unmet need. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of OAB largely remain elusive and are likely multifactorial, mounting evidence from preclinical studies over the past decade reveals that the pro-inflammatory pathways engaging cyclooxygenases and their prostanoid products, particularly the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), may play essential roles in the progression of OAB. The goals of this review are to summarize recent progresses in our knowledge on the pathogenic roles of PGE2 in the OAB and to provide new mechanistic insights into the signaling pathways transduced by its four G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), i.e., EP1-EP4, in the overactive detrusor smooth muscle. We also discuss the feasibility of targeting these GPCRs as an emerging strategy to treat OAB with better therapeutic specificity than the current medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruida Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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4
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Dalghi MG, Montalbetti N, Carattino MD, Apodaca G. The Urothelium: Life in a Liquid Environment. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1621-1705. [PMID: 32191559 PMCID: PMC7717127 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The urothelium, which lines the renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, and proximal urethra, forms a high-resistance but adaptable barrier that surveils its mechanochemical environment and communicates changes to underlying tissues including afferent nerve fibers and the smooth muscle. The goal of this review is to summarize new insights into urothelial biology and function that have occurred in the past decade. After familiarizing the reader with key aspects of urothelial histology, we describe new insights into urothelial development and regeneration. This is followed by an extended discussion of urothelial barrier function, including information about the roles of the glycocalyx, ion and water transport, tight junctions, and the cellular and tissue shape changes and other adaptations that accompany expansion and contraction of the lower urinary tract. We also explore evidence that the urothelium can alter the water and solute composition of urine during normal physiology and in response to overdistension. We complete the review by providing an overview of our current knowledge about the urothelial environment, discussing the sensor and transducer functions of the urothelium, exploring the role of circadian rhythms in urothelial gene expression, and describing novel research tools that are likely to further advance our understanding of urothelial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela G Dalghi
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicolas Montalbetti
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcelo D Carattino
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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5
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Stromberga Z, Chess-Williams R, Moro C. Prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha Modulate Urinary Bladder Urothelium, Lamina Propria and Detrusor Contractility via the FP Receptor. Front Physiol 2020; 11:705. [PMID: 32714206 PMCID: PMC7344237 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current pharmacological treatment options for many bladder contractile dysfunctions are not suitable for all patients, thereby bringing interest to the investigation of therapies that target a combination of receptors. This study aimed to compare responses of PGE2 on the urinary bladder urothelium with lamina propria (U&LP, also called the bladder mucosa) or detrusor smooth muscle and attempt to identify the receptor subtypes mediating PGE2 contractile responses in these tissues. In the presence of selective EP1 – 4 receptor antagonists, varying concentrations of PGE2 were applied to isolated strips of porcine U&LP and detrusor that were mounted in organ baths filled with Krebs-bicarbonate solution and gassed with carbogen. The addition of PGE2 (1 and 10 μM) and PGF2α (10 μM) to U&LP preparations caused significant increases in the baseline tension and in the spontaneous phasic contractile frequency. In detrusor preparations, significant increases in the baseline tension were observed in response to PGE2 (1 and 10 μM) and PGFα (10 μM), and spontaneous phasic contractions were initiated in 83% of preparations. None of the selective PGE2 receptor antagonists inhibited the increases in baseline tension in both U&LP and detrusor. However, the antagonism of PGF2α receptor showed significantly inhibited contractile responses in both layers of the bladder. This study presents prostaglandin receptor systems as a potential regulator of urinary bladder contractility. The main contractile effects of PGE2 in both U&LP and detrusor are mediated via the FP receptor with no observed contribution from any of the four EP receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Stromberga
- Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Russ Chess-Williams
- Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Christian Moro
- Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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6
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Modulation of lower urinary tract smooth muscle contraction and relaxation by the urothelium. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 391:675-694. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1510-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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7
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Kullmann FA, McDonnell BM, Wolf-Johnston AS, Lynn AM, Giglio D, Getchell SE, Ruiz WG, Zabbarova IV, Ikeda Y, Kanai AJ, Roppolo JR, Bastacky SI, Apodaca G, Buffington CAT, Birder LA. Inflammation and Tissue Remodeling in the Bladder and Urethra in Feline Interstitial Cystitis. Front Syst Neurosci 2018; 12:13. [PMID: 29706873 PMCID: PMC5908978 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2018.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a debilitating chronic disease of unknown etiology. A naturally occurring disease termed feline interstitial cystitis (FIC) reproduces many features of IC/BPS patients. To gain insights into mechanisms underlying IC/BPS, we investigated pathological changes in the lamina propria (LP) of the bladder and proximal urethra in cats with FIC, using histological and molecular methods. Compared to control cat tissue, we found an increased number of de-granulated mast cells, accumulation of leukocytes, increased cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 expression in the bladder LP, and increased COX-2 expression in the urethra LP from cats with FIC. We also found increased suburothelial proliferation, evidenced by mucosal von Brunn’s nests, neovascularization and alterations in elastin content. Scanning electron microscopy revealed normal appearance of the superficial urethral epithelium, including the neuroendocrine cells (termed paraneurons), in FIC urethrae. Together, these histological findings suggest the presence of chronic inflammation of unknown origin leading to tissue remodeling. Since the mucosa functions as part of a “sensory network” and urothelial cells, nerves and other cells in the LP are influenced by the composition of the underlying tissues including the vasculature, the changes observed in the present study may alter the communication of sensory information between different cellular components. This type of mucosal signaling can also extend to the urethra, where recent evidence has revealed that the urethral epithelium is likely to be part of a signaling system involving paraneurons and sensory nerves. Taken together, our data suggest a more prominent role for chronic inflammation and tissue remodeling than previously thought, which may result in alterations in mucosal signaling within the urinary bladder and proximal urethra that may contribute to altered sensations and pain in cats and humans with this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Aura Kullmann
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Bronagh M McDonnell
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Amanda S Wolf-Johnston
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Andrew M Lynn
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Daniel Giglio
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Samuel E Getchell
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Wily G Ruiz
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Irina V Zabbarova
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Youko Ikeda
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Anthony J Kanai
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - James R Roppolo
