Pathological and pharmacological functions of the metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids mediated by cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and cytochrome P450s in cancers

Oxylipins have garnered increasing attention because they were consistently shown to play pathological and/or pharmacological roles in the development of multiple cancers. Oxylipins are the metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids via both enzymatic and nonenzymatic pathways. The enzymes mediating the metabolism of PUFAs include but not limited to lipoxygenases (LOXs), cyclooxygenases (COXs), and cytochrome P450s (CYPs) pathways, as well as the down-stream enzymes. Here, we systematically summarized the pleiotropic effects of oxylipins in different cancers through pathological and pharmacological aspects, with specific reference to the enzyme-mediated oxylipins. We discussed the specific roles of oxylipins on cancer onset, growth, invasion, and metastasis, as well as the expression changes in the associated metabolic enzymes and the associated underlying mechanisms. In addition, we also discussed the clinical application and potential of oxylipins and related metabolic enzymes as the targets for cancer prevention and treatment. We found the specific function of most oxylipins in cancers, especially the underlying mechanisms and clinic applications, deserves and needs further investigation. We believe that research on oxylipins will provide not only more therapeutic targets for various cancers but also dietary guidance for both cancer patients and healthy humans.

A comprehensive review on potential drug-drug interactions of proton pump inhibitors with antidiabetic drugs metformin and DPP-4 inhibitors

A drug interaction is a condition in which two or more drugs are taken at the same time. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a significant contributor to polypharmacy. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are often prescribed in combination with metformin or DPP-4 inhibitors (sitagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, and alogliptin) or a combined dose of metformin and DPP-4 inhibitor to treat gastritis in diabetic patients. This review article mainly focused on evaluating the potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between PPIs (i.e. esomeprazole, lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, and rabeprazole) with metformin and PPIs with DPP-4 inhibitors. The findings demonstrated the existence of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic DDIs between the aforementioned PPIs with metformin and DPP-4 inhibitors, which could impact the biological activities (i.e., hypoglycemia) of these drugs. Moreover, this review suggested that esomeprazole could be the best drug in the PPI group to be prescribed simultaneously with metformin and DPP-4 inhibitors, as most of the antidiabetic drugs of this study did not show any interaction with esomeprazole. The findings of this study also revealed that both antidiabetic drugs and PPIs could have positive interactions as PPIs have the potential to lessen the gastrointestinal side effects of metformin and DPP-4 inhibitors. To achieve the greatest therapeutic impact with the fewest side effects, careful dose control of these drugs is required. So, more extensive research on both human and animal subjects are needed to ascertain the veracity of this hypothesis.

Modification of 4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)thiazol-2-amine derivatives for the treatment of analgesia and inflammation: synthesis and in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies

Inflammation is a protective response to a variety of infectious agents. To develop a new anti-inflammatory drug, we explored a pharmacologically important thiazole scaffold in this study. In a multi-step synthetic approach, we synthesized seven new thiazole derivatives (5a-5g). Initially, we examined the in vitro anti-inflammatory potentials of our compounds using COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX enzyme assays. After in vitro confirmation, the potential compounds were subjected to in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory studies. The hot plate method was used for analgesia, and carrageenan-induced inflammation was also assayed. Overall, all our compounds proved to be potent inhibitors of COX-2 compared to celecoxib (IC50 0.05 μM), exhibiting IC50 values in the range of 0.76-9.01 μM .Compounds 5b, 5d, and 5e were dominant and selective COX-2 inhibitors with the lowest IC50 values and selectivity index (SI) values of 42, 112, and 124, respectively. Similarly, in the COX-1 assay, our compounds were relatively less potent but still encouraging. Standard aspirin exhibited an IC50 value of 15.32 μM. In the 5-LOX results, once again, compounds 5d and 5e were dominant with IC50 values of 23.08 and 38.46 μM, respectively. Standard zileuton exhibited an IC50 value of 11.00 μM. Based on the COX/LOX and SI potencies, the compounds 5d and 5e were subjected to in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory studies. Compounds 5d and 5e at concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg body weight were significant in animal models. Furthermore, we explored the potential role of compounds 5d and 5e in various phlogistic agents. Similarly, both compounds 5d and 5e were also significantly potent in the anti-nociceptive assay. The molecular docking interactions of these two compounds with the target proteins of COX and LOX further strengthened their potential for use in COX/LOX pathway inhibitions.

Is There a Link between the Molecular Basis of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases? Systematic Review

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is currently the most common chronic rheumatic disease in children. It is known to have no single identity, but a variety of diagnoses. Under-diagnosis is a barrier to early treatment and reduced complications of the disease. Other immune-mediated diseases may coexist in the same patient, making research in this area relevant. The main objective was to analyse whether links could be established between the molecular basis of JIA and other immune-mediated diseases. Early diagnosis may benefit patients with JIA, which in most cases goes undetected, leading to under-diagnosis, which can have a negative impact on children affected by the disease as they grow up.

METHODS

We performed a PRISMA systematic review focusing on immune molecules present in different autoimmune diseases.

RESULTS

A total of 13 papers from different countries dealing with the molecular basis of JIA and other immune diseases were evaluated and reviewed.

CONCLUSIONS

Most of the autoimmune diseases analysed responded to the same group of drugs. Unfortunately, the reason for the under-diagnosis of these diseases remains unknown, as no evidence has been found to correlate the immunomolecular basis with the under-diagnosis of these immune-mediated diseases. The lack of information in this area means that further research is needed in order to provide a sound basis for preventing the development of immune-mediated diseases, especially in children, and to improve their quality of life through early diagnosis and treatment.

Managing Colorectal Cancer from Ethology to Interdisciplinary Treatment: The Gains and Challenges of Modern Medicine

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignant tumor of the gastrointestinal tract, which has become a serious threat to human health worldwide. This article exhaustively reviews colorectal cancer's incidence and relevance, carcinogenesis molecular pathways, up-to-date treatment opportunities, prophylaxis, and screening program achievements, with attention paid to its regional variations and changes over time. This paper provides a concise overview of known CRC risk factors, including familial, hereditary, and environmental lifestyle-related risk factors. The authors take a closer look into CRC's molecular genetic pathways and the role of specific enzymes involved in carcinogenesis. Moreover, the role of the general practitioner and multidisciplinary approach in CRC treatment is summarized and highlighted based on recent recommendations and experience. This article gives a clear understanding and review of the gains and challenges of modern medicine towards CRC. The authors believe that understanding the current patterns of CRC and its revolution is imperative to the prospects of reducing its burden through cancer prevention and cancer-adjusted treatment.

Exploring molecular docking with MM-GBSA and molecular dynamics simulation to predict potent inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) enzyme from terpenoid-based active principles of Zingiber species

Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), the key enzyme involved in prostaglandin (PGs) production, is known to take part in inflammatory and immune responses. Though COX-2 inhibitors are therapeutically effective anti-inflammatory drugs, they deficit anti-thrombotic activity thus leading to increased cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, COX-2 inhibitors with improved therapeutic efficacy and tolerance are still needed. In recent years, traditional medicine systems have paid attention to the essential oil of genus Zingiber, particularly for the treatment of various inflammatory illnesses, with lesser side effects. Thus, the present study aims to explore the anti-inflammatory activity of Zingiber essential oil through computational-biology approaches. In this regard, virtual screening, molecular docking, and simulations were carried out on 53 compounds derived from the essential oil of Zingiber species in order to provide mechanistic insights into COX-2 inhibition and identify the most actively potent anti-inflammatory compounds. Among all the docked ligands, epi-cubenol, δ-cadinene, γ-eudesmol, cubenol, and α-terpineol were found to be powerful bioactive compounds with an increased binding affinity towards COX-2 along with favorable physiochemical properties. Additionally, MD simulation in DPPC lipid bilayers was studied to examine the intrinsic dynamics and adaptability of the chosen ligands and COX-2-complexes. The findings showed that the selected five components interacted steadily with the COX-2 active site residues throughout the simulation via different bondings. The integrative-computational approach showed that the identified natural compounds may be taken into further consideration for potential in vitro and in vivo evaluation as COX-2 inhibitors, which would lead to the development of more potent and efficient anti-inflammatory drugs.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Malvidin and Its Mono- and Di-Glucosides Forms: A Study of Combining Both In Vitro and Molecular Docking Studies Focused on Cholinesterase, Butyrylcholinesterase, COX-1 and COX-2 Activities

Malvidin, one of the six most prominent anthocyanins found in various fruits and vegetables, may possess a wide range of health-promoting properties. The biological activity of malvidin and its glycosides is not entirely clear and has been relatively less frequently studied compared to other anthocyanins. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between the structural derivatives of malvidin and their anti-cholinergic and anti-inflammatory activity. The study selected malvidin (Mv) and its two sugar derivatives: malvidin 3-O-glucoside (Mv 3-glc) and malvidin 3,5-O-diglucoside (Mv 3,5-diglc). The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by inhibiting the enzymes, specifically COX-1 and COX-2. Additionally, the inhibitory effects on cholinesterase activity, particularly acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), were evaluated. Molecular modeling was also employed to examine and visualize the interactions between enzymes and anthocyanins. The results revealed that the highest inhibitory capacity at concentration 100 µM was demonstrated by Mv 3-glc in relation to AChE (26.3 ± 3.1%) and BChE (22.1 ± 3.0%), highlighting the crucial role of the glycoside substituent at the C3 position of the C ring in determining the inhibitory efficiency of these enzymes. In addition, the glycosylation of malvidin significantly reduced the anti-inflammatory activity of these derivatives compared to the aglycone form. The IC50 parameter demonstrates the following relationship for the COX-1 enzyme: Mv (12.45 ± 0.70 µM) < Mv 3-glc (74.78 ± 0.06 µM) < Mv 3,5-diglc (90.36 ± 1.92 µM). Similarly, for the COX-2 enzyme, we have: Mv (2.76 ± 0.16 µM) < Mv 3-glc (39.92 ± 3.02 µM) < Mv 3.5-diglc (66.45 ± 1.93 µM). All tested forms of malvidin exhibited higher activity towards COX-2 compared to COX-1, indicating their selectivity as inhibitors of COX-2. Theoretical calculations were capable of qualitatively replicating most of the noted patterns in the experimental data, explaining the impact of deprotonation and glycosylation on inhibitory activity. It can be suggested that anthocyanins, such as malvidins, could be valuable in the development of treatments for inflammatory conditions and Alzheimer's disease and deserve further study.

Influence of Microbiota-Related Metabolites Associated with Inflammation and Sepsis on the Peroxidase Activity of Cyclooxygenase in Healthy Human Monocytes and Acute Monocytic Leukemia Cells

The human microbiota produces metabolites that can enter the bloodstream and exert systemic effects on various functions in both healthy and pathological states. We have studied the participation of microbiota-related metabolites in bacterial infection by examining their influence on the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) as a key enzyme of inflammation. The influence of aromatic microbial metabolites, derivatives of phenylalanine (phenylpropionic acid, PPA), tyrosine (4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid, HPLA), and tryptophan (indolacetic acids, IAA), the concentrations of which in the blood change notably during sepsis, was evaluated. Also, the effect of itaconic acid (ITA) was studied, which is formed in macrophages under the action of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and appears in the blood in the early stages of infection. Metabiotic acetyl phosphate (AcP) as a strong acetylating agent was also tested. The activity of COX was measured via the TMPD oxidation colorimetric assay using the commercial pure enzyme, cultured healthy monocytes, and the human acute monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1. All metabolites in the concentration range of 100-500 μM lowered the activity of COX. The most pronounced inhibition was observed on the commercial pure enzyme, reaching up to 40% in the presence of AcP and 20-30% in the presence of the other metabolites. On cell lysates, the effect of metabolites was preserved, although it significantly decreased, probably due to their interaction with other targets subject to redox-dependent and acetylation processes. The possible contribution of the redox-dependent action of microbial metabolites was confirmed by assessing the activity of the enzyme in the presence of thiol reagents and in model conditions, when the COX-formed peroxy intermediate was replaced with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH). The data show the involvement of the microbial metabolites in the regulation of COX activity, probably due to their influence on the peroxidase activity of the enzyme.

Exogenous oxygen is required for prostanoid induction under brain ischemia as evidence for a novel regulatory mechanism

Previously, we and others reported a rapid and dramatic increase in brain prostanoids (PG), including prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thromboxanes, under ischemia that is traditionally explained through the activation of esterified arachidonic acid (20:4n6) release by phospholipases as a substrate for cyclooxygenases (COX). However, the availability of another required COX substrate, oxygen, has not been considered in this mechanism. To address this mechanism for PG upregulation through oxygen availability, we analyzed mouse brain PG, free 20:4n6, and oxygen levels at different time points after ischemic onset using head-focused microwave irradiation (MW) to inactivate enzymes in situ before craniotomy. The oxygen half-life in the ischemic brain was 5.32 ± 0.45 s and dropped to undetectable levels within 12 s of ischemia onset, while there were no significant free 20:4n6 or PG changes at 30 s of ischemia. Furthermore, there was no significant PG increase at 2 and 10 min after ischemia onset compared to basal levels, while free 20:4n6 was increased ∼50 and ∼100 fold, respectively. However, PG increased ∼30-fold when ischemia was followed by craniotomy of nonMW tissue that provided oxygen for active enzymes. Moreover, craniotomy performed under anoxic conditions without MW did not result in PG induction, while exposure of these brains to atmospheric oxygen significantly induced PG. Our results indicate, for the first time, that oxygen availability is another important regulatory factor for PG production under ischemia. Further studies are required to investigate the physiological role of COX/PG regulation through tissue oxygen concentration.