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sheldon I Bastacky
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - C A Tony Buffington
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lori A Birder
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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8
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Koh SD, Lee H, Ward SM, Sanders KM. The Mystery of the Interstitial Cells in the Urinary Bladder. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 58:603-623. [PMID: 28992432 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic mechanisms to restrain smooth muscle excitability are present in the bladder, and premature contractions during filling indicate a pathological phenotype. Some investigators have proposed that c-Kit+ interstitial cells (ICs) are pacemakers and intermediaries in efferent and afferent neural activity, but recent findings suggest these cells have been misidentified and their functions have been misinterpreted. Cells reported to be c-Kit+ cells colabel with vimentin antibodies, but vimentin is not a specific marker for c-Kit+ cells. A recent report shows that c-Kit+ cells in several species coexpress mast cell tryptase, suggesting that they are likely to be mast cells. In fact, most bladder ICs labeled with vimentin antibodies coexpress platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα). Rather than an excitatory phenotype, PDGFRα+ cells convey inhibitory regulation in the detrusor, and inhibitory mechanisms are activated by purines and stretch. PDGFRα+ cells restrain premature development of contractions during bladder filling, and overactive behavior develops when the inhibitory pathways in these cells are blocked. PDGFRα+ cells are also a prominent cell type in the submucosa and lamina propria, but little is known about their function in these locations. Effective pharmacological manipulation of bladder ICs depends on proper identification and further study of the pathways in these cells that affect bladder functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Don Koh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA;
| | - Haeyeong Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA;
| | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA;
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA;
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9
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Discovery of novel pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-based EP 1 receptor antagonists by scaffold hopping: Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4044-4050. [PMID: 28784294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A scaffold-hopping strategy towards a new pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine based core using molecular hybridization of two structurally distinct EP1 antagonists, followed by structure-activity relationship-guided optimization, resulted in the identification of potent EP1 antagonists exemplified by 4c, 4f, and 4j, which were shown to reduce pathological intravesical pressure in rats when administered at 1mg/kg iv.
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10
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Umei K, Nishigaya Y, Tatani K, Kohno Y, Tanaka N, Seto S. Identification of novel 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridyl-substituted benzo[ d ]thiazoles: Lead generation and optimization toward potent and orally active EP 1 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3406-3430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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11
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Drake MJ, Morris N, Apostolidis A, Rahnama'i MS, Marchesi JR. The urinary microbiome and its contribution to lower urinary tract symptoms; ICI-RS 2015. Neurourol Urodyn 2017; 36:850-853. [PMID: 28444712 DOI: 10.1002/nau.23006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The microbiome is the term used for the symbiotic microbial colonisation of healthy organs. Studies have found bacterial identifiers within voided urine which is apparently sterile on conventional laboratory culture, and accordingly there may be health and disease implications. METHODS The International Consultation on Incontinence Research Society (ICI-RS) established a literature review and expert consensus discussion focussed on the increasing awareness of the urinary microbiome, and potential research priorities. RESULTS The consensus considered the discrepancy between findings of conventional clinical microbiology methods, which generally rely on culture parameters predisposed towards certain "expected" organisms. Discrepancy between selective culture and RNA sequencing to study species-specific 16S ribosomal RNA is increasingly clear, and highlights the possibility that protective or harmful bacteria may be overlooked where microbiological methods are selective. There are now strong signals of the existence of a "core" urinary microbiome for the human urinary tract, particularly emerging with ageing. The consensus reviewed the potential relationship between a patient's microbiome and lower urinary tract dysfunction, whether low-count bacteriuria may be clinically significant and mechanisms which could associate micro-organisms with lower urinary tract symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Key research priorities identified include the need to establish the scope of microbiome across the range of normality and clinical presentations, and gain consensus on testing protocols. Proteomics to study enzymatic and other functions may be necessary, since different bacteria may have overlapping phenotype. Longitudinal studies into risk factors for exposure, cumulative risk, and emergence of disease need to undertaken. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:850-853, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Drake
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.,Bristol Urological Institute, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Morris
- Bristol Urological Institute, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Apostolos Apostolidis
- 2nd Department of Urology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mohammad S Rahnama'i
- Department of Urology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Julian R Marchesi
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Centre for Digestive and Gut Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Janssen DAW, Schalken JA, Heesakkers JPFA. Urothelium update: how the bladder mucosa measures bladder filling. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 220:201-217. [PMID: 27804256 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM This review critically evaluates the evidence on mechanoreceptors and pathways in the bladder urothelium that are involved in normal bladder filling signalling. METHODS Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies on (i) signalling pathways like the adenosine triphosphate pathway, cholinergic pathway and nitric oxide and adrenergic pathway, and (ii) different urothelial receptors that are involved in bladder filling signalling like purinergic receptors, sodium channels and TRP channels will be evaluated. Other potential pathways and receptors will also be discussed. RESULTS Bladder filling results in continuous changes in bladder wall stretch and exposure to urine. Both barrier and afferent signalling functions in the urothelium are constantly adapting to cope with these dynamics. Current evidence shows that the bladder mucosa hosts essential pathways and receptors that mediate bladder filling signalling. Intracellular calcium ion increase is a dominant factor in this signalling process. However, there is still no complete understanding how interacting receptors and pathways create a bladder filling signal. Currently, there are still novel receptors investigated that could also be participating in bladder filling signalling. CONCLUSIONS Normal bladder filling sensation is dependent on multiple interacting mechanoreceptors and signalling pathways. Research efforts need to focus on how these pathways and receptors interact to fully understand normal bladder filling signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. A. W. Janssen
- Department of Urology; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - J. A. Schalken
- Department of Urology; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - J. P. F. A. Heesakkers
- Department of Urology; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
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13