Human macrophage migration inhibitory factor potentiates mesenchymal stromal cell efficacy in a clinically relevant model of allergic asthma

Current asthma therapies focus on reducing symptoms but fail to restore existing structural damage. Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) administration can ameliorate airway inflammation and reverse airway remodeling. However, differences in patient disease microenvironments seem to influence MSC therapeutic effects. A polymorphic CATT tetranucleotide repeat at position 794 of the human macrophage migration inhibitory factor (hMIF) gene has been associated with increased susceptibility to and severity of asthma. We investigated the efficacy of human MSCs in high- vs. low-hMIF environments and the impact of MIF pre-licensing of MSCs using humanized MIF mice in a clinically relevant house dust mite (HDM) model of allergic asthma. MSCs significantly attenuated airway inflammation and airway remodeling in high-MIF-expressing CATT7 mice but not in CATT5 or wild-type littermates. Differences in efficacy were correlated with increased MSC retention in the lungs of CATT7 mice. MIF licensing potentiated MSC anti-inflammatory effects at a previously ineffective dose. Mechanistically, MIF binding to CD74 expressed on MSCs leads to upregulation of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression. Blockade of CD74 or COX-2 function in MSCs prior to administration attenuated the efficacy of MIF-licensed MSCs in vivo. These findings suggest that MSC administration may be more efficacious in severe asthma patients with high MIF genotypes (CATT6/7/8).

Effects of phenylbutazone, firocoxib, and dipyrone on the diuretic response to furosemide in horses

BACKGROUND

Treatment with phenylbutazone (nonselective COX inhibitor) decreases the diuretic and natriuretic effects of furosemide by nearly 30% but the effects of COX-2 specific inhibitors (firocoxib) and atypical NSAIDs (dipyrone) are unknown.

HYPOTHESIS

Furosemide-induced diuresis after pretreatment with firocoxib or dipyrone is diminished to a lesser extent than after pretreatment with phenylbutazone.

ANIMALS

Eight healthy mares.

METHODS

Each mare received 4 treatments in a prospective experimental crossover study using a replicated 4 × 4 Latin Square design: furosemide alone (FU), furosemide and phenylbutazone (PB), furosemide and firocoxib (FX), and furosemide and dipyrone (DP). After 24 hours of NSAID treatment at recommended dosages, ureteral catheters were placed for continual urine collection. After a 30-minute baseline collection period, furosemide (1.0 mg/kg, IV) was administered, and urine and blood samples were collected for 4 hours. Data were assessed by repeated measures ANOVA.

RESULTS

Four-hour urine volume was (mean ± SD) ~25% less (P < .001) after pretreatment with all NSAIDs (PB 19.1 ± 2.1 mL/kg, FX 17.7 ± 3.5 mL/kg, DP 19.1 ± 3.9 mL/kg), as compared to FU (23.4 ± 5.1 mL/kg) (P < .001), but there were no differences between PB, FX, or DP. Interindividual variability in furosemide diuresis after pretreatment with different NSAIDs was observed.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE

Though COX-2 selective NSAIDs and dipyrone might have less severe or fever gastrointestinal adverse effects in horses, our data suggest minimal differences in effects on furosemide-induced diuresis, and possibly, risk of nephrotoxicosis.

Role of cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 in the maintenance of colonic mucosal integrity in an experimental colitis model

The role of cyclooxygenase (COXs) isoforms in maintaining colonic mucosal integrity is not fully understood. This study aimed to evaluate the role of COX-1 and -2 on colonic mucosal integrity in an experimental colitis model. Colitis was induced in Wistar rats by intracolonic administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (20 mg + 50% ethanol). The control group (sham group) received saline only. After 7, 14, or 28 days, colonic samples were removed, and macroscopic lesion scores, wet weight, myeloperoxidase activity, and transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) were determined. In other rat groups, colonic samples from the sham group and a 7th day post-colitis group were mounted in Üssing chambers with the luminal side exposed to a buffer solution (control), acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), SC-560 (COX-1 inhibitor), or celecoxib (COX-2 inhibitor). TER and epithelial permeability to fluorescein were measured. The 7th day colitis group had higher macroscopic damage scores, wet weight, and myeloperoxidase activity and lower basal TER than the sham, 14th day colitis, and 28th day colitis groups. Inhibition of COX-1 but not COX-2 significantly decreased TER and increased permeability to fluorescein in the 7th day post-colitis group compared to the sham group. Additionally, ASA decreased the colonic mucosal integrity on day seven post-colitis compared to the sham group. A decrease in the colonic mucosa integrity in the experimental colitis model can be aggravated only by the inhibition of COX-1, which demonstrated the importance of this enzyme in the maintenance of colonic mucosal integrity.

Thrombin-Induced COX-2 Expression and PGE2 Synthesis in Human Tracheal Smooth Muscle Cells: Role of PKCδ/Pyk2-Dependent AP-1 Pathway Modulation

In this study, we confirmed that thrombin significantly increases the production of COX-2 and PGE2 in human tracheal smooth muscle cells (HTSMCs), leading to inflammation in the airways and lungs. These molecules are well-known contributors to various inflammatory diseases. Here, we investigated in detail the involved signaling pathways using specific inhibitors and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Our results demonstrated that inhibitors targeting proteins such as protein kinase C (PKC)δ, proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), c-Src, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), or activator protein-1 (AP-1) effectively reduced thrombin-induced COX-2 and PGE2 production. Additionally, transfection with siRNAs against PKCδ, Pyk2, c-Src, EGFR, protein kinase B (Akt), or c-Jun mitigated these responses. Furthermore, our observations revealed that thrombin stimulated the phosphorylation of key components of the signaling cascade, including PKCδ, Pyk2, c-Src, EGFR, Akt, and c-Jun. Thrombin activated COX-2 promoter activity through AP-1 activation, a process that was disrupted by a point-mutated AP-1 site within the COX-2 promoter. Finally, resveratrol (one of the most researched natural polyphenols) was found to effectively inhibit thrombin-induced COX-2 expression and PGE2 release in HTSMCs through blocking the activation of Pyk2, c-Src, EGFR, Akt, and c-Jun. In summary, our findings demonstrate that thrombin-induced COX-2 and PGE2 generation involves a PKCδ/Pyk2/c-Src/EGFR/PI3K/Akt-dependent AP-1 activation pathway. This study also suggests the potential use of resveratrol as an intervention for managing airway inflammation.

Ketorolac-induced anaphylaxis following oral administration: a case series

Background

Ketorolac is a commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug for reducing pain and inflammation. Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency that occurs after exposure to an allergen, with a varied clinical presentation requiring prompt and appropriate measures to prevent or manage it. Although uncommon, ketorolac can cause anaphylaxis requiring immediate medical care. The authors present two cases of anaphylaxis in females induced after oral intake of ketorolac with successful outcomes.