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Umei K, Nishigaya Y, Kondo A, Tatani K, Tanaka N, Kohno Y, Seto S. Novel pyrazolo[1,5- a ]pyridines as orally active EP 1 receptor antagonists: Synthesis, structure-activity relationship studies, and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2635-2642. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Kurihara R, Imazumi K, Takamatsu H, Ishizu K, Yoshino T, Masuda N. Effect of Selective Prostaglandin E2 EP2 Receptor Agonist CP-533,536 on Voiding Efficiency in Rats with Midodrine-Induced Functional Urethral Obstruction. Low Urin Tract Symptoms 2016; 8:130-5. [PMID: 27111626 DOI: 10.1111/luts.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the effect of the selective prostaglandin E2 EP2 receptor agonist CP-533,536 on voiding efficiency in rats with midodrine-induced functional urethral obstruction. METHODS The effect of CP-533,536 (0.03-0.3 mg/kg, intravenous [i.v.]) on urethral perfusion pressure (UPP) was investigated in anesthetized rats pre-treated with midodrine (1 mg/kg, i.v.), which forms an active metabolite that acts as an α1 -adrenoceptor agonist. The effect of CP-533,536 (0.03-0.3 mg/kg, i.v.) on cystometric parameters was also investigated in anesthetized rats. In addition, the effect of CP-533,536 (0.03-0.3 mg/kg, i.v.) on residual urine volume (RV) and voiding efficiency (VE) was investigated in conscious rats treated with midodrine (1 mg/kg, i.v.). RESULTS CP-533,536 dose-dependently decreased UPP elevated by midodrine in anesthetized rats. In contrast, CP-533,536 did not affect maximum voiding pressure, intercontraction interval, or intravesical threshold pressure. In conscious rats, midodrine (1 mg/kg, i.v.) markedly increased RV and reduced VE. CP-533,536 dose-dependently ameliorated increases in RV and decreases in VE induced by midodrine. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that a selective EP2 receptor agonist could ameliorate the elevation of RV and improve the reduction of VE in rats with functional urethral obstruction caused by stimulation of α1 -adrenoceptors. The mechanism of action might be not potentiation of bladder contraction but rather preferential relief of urethral constriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Kurihara
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Katsunori Imazumi
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hajime Takamatsu
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Ishizu
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Taiji Yoshino
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Masuda
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Japan
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Promising Effects of a Novel EP2 and EP3 Receptor Dual Agonist, ONO-8055, on Neurogenic Underactive Bladder in a Rat Lumbar Canal Stenosis Model. J Urol 2016; 196:609-16. [PMID: 26880410 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated whether the novel EP (prostaglandin E2) receptor agonist ONO-8055 would improve the lower urinary tract dysfunction of neurogenic underactive bladder in a rat lumbar spinal canal stenosis model. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, we studied the agonistic effect of ONO-8055 on EP receptors in EP receptor expressing CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cells using the increase in the intracellular calcium level and intracellular cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) production as indicators of receptor activation. The effects of ONO-8055 on bladder and urethral strips from normal rats were then investigated. Finally, the effects of ONO-8055 on bladder and urethral function in rats with lumbar spinal canal stenosis were evaluated by awake cystometry and intraurethral perfusion pressure, respectively. The effects of tamsulosin and distigmine on urethral pressure were also evaluated. RESULTS ONO-8055 is a highly potent and selective agonist for EP2 and EP3 receptors on CHO cells. While this compound contracted bladder strips, it relaxed urethral strips. Awake cystometry showed that ONO-8055 significantly decreased bladder capacity, post-void residual urine and voiding pressure. Compared with vehicle, tamsulosin and ONO-8055 significantly decreased urethral pressure. CONCLUSIONS ONO-8055 decreased post-void residual urine, probably by decreasing bladder capacity. The decrease in voiding pressure probably resulted from the lowered urethral pressure due to relaxation of the urethra. Thus, the novel EP2 and EP3 receptor dual agonist ONO-8055 has the potential to improve neurogenic underactive bladder.
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Root JA, Davey DA, Af Forselles KJ. Prostanoid receptors mediating contraction in rat, macaque and human bladder smooth muscle in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 769:274-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Liu SZ, Jemiolo B, Lavin KM, Lester BE, Trappe SW, Trappe TA. Prostaglandin E2/cyclooxygenase pathway in human skeletal muscle: influence of muscle fiber type and age. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 120:546-51. [PMID: 26607246 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00396.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) produced by the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway regulates skeletal muscle protein turnover and exercise training adaptations. The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) define the PGE2/COX pathway enzymes and receptors in human skeletal muscle, with a focus on type I and II muscle fibers; and 2) examine the influence of aging on this pathway. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the soleus (primarily type I fibers) and vastus lateralis (proportionally more type II fibers than soleus) of young men and women (n = 8; 26 ± 2 yr), and from the vastus lateralis of young (n = 8; 25 ± 1 yr) and old (n = 12; 79 ± 2 yr) men and women. PGE2/COX pathway proteins [COX enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2), PGE2 synthases (cPGES, mPGES-1, and mPGES-2), and PGE2 receptors (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4)] were quantified via Western blot. COX-1, cPGES, mPGES-2, and all four PGE2 receptors were detected in all skeletal muscle samples examined. COX-1 (P < 0.1) and mPGES-2 were ∼20% higher, while EP3 was 99% higher and EP4 57% lower in soleus compared with vastus lateralis (P < 0.05). Aging did not change the level of skeletal muscle COX-1, while cPGES increased 45% and EP1 (P < 0.1), EP3, and EP4 decreased ∼33% (P < 0.05). In summary, PGE2 production capacity and receptor levels are different in human skeletal muscles with markedly different type I and II muscle fiber composition. In aging skeletal muscle, PGE2 production capacity is elevated and receptor levels are downregulated. These findings have implications for understanding the regulation of skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise and aging by the PGE2/COX pathway and related inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Z Liu
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Bozena Jemiolo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Kaleen M Lavin
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Bridget E Lester
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Scott W Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Todd A Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
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Sacco E, Recupero S, Bientinesi R, Palermo G, D’Agostino D, Currò D, Bassi P. Pioneering drugs for overactive bladder and detrusor overactivity: Ongoing research and future directions. World J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 4:24-39. [DOI: 10.5317/wjog.v4.i2.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing research on pioneering drug candidates for the overactive bladder (OAB) aimed to overcome the limitations of currently licensed pharmacotherapies, such as antimuscarinics, β3-adrenergic agents, and botulinum neurotoxin, has been reviewed performing a systematic literature review and web search. The review covers the exploratory agents alternative to available medications for OAB and that may ultimately prove to be therapeutically useful in the future management of OAB patients based on preclinical and early clinical data. It emerges that many alternative pharmacological strategies have been discovered or are under investigation in disease-oriented studies. Several potential therapeutics are known for years but still find obstacles to pass the clinical stages of development, while other completely novel compounds, targeting new pharmacological targets, have been recently discovered and show potential to translate into clinical therapeutic agents for idiopathic and neurogenic OAB syndrome. The global scenario of investigational drugs for OAB gives promise for the development of innovative therapeutics that may ultimately prove effective as first, combined or second-line treatments within a realistic timescale of ten years.