Case presentations

The cases involve two adult women who experienced an allergic reaction to ketorolac. The first woman, aged 36, and the second woman, aged 26, on her second postpartum day, both developed similar types of symptoms like periorbital swelling, itching, and difficulty breathing after taking oral ketorolac. The second woman had a history of allergic rashes. They received immediate treatment with epinephrine, oxygen therapy, intravenous fluids, and other medications. They showed a rapid improvement and were discharged after observation.

Clinical discussion

Anaphylactic reactions to ketorolac, a commonly used pain management drug, have been reported. Symptoms include swelling, difficulty breathing, and hypotension. Treatment involves medications like epinephrine, hydrocortisone, and pheniramine. A detailed medical history, laboratory investigations, appropriate medication, oxygen therapy, and follow-up care are important in managing anaphylactic reactions, which can be life-threatening.

Conclusion

Although rare, ketorolac can cause anaphylactic reactions in patients with or without a history of drug allergy. Immediate recognition and management are essential, along with a detailed medical history and follow-up care.

Comparative In Vitro and In Silico Enzyme Inhibitory Screening of Rosa x damascena and Pelargonium graveolens Essential Oils and Geraniol

The present work aims to evaluate Rosa x damascena Herrm. and Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér. essential oils, and the major constituent geraniol for their in vitro and in silico inhibitory activities against 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase (COX), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), butyryl cholinesterase (BuChE), and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE2) enzymes. Geraniol most potently inhibited the ACE2 relative to other enzymes. R. damascena essential oil moderately inhibited the cancer cell lines with no toxic effects on healthy HEK 293 cells. P. graveolens essential oil inhibited a number of cancer cell lines including A549, MCF7, PC3, and HEK 293 that are reported here for the first time. The molecular docking of geraniol with the target enzymes revealed that it binds to the active sites similar to that of known drugs. Geraniol carries the potential for further drug development due to its drug-like binding mode for the target enzymes. Our work confirms that these essential oils possess similar biological activities due to their similar phytochemistry in terms of the major constituents of the plants. The promising biological activities reported in this work further warrant the inclusion of in vivo studies to establish safe use of the target essential oils and their constituents.

rhFGF-21 accelerates corneal epithelial wound healing through the attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators in diabetic mice

Diabetic keratopathy, commonly associated with a hyperactive inflammatory response, is one of the most common eye complications of diabetes. The peptide hormone fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, whether administration of recombinant human (rh) FGF-21 can potentially regulate diabetic keratopathy is still unknown. Therefore, in this work, we investigated the role of rhFGF-21 in the modulation of corneal epithelial wound healing, the inflammation response, and oxidative stress using type 1 diabetic mice and high glucose-treated human corneal epithelial cells. Our experimental results indicated that the application of rhFGF-21 contributed to the enhancement of epithelial wound healing. This treatment also led to advancements in tear production and reduction in corneal edema. Moreover, there was a notable reduction in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, IFN-γ, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in both diabetic mouse corneal epithelium and human corneal epithelial cells treated with high glucose. Furthermore, we found rhFGF-21 treatment inhibited reactive oxygen species production and increased levels of anti-inflammatory molecules IL-10 and SOD-1, which suggests that FGF-21 has a protective role in diabetic corneal epithelial healing by increasing the antioxidant capacity and reducing the release of inflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinases. Therefore, we propose that administration of FGF-21 may represent a potential treatment for diabetic keratopathy.

The Interaction of Dietary Pectin, Inulin, and Psyllium with Copper Nanoparticle Induced Changes to the Cardiovascular System

We aimed to analyze how supplementation with a standard (recommended, 6.5 mg/kg) or enhanced (two-times higher, 13 mg/kg) dose of copper (Cu), in the form of nanoparticles (NPs) along with dietary intervention via the implementation of diverse types of fiber, affects the cardiovascular system in rats. Nine-week-old male Wistar Han rats (n/group = 10) received, for an additional 6 weeks, a controlled diet with cellulose as dietary fiber and ionic Cu (in the form of carbonate salt). The experimental groups received cellulose, pectin, inulin, and psyllium as dietary fiber, together with CuNPs (6.5 or 13 mg/kg diet). After the experimental feeding, samples of blood, hearts, and thoracic arteries were collected for further analysis. Compared to pectin, and under a standard dose of CuNPs, inulin and psyllium beneficially increased the antioxidant capacity of lipid- and water-soluble compounds in the blood, and decreased heart malondialdehyde. Moreover, pectin decreased heart catalase (CAT) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in the aortic rings compared to inulin and psyllium under standard and enhanced doses of copper. When the dose of CuNPs was enhanced, inulin and psyllium potentiated vasodilation to acetylcholine by up-regulation of COX-2-derived vasodilator prostanoids compared to both cellulose and pectin, and this was modulated with selective inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor for psyllium only. Moreover, inulin decreased heart CAT compared to psyllium. Our results suggest that supplementation with dietary fiber may protect the vascular system against potentially harmful metal NPs by modulating the antioxidant mechanisms.

Association between serum prostacyclin and cerebrovascular reactivity in healthy young and older adults

NEW FINDINGS

What is the central question of this study? What is the relationship between prostacyclin and cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia before and after administration of a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, in healthy young and older adults? What is the main finding and importance? Serum prostacyclin was not related to cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia before or after administration of indomethacin. However, in older adults, serum prostacyclin was related to the magnitude of change in cerebrovascular reactivity from before to after indomethacin administration. This suggests that older adults with higher serum prostacyclin may rely more on cyclooxygenase products to mediate cerebrovascular reactivity.

ABSTRACT

Platelet activation may contribute to age-related cerebrovascular dysfunction by interacting with the endothelial cells that regulate the response to vasodilatory stimuli. This study evaluated the relationship between a platelet inhibitor, prostacyclin, and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) in healthy young (n = 35; 25 ± 4 years; 17 women, 18 men) and older (n = 12; 62 ± 2 years; 8 women, 4 men) adults, who were not daily aspirin users, before and after cyclooxygenase inhibition. Prostacyclin was determined by levels of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (6-keto PGF1α) in the blood. CVR was assessed by measuring the middle cerebral artery blood velocity response to hypercapnia using transcranial Doppler ultrasound before (CON) and 90 min after cyclooxygenase inhibition with indomethacin (INDO). In young adults, there were no associations between prostacyclin and middle cerebral artery CVR during CON (r = -0.14, P = 0.415) or INDO (r = 0.27, P = 0.118). In older adults, associations between prostacyclin and middle cerebral artery CVR during CON (r = 0.53, P = 0.075) or INDO (r = -0.45, P = 0.136) did not reach the threshold for significance. We also evaluated the relationship between prostacyclin and the change in CVR between conditions (ΔCVR). We found no association between ΔCVR and prostacyclin in young adults (r = 0.27, P = 0.110); however, in older adults, those with higher baseline prostacyclin levels demonstrated significantly greater ΔCVR (r = -0.74, P = 0.005). In conclusion, older adults with higher serum prostacyclin, a platelet inhibitor, may rely more on cyclooxygenase products for cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia.