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Evidence for prostaglandin E2 receptor expression in the intramural ganglia of the guinea pig urinary bladder. J Chem Neuroanat 2015; 64-65:43-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Vahabi B, Drake MJ. Physiological and pathophysiological implications of micromotion activity in urinary bladder function. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:360-70. [PMID: 25154454 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
'Micromotions' is a term signifying the presence of localized microcontractions and microelongations, alongside non-motile areas. The motile areas tend to shift over the bladder surface with time, and the intravesical pressure reflects moment-by-moment summation of the interplay between net contractile force generated by micromotions and general bladder tone. Functionally, the bladder structure may comprise modules with variable linkage, which supports presence of localized micromotions (no functional linkage between modules), propagating contractions (where emergence of linkage allows sequential activation) and the shifting of micromotions over time. Detrusor muscle, interstitial cells and intramural innervation have properties potentially relevant for initiating, coordinating and modulating micromotions. Conceptually, such activity could facilitate the generation of afferent activity (filling state reporting) in the absence of intravesical pressure change and the ability to transition to voiding at any bladder volume. This autonomous activity is an intrinsic property, seen in various experimental contexts including the clinical setting of human (female) overactive bladder. 'Disinhibited autonomy' may explain the obvious micromotions in isolated bladders and perhaps contribute clinically in neurological disease causing detrusor overactivity. Furthermore, any process that could increase the initiation or propagation of microcontractions might be anticipated to have a functional effect, increasing the likelihood of urinary urgency and detrusor overactivity respectively. Thus, models of bladder outlet obstruction, neurological trauma and ageing provide a useful framework for detecting cellular changes in smooth muscle, interstitial cells and innervation, and the consequent effects on micromotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Vahabi
- Bristol Urological Institute; North Bristol NHS Trust; Bristol UK
- Department of Biological; Biomedical and Analytical Sciences; University of the West of England; Bristol UK
- School of Clinical Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
| | - M. J. Drake
- Bristol Urological Institute; North Bristol NHS Trust; Bristol UK
- School of Clinical Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
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Rahnama’i MS, Hohnen R, Van Kerrebroeck PEV, van Koeveringe GA. Phosphodiesterase type 2 distribution in the guinea pig urinary bladder. World J Urol 2014; 33:1623-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00345-014-1455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Tyagi P, Smith PP, Kuchel GA, de Groat WC, Birder LA, Chermansky CJ, Adam RM, Tse V, Chancellor MB, Yoshimura N. Pathophysiology and animal modeling of underactive bladder. Int Urol Nephrol 2014; 46 Suppl 1:S11-21. [PMID: 25238890 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-014-0808-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While the symptomology of underactive bladder (UAB) may imply a primary dysfunction of the detrusor muscle, insights into pathophysiology indicate that both myogenic and neurogenic mechanisms need to be considered. Due to lack of proper animal models, the current understanding of the UAB pathophysiology is limited, and much of what is known about the clinical etiology of the condition has been derived from epidemiological data. We hereby review current state of the art in the understanding of the pathophysiology of and animal models used to study the UAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Tyagi
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Sanders KM, Ward SM, Koh SD. Interstitial cells: regulators of smooth muscle function. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:859-907. [PMID: 24987007 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00037.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscles are complex tissues containing a variety of cells in addition to muscle cells. Interstitial cells of mesenchymal origin interact with and form electrical connectivity with smooth muscle cells in many organs, and these cells provide important regulatory functions. For example, in the gastrointestinal tract, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and PDGFRα(+) cells have been described, in detail, and represent distinct classes of cells with unique ultrastructure, molecular phenotypes, and functions. Smooth muscle cells are electrically coupled to ICC and PDGFRα(+) cells, forming an integrated unit called the SIP syncytium. SIP cells express a variety of receptors and ion channels, and conductance changes in any type of SIP cell affect the excitability and responses of the syncytium. SIP cells are known to provide pacemaker activity, propagation pathways for slow waves, transduction of inputs from motor neurons, and mechanosensitivity. Loss of interstitial cells has been associated with motor disorders of the gut. Interstitial cells are also found in a variety of other smooth muscles; however, in most cases, the physiological and pathophysiological roles for these cells have not been clearly defined. This review describes structural, functional, and molecular features of interstitial cells and discusses their contributions in determining the behaviors of smooth muscle tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Sang Don Koh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
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Distribution of interstitial cells of Cajal in the neurogenic urinary bladder of children with myelomeningocele. Adv Med Sci 2014; 58:388-93. [PMID: 24243750 DOI: 10.2478/ams-2013-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE C-kit positive interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) play an important role in the regulation of the smooth muscle motility, acting as pacemakers to provide the slow wave activity in various organs. Recent studies have shown that c-kit positive ICCs are widely distributed in the urinary tract of animals and humans. The aim of our study was to examine the distribution of ICCs in the children's neurogenic bladder. METHODS An immunohistochemical study of specimens obtained from neurogenic urinary bladder (from the trigonum and the corpus) of children with meningomyelocele and during autopsy was performed using antibody against c-kit (CD 117). Histological morphometry of immunoexpression of c-kit positive ICCs was performed by means of an image analyzing system. RESULTS Our investigation demonstrated ICCs located in the vesical muscle layers. The distribution of those cells is different in the trigonum and the corpus of the urinary bladder. No remarkable differences were observed in c-kit immunoexpression between the neurogenic and the control group. CONCLUSION There was no difference in the distribution of ICCs in the urinary bladder of healthy children as compared to children with myelomeningocele. Biopsy revealed different distribution of ICCs in particular parts of the bladder (trigonum/ corpus) in both groups of children.
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Parajuli SP, Provence A, Petkov GV. Prostaglandin E2 excitatory effects on guinea pig urinary bladder smooth muscle: a novel regulatory mechanism mediated by large-conductance voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ channels. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 738:179-85. [PMID: 24886877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an essential signaling molecule involved in the regulation of detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) function. However, the underlying regulatory mechanism by which PGE2 augments DSM cell excitability and contractility is not well understood. Here, we investigated whether PGE2 inhibits the large conductance voltage- and Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (BK) channels in guinea pig DSM, thereby increasing DSM excitability and contractility. We used a multidisciplinary experimental approach including amphotericin-B perforated patch-clamp electrophysiology and live-cell Ca(2+) imaging in native freshly-isolated DSM cells, isometric tension recordings of intact DSM strips, and pharmacological tools to investigate BK channel regulation by PGE2 in guinea pig DSM. PGE2 increased the spontaneous phasic contractions of isolated DSM strips in a concentration-dependent manner (10 nM-10 µM). BK channel inhibition with paxilline (1 µM) attenuated the PGE2-induced DSM phasic contractions, suggesting that BK channels are involved in the mechanism of PGE2-induced DSM contractions. PGE2 (10 µM) increased the intracellular Ca(2+) levels in freshly-isolated DSM cells. PGE2 (10 µM) also caused an inhibition of the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous transient BK currents in DSM cells. Moreover, PGE2 (10 µM) did not affect the amplitude of whole cell steady-state BK currents in DSM cells. Our findings provide strong experimental evidence that PGE2 leads to an inhibition of the spontaneous transient BK currents, elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) levels in freshly-isolated DSM cells, and augmentation of DSM phasic contractions. Thus, we have revealed a novel mechanism that BK channels mediate PGE2-induced contractions in guinea pig DSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar P Parajuli
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Coker Life Sciences Building, Room 609D, 715 Sumter St, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Aaron Provence
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Coker Life Sciences Building, Room 609D, 715 Sumter St, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Georgi V Petkov
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Coker Life Sciences Building, Room 609D, 715 Sumter St, Columbia, SC 29208, United States.
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Kanai A, Fry C, Hanna-Mitchell A, Birder L, Zabbarova I, Bijos D, Ikeda Y. Do we understand any more about bladder interstitial cells?-ICI-RS 2013. Neurourol Urodyn 2014; 33:573-6. [PMID: 24838179 DOI: 10.1002/nau.22591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To present a brief review on discussions from "Do we understand any more about lower urinary tract interstitial cells?" session at the 2013 International Consultation on Incontinence-Research Society (ICI-RS) meeting in Bristol, UK. METHODS Discussion focused on bladder interstitial cell (IC) subtypes, their localization and characterization, and communication between themselves, the urothelium, and detrusor smooth muscle. The role of ICs in bladder pathologies and new methods for studying ICs were also addressed. RESULTS ICs have been studied extensively in the lower urinary tract and have been characterized based on comparisons with ICs of Cajal in the gastro-intestinal tract. In fetal bladders it is believed that ICs drive intrinsic contractions to expel urine through the urachus. These contractions diminish postpartum as bladder innervation develops. Voiding in human neonates occurs when filling triggers a spinal cord reflex that contracts the detrusor; in rodents, maternal stimulation of the perineum triggers voiding. Following spinal cord injury, intrinsic contractions, and spinal micturition reflexes develop, similar to those seen during neonatal development. These enhanced contractions may stimulate nociceptive and mechanosensitive afferents contributing to neurogenic detrusor overactivity and incontinence. The IC-mediated activity is believed to be initiated in the lamina propria by responding to urothelial factors. These IC may act syncytially through gap junction coupling and modulate detrusor activity through unknown mechanisms. CONCLUSION There has been a great deal of information discovered regarding bladder ICs, however, many of their (patho)physiological functions and mechanisms are still unclear and necessitates further research. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:573-576, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Rahnama'i MS, Van Koeveringe GA, Van Kerrebroeck PE. Rationale for the use of prostaglandins and phosphodiesterase inhibitors in the treatment of functional bladder disorders. Nephrourol Mon 2014; 5:949-54. [PMID: 24693500 PMCID: PMC3955285 DOI: 10.5812/numonthly.14088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper a general discussion of the available data on the role of prostaglandin (PG) and phosphodiesterase is discussed. Functional studies would be a next step to understand the functional meaning of the data described in this paper. The data presented are a basis for further research on selective modulation of the EP1 and EP2 receptor which could be a therapeutic target in functional bladder disorders such as OAB. PDE inhibitors are closer to clinical use, as these drugs have been studied and registered for other indications such as erectile dysfunction in men. Therefore, in vivo studies in human subjects can be conducted on short term. However, from a scientific point of view, it is very important to unravel the exact site of action and role of PDE inhibition with in vitro and in vivo studies as is the case with PG. In this way, a combination of drugs targeting different mechanisms involved in bladder physiology such as PG, cGMP, cAMP, and muscarinic receptors, could reduce side effects and improve efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sajjad Rahnama'i
- Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author: Mohammad Sajjad Rahnama'i, Department of Urology, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), P.O.Box: 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands. Tel: +31-433875255, Fax: +31-433875259, E-mail:
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Williams NA, Bowen JL, Al-Jayyoussi G, Gumbleton M, Allender CJ, Li J, Harrah T, Raja A, Joshi HB. An ex Vivo Investigation into the Transurothelial Permeability and Bladder Wall Distribution of the Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Ketorolac. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:673-82. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400274z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Williams
- School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, U.K., CF10 3NB
| | - Jenna L. Bowen