Synthesis, Biological, Spectroscopic and Computational Investigations of Novel N-Acylhydrazone Derivatives of Pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazinone as Dual COX/LOX Inhibitors

Secure and efficient treatment of diverse pain and inflammatory disorders is continually challenging. Although NSAIDs and other painkillers are well-known and commonly available, they are sometimes insufficient and can cause dangerous adverse effects. As yet reported, derivatives of pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazinone are potent COX-2 inhibitors with a COX-2/COX-1 selectivity index better than meloxicam. Considering that N-acylhydrazone (NAH) moiety is a privileged structure occurring in many promising drug candidates, we decided to introduce this pharmacophore into new series of pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazinone derivatives. The current paper presents the synthesis and in vitro, spectroscopic, and in silico studies evaluating the biological and physicochemical properties of NAH derivatives of pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazinone. Novel compounds 5a-c-7a-c were received with high purity and good yields and did not show cytotoxicity in the MTT assay. Their COX-1, COX-2, and 15-LOX inhibitory activities were estimated using enzymatic tests and molecular docking studies. The title N-acylhydrazones appeared to be promising dual COX/LOX inhibitors. Moreover, spectroscopic and computational methods revealed that new compounds form stable complexes with the most abundant plasma proteins-AAG and HSA, but do not destabilize their secondary structure. Additionally, predicted pharmacokinetic and drug-likeness properties of investigated molecules suggest their potentially good membrane permeability and satisfactory bioavailability.

Reduced basal macrovascular and microvascular cerebral blood flow in young adults with metabolic syndrome: potential mechanisms

Ninety-million Americans suffer metabolic syndrome (MetSyn), increasing the risk of diabetes and poor brain outcomes, including neuropathology linked to lower cerebral blood flow (CBF), predominantly in anterior regions. We tested the hypothesis that total and regional CBF is lower in MetSyn more so in the anterior brain and explored three potential mechanisms. Thirty-four controls (25 ± 5 yr) and 19 MetSyn (30 ± 9 yr), with no history of cardiovascular disease/medications, underwent four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to quantify macrovascular CBF, whereas arterial spin labeling quantified brain perfusion in a subset (n = 38/53). Contributions of cyclooxygenase (COX; n = 14), nitric oxide synthase (NOS, n = 17), or endothelin receptor A signaling (n = 13) were tested with indomethacin, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), and Ambrisentan, respectively. Total CBF was 20 ± 16% lower in MetSyn (725 ± 116 vs. 582 ± 119 mL/min, P < 0.001). Anterior and posterior brain regions were 17 ± 18% and 30 ± 24% lower in MetSyn; reductions were not different between regions (P = 0.112). Global perfusion was 16 ± 14% lower in MetSyn (44 ± 7 vs. 36 ± 5 mL/100 g/min, P = 0.002) and regionally in frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes (range 15-22%). The decrease in CBF with L-NMMA (P = 0.004) was not different between groups (P = 0.244, n = 14, 3), and Ambrisentan had no effect on either group (P = 0.165, n = 9, 4). Interestingly, indomethacin reduced CBF more in Controls in the anterior brain (P = 0.041), but CBF decrease in posterior was not different between groups (P = 0.151, n = 8, 6). These data indicate that adults with MetSyn exhibit substantially reduced brain perfusion without regional differences. Moreover, this reduction is not due to loss of NOS or gain of ET-1 signaling but rather a loss of COX vasodilation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We tested the impact of insulin resistance (IR) on resting cerebral blood flow (CBF) in adults with metabolic syndrome (MetSyn). Using MRI and research pharmaceuticals to study the role of NOS, ET-1, or COX signaling, we found that adults with MetSyn exhibit substantially lower CBF that is not explained by changes in NOS or ET-1 signaling. Interestingly, adults with MetSyn show a loss of COX-mediated vasodilation in the anterior but not posterior circulation.

Alterations of pain pathways by experimental sleep disturbances in humans: central pain-inhibitory, cyclooxygenase, and endocannabinoid pathways

STUDY OBJECTIVES

There is strong evidence that sleep disturbances are an independent risk factor for the development of chronic pain conditions. The mechanisms underlying this association, however, are still not well understood. We examined the effect of experimental sleep disturbances (ESDs) on three pathways involved in pain initiation/resolution: (1) the central pain-inhibitory pathway, (2) the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway, and (3) the endocannabinoid (eCB) pathway.

METHODS

Twenty-four healthy participants (50% females) underwent two 19-day long in-laboratory protocols in randomized order: (1) an ESD protocol consisting of repeated nights of short and disrupted sleep with intermittent recovery sleep; and (2) a sleep control protocol consisting of nights with an 8-hour sleep opportunity. Pain inhibition (conditioned pain modulation, habituation to repeated pain), COX-2 expression at monocyte level (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]-stimulated and spontaneous), and eCBs (arachidonoylethanolamine, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, docosahexaenoylethanolamide [DHEA], eicosapentaenoylethanolamide, docosatetraenoylethanolamide) were measured every other day throughout the protocol.

RESULTS

The central pain-inhibitory pathway was compromised by sleep disturbances in females, but not in males (p < 0.05 condition × sex effect). The COX-2 pathway (LPS-stimulated) was activated by sleep disturbances (p < 0.05 condition effect), and this effect was exclusively driven by males (p < 0.05 condition × sex effect). With respect to the eCB pathway, DHEA was higher (p < 0.05 condition effect) in the sleep disturbance compared to the control condition, without sex-differential effects on any eCBs.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that central pain-inhibitory and COX mechanisms through which sleep disturbances may contribute to chronic pain risk are sex specific, implicating the need for sex-differential therapeutic targets to effectively reduce chronic pain associated with sleep disturbances in both sexes.

CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION

NCT02484742: Pain Sensitization and Habituation in a Model of Experimentally-induced Insomnia Symptoms. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02484742.

Regulations of Tumor Microenvironment by Prostaglandins

Prostaglandins, the bioactive lipids generated from the metabolism of arachidonic acid through cyclooxygenases, have potent effects on many constituents of tumor microenvironments. In this review, we will describe the formation and activities of prostaglandins in the context of the tumor microenvironment. We will discuss the regulation of cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune constituents by prostaglandins and their roles in immune escapes during tumor progression. The review concludes with future perspectives on improving the efficacy of immunotherapy through repurposing non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs and other prostaglandin modulators.

In silico molecular docking analysis of three molecules isolated from Litsea guatemalensis Mez on anti-inflammatory receptors

BACKGROUND

The Litsea genus has four native species from Mesoamerica. Litsea guatemalensis Mez. is a native tree, traditionally used as a condiment and herbal medicine in the region. It has demonstrated antimicrobial, aromatic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Bioactive fractionation attributed the anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic activities to pinocembrin, scopoletin, and 5,7,3´4´-tetrahydroxy-isoflavone. In silico analysis, these molecules were analyzed on receptors involved in the anti-inflammatory process to determine which pathways they interact.