- School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, U.K., CF10 3NB
| | - Ghaith Al-Jayyoussi
- School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, U.K., CF10 3NB
| | - Mark Gumbleton
- School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, U.K., CF10 3NB
| | - Chris J. Allender
- School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, U.K., CF10 3NB
| | - Jamie Li
- Urology & Women’s Health, Boston Scientific Corporation, 100 Boston Scientific Way, Marlborough, Massachusetts 01752, United States
| | - Tim Harrah
- Urology & Women’s Health, Boston Scientific Corporation, 100 Boston Scientific Way, Marlborough, Massachusetts 01752, United States
| | - Aditya Raja
- Department
of Urology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Hrishi B. Joshi
- Department
of Urology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, U.K
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Sui G, Fry CH, Montgomery B, Roberts M, Wu R, Wu C. Purinergic and muscarinic modulation of ATP release from the urothelium and its paracrine actions. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 306:F286-98. [PMID: 24285497 PMCID: PMC3920053 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00291.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The urothelium is a newly recognized sensory structure that detects bladder fullness. Pivotal to this sensory role is the release of ATP from the urothelium. However, the routes for urothelial ATP release, its modulation by receptor-mediated pathways, and the autocrine/paracrine role of ATP are poorly understood, especially in native tissue. We examined the action of key neurotransmitters: purinergic and muscarinic agonists on ATP release and its paracrine effect. Guinea pig and human urothelial mucosa were mounted in a perfusion trough; superfusate ATP was measured using a luciferin-luciferase assay, and tissue contractions were recorded with a tension transducer. Intracellular Ca2+ was measured in isolated urothelial cells with fura-2. The P2Y agonist UTP but not the P2X agonist α,β-methylene-ATP generated ATP release. The muscarinic agonist carbachol and the M2-preferential agonist oxotremorine also generated ATP release, which was antagonized by the M2-specific agent methoctramine. Agonist-evoked ATP release was accompanied by mucosal contractions. Urothelial ATP release was differentially mediated by intracellular Ca2+ release, cAMP, exocytosis, or connexins. Urothelium-attached smooth muscle exhibited spontaneous contractions that were augmented by subthreshold concentrations of carbachol, which had little direct effect on smooth muscle. This activity was attenuated by desensitizing P2X receptors on smooth muscle. Urothelial ATP release was increased in aging bladders. Purinergic and muscarinic agents produced similar effects in human urothelial tissue. This is the first demonstration of specific modulation of urothelial ATP release in native tissue by purinergic and muscarinic neurotransmitters via distinct mechanisms. Released ATP produces paracrine effects on underlying tissues. This process is altered during aging and has relevance to human bladder pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiping Sui
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Univ. of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
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Lamina propria: The functional center of the bladder? Neurourol Urodyn 2013; 33:9-16. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.22465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
The urothelium, which lines the inner surface of the renal pelvis, the ureters, and the urinary bladder, not only forms a high-resistance barrier to ion, solute and water flux, and pathogens, but also functions as an integral part of a sensory web which receives, amplifies, and transmits information about its external milieu. Urothelial cells have the ability to sense changes in their extracellular environment, and respond to chemical, mechanical and thermal stimuli by releasing various factors such as ATP, nitric oxide, and acetylcholine. They express a variety of receptors and ion channels, including P2X3 purinergic receptors, nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, and TRP channels, which all have been implicated in urothelial-neuronal interactions, and involved in signals that via components in the underlying lamina propria, such as interstitial cells, can be amplified and conveyed to nerves, detrusor muscle cells, and ultimately the central nervous system. The specialized anatomy of the urothelium and underlying structures, and the possible communication mechanisms from urothelial cells to various cell types within the bladder wall are described. Changes in the urothelium/lamina propria ("mucosa") produced by different bladder disorders are discussed, as well as the mucosa as a target for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Birder
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
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Rahnama'i MS, van Koeveringe GA, van Kerrebroeck PEV, de Wachter SGG. The effect of indomethacin on the muscarinic induced contractions in the isolated normal guinea pig urinary bladder. BMC Urol 2013; 13:8. [PMID: 23388044 PMCID: PMC3570383 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2490-13-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the effect of prostaglandin depletion by means of COX-inhibition on cholinergic enhanced spontaneous contractions. Methods The urethra and bladder of 9 male guinea pigs (weight 270–300 g) were removed and placed in an organ bath with Krebs’ solution. A catheter was passed through the urethra through which the intravesical pressure was measured. The muscarinic agonist arecaidine, the non-selective COX inhibitor indomethacin, and PGE2 were subsequently added to the organ bath. The initial average frequency and amplitude of spontaneous contractions in the first 2 minutes after arecaidine application were labelled Fini and Pini, respectively. The steady state frequency (Fsteady) and amplitude (Psteady) were defined as the average frequency and amplitude during the 5 minutes before the next wash out. Results Application of 1 μM PGE2 increased the amplitude of spontaneous contractions without affecting frequency. 10 μM of indomethacin reduced amplitude but not frequency. The addition of indomethacin did not alter Fini after the first application (p = 0.7665). However, after the second wash, Fini was decreased (p = 0.0005). Fsteady, Psteady and Pini were not significantly different in any of the conditions. These effects of indomethacin were reversible by PGE2 addition.. Conclusions Blocking PG synthesis decreased the cholinergically stimulated autonomous contractions in the isolated bladder. This suggests that PG could modify normal cholinergically evoked response. A combination of drugs inhibiting muscarinic receptors and PG function or production can then become an interesting focus of research on a treatment for overactive bladder syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S Rahnama'i