OBJECTIVE

To analyze and evaluate 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyisoflavone, pinocembrin, and scopoletin using the in silico analysis against selected receptors involved in the inflammatory pathway.

METHOD

Known receptors involved in the anti-inflammatory process found as protein-ligand complex in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) were used as references for each receptor and compared with the molecules of interest. The GOLD-ChemScore function, provided by the software, was used to rank the complexes and visually inspect the overlap between the reference ligand and the poses of the studied metabolites.

RESULTS

53 proteins were evaluated, each one in five conformations minimized by molecular dynamics. The scores obtained for dihydroorotate dehydrogenase were greater than 80 for the three molecules of interest, scores for cyclooxygenase 1 and glucocorticoid receptor were greater than 50, and identified residues with interaction in binding sites overlap with the reference ligands in these receptors.

CONCLUSION

The three molecules involved in the anti-inflammatory process of L. guatemalensis show in silico high affinity to the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, glucocorticoid receptors and cyclooxygenase-1.

Hybrid Analogues of Hydrazone and Phthalimide: Design, Synthesis, In vivo, In vitro, and In silico Evaluation as Analgesic Agents

BACKGROUND

Based on the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of hydrazone and phthalimide, a new series of hybrid hydrazone and phthalimide pharmacophores was prepared and evaluated as analgesic agents.

METHODS

The designed ligands were synthesized by reaction of the appropriate aldehydes and 2- aminophthalimide. Analgesic, cyclooxygenase inhibitory, and cytostatic activity of prepared compounds were measured.

RESULTS

All the tested ligands demonstrated significant analgesic activity. Moreover, compounds 3i and 3h were the most potent ligands in the formalin and writhing tests, respectively. Compounds 3g, 3j, and 3l were the most COX-2 selective ligands and ligand 3e was the most potent COX inhibitor with a 0.79 of COX-2 selectivity ratio. The presence of electron-withdrawing moieties with hydrogen bonding ability at the meta position was found to affect the selectivity efficiently, in which compounds 3g, 3l, and 3k showed high COX-2 selectivity, and compound 3k was the most potent one. The cytostatic activity of selected ligands demonstrated that compounds 3e, 3f, 3h, 3k, and 3m showed good analgesic and COX inhibitory activity and were less toxic than the reference drug.

CONCLUSION

High therapeutic index of these ligands is one of the valuable advantages of these compounds.

Carborane-based Tebufelone Analogs and their Biological Evaluation In Vitro

The presence of inflammatory mediators in the tumor microenvironment, such as cytokines, growth factors or eicosanoids, indicate cancer-related inflammatory processes. Targeting these inflammatory mediators and related signal pathways may offer a rational strategy for the treatment of cancer. This study focuses on the incorporation of metabolically stable, sterically demanding, and hydrophobic dicarba-closo-dodecaboranes (carboranes) into dual cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitors that are key enzymes in the biosynthesis of eicosanoids. The di-tert-butylphenol derivative tebufelone represents a selective dual COX-2/5-LO inhibitor. The incorporation of meta- or para-carborane into the tebufelone scaffold resulted in eight carborane-based tebufelone analogs that show no COX inhibition but 5-LO inhibitory activities in vitro. Cell viability studies on HT29 colon adenocarcinoma cells revealed that the observed antiproliferative effect of the para-carborane analogs of tebufelone is enhanced by structural modifications that include chain elongation in combination with introduction of a methylene spacer resulting in higher anticancer activity compared to tebufelone. Hence, this strategy proved to be a promising approach to design potent 5-LO inhibitors with potential application as cytostatic agents.

SC-560 and mofezolac isosteres as new potent COX-1 selective inhibitors with antiplatelet effect

Selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 inhibitors can be employed as potential cardioprotective drugs. Moreover, COX-1 plays a key role in inflammatory processes and its activity is associated with some types of cancer. In this work, we designed and synthesized a set of compounds that structurally mimic the selective COX-1 inhibitors, SC-560 and mofezolac, the central cores of which were replaced either with triazole or benzene rings. The advantage of this approach is a relatively simple synthesis in comparison with the syntheses of parent compounds. The newly synthesized compounds exhibited remarkable activity and selectivity toward COX-1 in the enzymatic in vitro assay. The most potent compound, 10a (IC50  = 3 nM for COX-1 and 850 nM for COX-2), was as active as SC-560 (IC50  = 2.4 nM for COX-1 and 470 nM for COX-2) toward COX-1 and it was even more selective. The in vitro COX-1 enzymatic activity was further confirmed in the cell-based whole-blood antiplatelet assay, where three out of four selected compounds (10a,c,d, and 3b) exerted outstanding IC50 values in the nanomolar range (9-252 nM). Moreover, docking simulations were performed to reveal key interactions within the COX-1 binding pocket. Furthermore, the toxicity of the selected compounds was tested using the normal human kidney HK-2 cell line.

Cyclooxygenase and Lipoxygenase Gene Expression in the Inflammogenesis of Colorectal Cancer: Correlated Expression of EGFR, JAK STAT and Src Genes, and a Natural Antisense Transcript, RP11-C67.2.2

We examined the expression of major inflammatory genes, cyclooxygenase-1, 2 (COX1, COX2), arachidonate-5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5), and arachidonate-5-lipoxygenase activating protein (ALOX5AP) among 469 tumor specimens of colorectal cancer in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Among 411 specimens without mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes, the mean expression of each of the inflammatory genes ranked above the 80th percentile, and the overall mean cyclooxygenase expression (COX1+COX2) ranked in the upper 99th percentile of all genes. Similar levels were observed for 58 cases with MMR mutations. Pearson correlation coefficients exceeding r = 0.70 were observed between COX and LOX mRNA levels with genes of major cell-signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis (Src, JAK STAT, MAPK, PI3K). We observed a novel association (r = 0.78) between ALOX5 expression and a natural antisense transcript (NAT), RP11-67C2.2, a long non-coding mRNA gene, 462 base pairs in length that is located within the terminal intron of the ALOX5 gene on chromosome 10q11.21. Tumor-promoting genes highly correlated with the expression of COX1, COX2, ALOX5 and ALOX5AP are known to increase mitogenesis, mutagenesis, angiogenesis, cell survival, immunosuppression and metastasis in the inflammogenesis of colorectal cancer. These genes and the novel NAT, RP1167C2.2 are potential molecular targets for chemoprevention and therapy of colorectal cancer.