- Department of Urology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Otsuka A, Kawasaki H, Matsumoto R, Shinbo H, Kurita Y, Iwashita T, Ozono S. Expression of β-Adrenoceptor Subtypes in Urothelium, Interstitial Cells and Detrusor of the Human Urinary Bladder. Low Urin Tract Symptoms 2013; 5:173-80. [PMID: 26663456 DOI: 10.1111/luts.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined whether interstitial cells (ICs) of the human urinary bladder expressed β-adrenoceptor (AR) subtypes, and semiquantitatively compared the staining intensity among urothelium, ICs and detrusor muscles. METHODS Paraffin sections of the human urinary bladder were obtained from histologically normal areas of formalin-fixed specimens removed for bladder carcinoma. Double-labeling immunohistochemical methods using antibodies against each β-AR subtype and vimentin were performed to identify ICs of the human urinary bladder. The staining intensity of β-ARs was semiquantitatively compared among urothelium, ICs and detrusor muscles. Further, gender-related difference or age-related correlation in the staining intensity of β-ARs was compared in the same cell types. RESULTS The expression of β1 -, β2 -, and β3 -AR was observed in vimentin-positive ICs localized in suburothelium, between detrusor muscle bundles, and within these bundles of the human urinary bladder. The rank order of the staining intensity was urothelium > ICs = detrusor muscles in β1 -AR, urothelium > ICs > detrusor muscles in β2 -AR, whereas its order was ICs = detrusor muscles > urothelium in β3 -AR. Except for urothelial β1 -AR, there was no gender-related difference in the signal intensity of β-ARs in the urothelium, ICs or detrusor muscles. Age negatively correlated with the signal intensity of all β-AR subtypes. CONCLUSION β-ARs were expressed in vimentin-positive ICs of the human urinary bladder. As for β2 - and β3 -AR, there was no gender-related difference or age-related correlation in urothelium, ICs and detrusor muscles. In the human urinary bladder, β-ARs expressed in ICs may play a role in bladder physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Otsuka
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JapanDepartment of Regenerative and Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JapanDepartment of Urology, Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hideya Kawasaki
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JapanDepartment of Regenerative and Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JapanDepartment of Urology, Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Rikiya Matsumoto
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JapanDepartment of Regenerative and Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JapanDepartment of Urology, Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shinbo
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JapanDepartment of Regenerative and Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JapanDepartment of Urology, Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kurita
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JapanDepartment of Regenerative and Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JapanDepartment of Urology, Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Toshihide Iwashita
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JapanDepartment of Regenerative and Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JapanDepartment of Urology, Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Ozono
- Department of Urology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JapanDepartment of Regenerative and Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JapanDepartment of Urology, Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
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McCloskey KD. Bladder interstitial cells: an updated review of current knowledge. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 207:7-15. [PMID: 23034074 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The field of bladder research has been energized by the study of novel interstitial cells (IC) over the last decade. Several subgroups of IC are located within the bladder wall and make structural interactions with nerves and smooth muscle, indicating integration with intercellular communication and key physiological functions. Significant progress has been made in the study of bladder ICs' cellular markers, ion channels and receptor expression, electrical and calcium signalling, yet their specific functions in normal bladder filling and emptying remain elusive. There is increasing evidence that the distribution of IC is altered in bladder pathophysiologies suggesting that changes in IC may be linked with the development of bladder dysfunction. This article summarizes the current state of the art of our knowledge of IC in normal bladder and reviews the literature on IC in dysfunctional bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. D. McCloskey
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology; Queen's University Belfast; Belfast; Northern Ireland; UK
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The distribution of the prostaglandin E receptor type 2 (EP2) in the detrusor of the guinea pig. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2012; 99:107-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Schnoeller TJ, de Petriconi R, Hefty R, Jentzmik F, Al Ghazal A, Steinestel J, Mueller J, Zengerling F, Schrader M, Schrader AJ. [The use of Surgisis® optimizes and simplifies partial nephrectomy for large renal tumors]. Urologe A 2012. [PMID: 23178845 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-012-3050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With lower rates of postoperative renal failure, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, partial nephrectomy achieves longer overall survival and equally long tumor-specific survival. It is thus the current gold standard treatment for renal tumors and now also for those ≥ 4 cm in size. The main complications of nephron-sparing surgery, particularly for large and centrally located tumors, are postoperative parenchymal bleeding and urinary fistulas after opening the urinary collecting system (UCS). MATERIAL AND METHODS Between August 2003 and April 2012, 76 partial nephrectomies for tumors ≥ 4 cm in size were performed using porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS, Surgisis®) to close the capsular, renal and in some cases, UCS defects. RESULTS The median tumor size was 5.0 cm (range 4.0-13.0 cm) and the intervention was performed with warm ischemia in 25 cases (32.8 %), with cold perfusion in 16 cases (21.2 %) and without ischemia in 35 cases (46.0 %). A total of 4 patients (5.5 %) developed postoperative urinary fistulas and 4 (5.5 %) required revision surgery because of significant postoperative bleeding. There were no local infections or allergic reactions to the foreign material. CONCLUSIONS Surgisis® enables a quick and technically uncomplicated closure of the renal defect after partial nephrectomy for tumors. It has the potential to further minimize postoperative bleeding and urinary fistulas and to facilitate the intervention to the extent that nephron-sparing surgery will gain broader acceptance even in patients with tumors ≥4 cm in size.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Schnoeller
- Klink für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Prittwitzstraße 43, Ulm, Germany.