Identification of Novel Cyclooxygenase-1 Selective Inhibitors of Thiadiazole-Based Scaffold as Potent Anti-Inflammatory Agents with Safety Gastric and Cytotoxic Profile

Major obstacles faced by the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are their gastrointestinal toxicity induced by non-selective inhibition of both cyclooxygenases (COX) 1 and 2 and their cardiotoxicity associated with a certain class of COX-2 selective inhibitors. Recent studies have demonstrated that selective COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition generates compounds with no gastric damage. The aim of the current study is to develop novel anti-inflammatory agents with a better gastric profile. In our previous paper, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of 4-methylthiazole-based thiazolidinones. Thus, based on these observations, herein we report the evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity, drug action, ulcerogenicity and cytotoxicity of a series of 5-adamantylthiadiazole-based thiazolidinone derivatives. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity revealed that the compounds possessed moderate to excellent anti-inflammatory activity. Four compounds 3, 4, 10 and 11 showed highest potency (62.0, 66.7, 55.8 and 60.0%, respectively), which was higher than the control drug indomethacin (47.0%). To determine their possible mode of action, the enzymatic assay was conducted against COX-1, COX-2 and LOX. The biological results demonstrated that these compounds are effective COX-1 inhibitors. Thus, the IC₅₀ values of the three most active compounds 3, 4 and 14 as COX-1 inhibitors were 1.08, 1.12 and 9.62 μΜ, respectively, compared to ibuprofen (12.7 μΜ) and naproxen (40.10 μΜ) used as control drugs. Moreover, the ulcerogenic effect of the best compounds 3, 4 and 14 were evaluated and revealed that no gastric damage was observed. Furthermore, compounds were found to be nontoxic. A molecular modeling study provided molecular insight to rationalize the COX selectivity. In summary, we discovered a novel class of selective COX-1 inhibitors that could be effectively used as potential anti-inflammatory agents.

Controlling Inflammation Improves Aging Skeletal Muscle Health

Chronic inflammation is associated with a decline in aging skeletal muscle health. Inflammation also seems to interfere with the beneficial skeletal muscle adaptations conferred by exercise training in older individuals. We hypothesize that the cyclooxygenase pathway is partially responsible for this negative inflammatory influence on aging skeletal muscle health and plasticity.

Infectivity-Enhanced, Conditionally Replicative Adenovirus for COX-2-Expressing Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

BACKGROUND

The development of conditionally replicative adenoviruses (CRAds) for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), particularly neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC), has two major obstacles: choice of control element and poor infectivity. We applied fiber-modification-based infectivity enhancement and an androgen-independent promoter (cyclooxynegase-2, COX-2) to overcome these issues.

METHODS

The properties of the COX-2 promoter and the effect of fiber modification were tested in two CRPC cell lines (Du-145 and PC3). Fiber-modified COX-2 CRAds were tested in vitro for cytocidal effect as well as in vivo for antitumor effect with subcutaneous CRPC xenografts.

RESULTS

In both CRPC cell lines, the COX-2 promoter showed high activity, and Ad5/Ad3 fiber modification significantly enhanced adenoviral infectivity. COX-2 CRAds showed a potent cytocidal effect in CRPC cells with remarkable augmentation by fiber modification. In vivo, COX-2 CRAds showed an antitumor effect in Du-145 while only Ad5/Ad3 CRAd showed the strongest antitumor effect in PC3.

CONCLUSION

COX-2 promoter-based, infectivity-enhanced CRAds showed a potent antitumor effect in CRPC/NEPC cells.

Cyclooxygenase-2 as a therapeutic target against human breast cancer: A comprehensive review

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a key aspect of the physiology and pathogenesis of various cancer types. Overexpression of this enzyme is responsible for the elevated prostaglandin production and characteristic feature of breast cancer. Inhibition of COX-2 derived prostanoids facilitates anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects of non-steroid anti-inflammation drugs. The overexpression of COX-2 is associated with inflammation, pain, and fever. The present study provides the updated relevant literature describing the role of well-characterized isoforms of cyclooxygenase with particular emphasis on COX-2, mechanism of action, the effect of the drug, combinatorial drugs, and microarray-based differential expression analysis and network analysis. We have discussed the currently used combinatorial treatments and their challenges in breast cancer. This article is categorized under: Cancer > Computational Models Cancer > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.

Schizochytrium spp. Dietary Supplementation Modulates Immune-Oxidative Transcriptional Signatures in Monocytes and Neutrophils of Dairy Goats

The high propensity of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to oxidation can induce a cascade of cellular immune-oxidative imbalances. On the other hand, PUFA, namely docosapentaenoic acid (ω6-DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) can exert immunomodulatory effects by suppressing a pro-inflammatory response. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with Schizochytrium spp. levels, rich in both ω6-DPA and DHA on the transcriptional profiling of genes involved in oxidative homeostasis and innate immunity of dairy goats' monocytes and neutrophils. Twenty-four dairy goats were divided into four homogeneous sub-groups; the diet of the control group (CON) had no Schizochytrium spp. while those of the treated groups were supplemented daily with 20 (ALG20), 40 (ALG40), and 60 (ALG60) g/goat/day. The mRNA levels of MGST1 in neutrophils were downregulated (p = 0.037), while in monocytes, SOD2 and SOD3 were downregulated (p = 0.010 and p = 0.044, respectively) in ALG60 compared to the CON group. GPX2 mRNA levels were downregulated (p = 0.036) in ALG20 and ALG60 compared to the CON group in neutrophils. NOX1 was upregulated (p = 0.043) in the neutrophiles of ALG60-goats. NOX2 was upregulated (p = 0.042) in the monocytes of ALG40-fed goats, while higher (p = 0.045) levels were also found in the ALG60 group in neutrophils. The mRNA levels of COX2 were downregulated (p = 0.035) in monocytes of the ALG40 and ALG60 groups. The mRNA levels of PTGER2 were also downregulated (p = 0.004) in monocytes of Schizochytrium-fed goats, while in neutrophils, significant downregulation (p = 0.024) was only found for ALG60 compared to the CON group. ALOX5AP mRNA levels were significantly decreased (p = 0.033) in ALG60 compared to the CON group in monocytes. LTA4H mRNA levels were increased (p = 0.015) in ALG60 compared to ALG20 and ALG40 groups in monocytes, while in neutrophils, a significant downregulation (p = 0.028) was observed in ALG20 compared to the CON group. The inclusion of more than 20 g Schizochytrium spp./day in goats' diet induced imbalances in mechanisms that regulate the antioxidant system, while downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory pathways in monocytes and neutrophils.

Rheum rhaponticum and Rheum rhabarbarum Extracts as Modulators of Endothelial Cell Inflammatory Response

BACKGROUND

Inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and alterations in blood physiology are key factors contributing to atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular disorders. Hence, modulation of endothelial function and reducing its pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic activity is considered one of the most important cardioprotective strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of rhubarb extracts isolated from petioles and underground organs of Rheum rhabarbarum L. (garden rhubarb) and R. rhaponticum L. (rhapontic rhubarb) as well as two stilbenoids, typically found in these plants, i.e., rhapontigenin (RHPG) and its glycoside, rhaponticin (RHPT).