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Andersson M, Aronsson P, Doufish D, Lampert A, Tobin G. Muscarinic receptor subtypes involved in urothelium-derived relaxatory effects in the inflamed rat urinary bladder. Auton Neurosci 2012; 170:5-11. [PMID: 22789737 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Functional studies have shown altered cholinergic mechanisms in the inflamed bladder, which partly depend on muscarinic receptor-induced release of nitric oxide (NO). The current study aimed to characterize which muscarinic receptor subtypes that are involved in the regulation of the nitrergic effects in the bladder cholinergic response during cystitis. For this purpose, in vitro examinations of carbachol-evoked contractions of inflamed and normal bladder preparations were performed. The effects of antagonists with different selectivity for the receptor subtypes were assessed on intact and urothelium-denuded bladder preparations. In preparations from cyclophosphamide (CYP; in order to induce cystitis) pre-treated rats, the response to carbachol was about 75% of that of normal preparations. Removal of the urothelium or administration of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor re-established the responses in the inflamed preparations. Administration of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine (4-DAMP) inhibited the carbachol-induced contractile responses of preparations from CYP pre-treated rats less potently than controls. Pirenzepine and p-fluoro-hexahydro-sila-diphenidol (pFHHSiD) affected the carbachol-induced contractile responses to similar extents in preparations of CYP pre-treated and control rats. However, the Schild slopes for the three antagonists were all significantly different from unity in the preparations from CYP pre-treated rats. Again, L-NNA or removal of the urothelium eliminated any difference compared to normal preparations. This study confirms that muscarinic receptor stimulation in the inflamed rat urinary bladder induces urothelial release of NO, which counteracts detrusor contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Andersson
- Department of Pharmacology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Xue L, Li Y, Han X, Yao L, Yuan J, Qin W, Liu F, Wang H. Investigation of Hyperpolarization-activated Cyclic Nucleotide-gated Channels in Interstitial Cells of Cajal of Human Bladder. Urology 2012; 80:224.e13-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Chuang YC, Tyagi P, Huang CC, Chancellor MB, Yoshimura N. Mechanisms and urodynamic effects of a potent and selective EP4 receptor antagonist, MF191, on cyclophosphamide and prostaglandin E2-induced bladder overactivity in rats. BJU Int 2012; 110:1558-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2012.11096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
Antimuscarinic drugs are still first-line treatment for the symptoms of overactive bladder (OAB) and are associated with good initial response rates. Adverse effects and decreasing efficacy over the longer term do, however, limit their overall effectiveness. As such, alternatives to antimuscarinics are needed. The recognition of the functional contribution of the urothelium, the spontaneous myocyte activity during bladder filling, and the diversity of nerve transmitters involved in the symptoms of the OAB has sparked interest in pharmacologic manipulation of both peripheral and central pathophysiology. Some of the treatments currently under investigation are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Erik Andersson
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Physiology & Pharmacology, Urology, Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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Nile CJ, Gillespie JI. Interactions between cholinergic and prostaglandin signaling elements in the urothelium: role for muscarinic type 2 receptors. Urology 2011; 79:240.e17-23. [PMID: 22055690 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2011.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the interactions between the cholinergic and prostaglandin signaling systems within the urothelium-lamina propria of the guinea pig and elucidate the role of muscarinic receptors in these interactions. METHODS The urothelium-lamina propria was isolated from guinea pig bladders, cut into strips (5×10 mm), and maintained in vitro. The tissue was either stretched or left unstretched but exposed to 2'(3')-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine-5'-triphosphate tri(triethylammonium) salt, arecaidine, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Acetylcholine and PGE2 release was measured using a GeneBLAzer M3 CHO-K1-bla cell reporter assay and an enzyme immunoassay, respectively. The role of the muscarinic type 2 and 3 (M2 and M3, respectively) receptors and nitric oxide in mediating PGE2 release was determined in the presence of the muscarinic antagonists 11-[(2-[(diethylamino)methyl]-1-piperidinyl)acetyl]-5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3b][1,4] benzodiazepin-6-one and darafenicin and a nitric oxide donor (NONOate). RESULTS Acetylcholine release was detected in response to stretch and in the unstretched preparations exposed to PGE2 or the adenosine triphosphate analog 2'(3')-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine-5'-triphosphate tri(triethylammonium) salt. The cholinergic agonist arecaidine induced a concentration-dependent production of PGE2 (half-maximal concentration 75 nM). The arecaidine stimulation of PGE2 production was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the antagonist AFDX-116 (M2>M3; half-maximal inhibition 110 nM) but not darifenacin (M3>>M2). Finally, in the presence of the nitric oxide donor, NONOate, arecaidine-stimulated PGE2 production was inhibited. CONCLUSION These observations demonstrate that complex signal interactions occur within the urothelium involving acetylcholine, adenosine triphosphate, nitric oxide, and PGE2. In addition, the data have demonstrated a role for muscarinic M2 receptors and nitric oxide in the cholinergic regulation of PGE2 production in the bladder wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Nile
- Urophysiology Research Group, Newcastle University Medical and Dental School, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom
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Kubota Y, Kojima Y, Shibata Y, Imura M, Sasaki S, Kohri K. Role of KIT-Positive Interstitial Cells of Cajal in the Urinary Bladder and Possible Therapeutic Target for Overactive Bladder. Adv Urol 2011; 2011:816342. [PMID: 21785586 PMCID: PMC3139881 DOI: 10.1155/2011/816342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the gastrointestinal tract, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) act as pacemaker cells to generate slow wave activity. Interstitial cells that resemble ICCs in the gastrointestinal tract have been identified by their morphological characteristics in the bladder. KIT is used as an identification marker of ICCs. ICCs in the bladder may be involved in signal transmission between smooth muscle bundles, from efferent nerves to smooth muscles, and from the urothelium to afferent nerves. Recent research has suggested that not only the disturbance of spontaneous contractility caused by altered detrusor ICC signal transduction between nerves and smooth muscle cells but also the disturbance of signal transduction between urothelial cells and sensory nerves via suburothelial ICC may induce overactive bladder (OAB). Recent reports have suggested that KIT is not only a detection marker of these cells, but also may play a crucial role in the control of bladder function. Research into the effect of a c-kit receptor inhibitor, imatinib mesylate, on bladder function implies that KIT-positive ICCs may be therapeutic target cells to reduce bladder overactivity and that the blockage of c-kit receptor may offer a new therapeutic strategy for OAB treatment, although further study will be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasue Kubota
- Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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The Relationship Between Prostaglandin E Receptor 1 and Cyclooxygenase I Expression in Guinea Pig Bladder Interstitial Cells: Proposition of a Signal Propagation System. J Urol 2011; 185:315-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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