METHODS

Analysis of the anti-inflammatory effects of the indicated rhubarb-derived substances involved different aspects of the endothelial cells' (HUVECs) response: release of the inflammatory mediators; cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) expression as well as the recruitment of leukocytes to the activated HUVECs. The ability of the rhubarb-derived extracts to inhibit COX-2 and 5-LOX activities was examined as well. The study was supplemented with the in silico analysis of major components of the analyzed extracts' interactions with COX-2 and 5-LOX.

RESULTS

The obtained results indicated that the examined plant extracts and stilbenes possess anti-inflammatory properties and influence the inflammatory response of endothelial cells. Biochemical and in silico tests revealed significant inhibition of COX-2, with special importance of rhaponticin, as a compound abundant in both plant species. In addition to the reduction in COX-2 gene expression and enzyme activity, a decrease in the cytokine level and leukocyte influx was observed. Biochemical tests and computational analyses indicate that some components of rhubarb extracts may act as COX-2 inhibitors, with marginal inhibitory effect on 5-LOX.

Biochanin A in murine Schistosoma mansoni infection: effects on inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis

Biochanin A (BCA) is a multifunctional natural compound that possesses anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and hepatoprotective effects. The aim of the study was to assess the therapeutic efficacy of BCA on Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice. Fifty mice were divided into six different groups as non-infected, non-infected BCA-treated, infected untreated, early infected BCA-treated (seven days post-infection (dpi)), late infected BCA-treated 60 dpi and infected praziquantel (PZQ)-treated groups. Parasitological, histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) were investigated in liver sections. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) gene expression of S. mansoni was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). A single dose of BCA significantly reduced worm burden in early (82.14%) and late infection (77.74%), mean tissue egg load in early (7.27 ± 0.495) and late BCA administration (7.63 ± 0.435) and decreased granuloma size. CYP450 mRNA expression was significantly reduced in early BCA treatment as compared to late treatment which emphasizes that early administration of BCA had more pronounced effects on worms than late administration. Both early and late BCA administration led to significant reduction in inflammatory cytokines as TGF and iNOS. Although the reduction of TGF and iNOS in BCA-treated mice was superior to PZQ, no statistically significant differences were noted. However, a significant downregulation of COX2 was noted in hepatocytes as compared to both infected control and PZQ-treated mice. BCA has schistosomicidal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-fibrotic effects and could be regarded as a potential drug in schistosomiasis treatment.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and implications for the cyclooxygenase pathway in embryonic development

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a class of analgesics that inhibit the activity of cyclooxygenase isoenzymes, which drive tissue inflammation pathways. Caution should be exercised when taking these drugs during pregnancy as they increase the risk of developmental defects. Due to the high rates of NSAID use by individuals, possibilities for in utero exposure to NSAIDs are high, and it is vital that we define the potential risks these drugs pose during embryonic development. In this review, we characterize the identified roles of the cyclooxygenase signaling pathway components throughout pregnancy and discuss the effects of cyclooxygenase pathway perturbation on developmental outcomes.

Eosinophils protect against acetaminophen-induced liver injury through cyclooxygenase-mediated IL-4/IL-13 production

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

A better understanding of the underlying mechanism of acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury (AILI) remains an important endeavor to develop therapeutic approaches. Eosinophils have been detected in liver biopsies of patients with APAP overdose. We recently demonstrated a profound protective role of eosinophils against AILI; however, the molecular mechanism had not been elucidated.

APPROACH AND RESULTS

In agreement with our previous data from experiments using genetic deletion of eosinophils, we found that depletion of eosinophils in wild-type (WT) mice by an anti-IL-15 antibody resulted in exacerbated AILI. Moreover, adoptive transfer of eosinophils significantly reduced liver injury and mortality rate in WT mice. Mechanistic studies using eosinophil-specific IL-4/IL-13 knockout mice demonstrated that these cytokines, through inhibiting interferon-γ, mediated the hepatoprotective function of eosinophils. Reverse phase protein array analyses and in vitro experiments using various inhibitors demonstrated that IL-33 stimulation of eosinophils activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and in turn, cyclooxygenases (COX), which triggered NF-κB-mediated IL-4/IL-13 production. In vivo adoptive transfer experiments showed that in contrast to naive eosinophils, those pretreated with COX inhibitors failed to attenuate AILI.

CONCLUSIONS

The current study revealed that eosinophil-derived IL-4/IL-13 accounted for the hepatoprotective effect of eosinophils during AILI. The data demonstrated that the p38 MAPK/COX/NF-κB signaling cascade played a critical role in inducing IL-4/IL-13 production by eosinophils in response to IL-33.

Inhibition of sPLA2 enzyme activity by cell-permeable antioxidant EUK-8 and downregulation of p38, Akt, and p65 signals induced by sPLA2 in inflammatory mouse paw edema model

The arachidonic acid (AA) metabolic pathway, plays a vital role in the production of eicosanoids by the action of pro-inflammatory secretory phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂ ). Release of eicosanoids is known to be involved in many inflammatory diseases. Identification of the inhibitory molecules of this AA pathway enzyme along with the regulation of intracellular signaling cascades may be a finer choice to develop as a powerful anti-inflammatory drug. In this regard, we have screened few cell-permeable antioxidant molecules Tempo, Mito-TEMPO, N,N'-Bis(salicylideneamino)ethane-manganese(II) (EUK)-134, and EUK-8 against pro-inflammatory sPLA₂ s. Among these, we found EUK-8 is a potent inhibitor with its IC₅₀ value ranges 0.7-2.0 µM for sPLA₂ s isolated from different sources. Furthermore, docking studies confirm the strong binding of EUK-8 towards sPLA₂ . In vivo effect of EUK-8 was studied in HSF-sPLA₂ -induced edema in mouse paw model. In addition to neutralizing the edema, EUK-8 significantly reduces the phosphorylation level of inflammatory proteins such as p38 member of MAPK pathway, Akt, and p65 along with the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-6) and chemokine (CXCL1) in edematous tissue. This shows that EUK-8 not only inhibits the sPLA₂ activity, it also plays an important role in the regulation of sPLA₂ -induced cell signaling cascades. Apart from the sPLA₂ inhibition, we also examine the regulatory actions of EUK-8 with other downstream enzymes of AA pathway such as 5-LOX assay in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and COX-2 expression in carrageenan-λ induced paw edema. Here EUK-8 significantly inhibits 5-LOX enzyme activity and downregulates COX-2 expression. These data indicate that EUK-8 found to be a promising multitargeted inhibitory molecule toward inflammatory pathway. In conclusion, mitochondrial targeted antioxidant EUK-8 is not only the powerful antioxidant, also a potent anti-inflammatory molecule and may be a choice of molecule for pharmacological applications.

An Aspirin a Day: New Pharmacological Developments and Cancer Chemoprevention

Chemoprevention refers to the use of natural or synthetic agents to reverse, suppress, or prevent the progression or recurrence of cancer. A large body of preclinical and clinical data suggest the ability of aspirin to prevent precursor lesions and cancers, but much of the clinical data are inferential and based on descriptive epidemiology, case control, and cohort studies or studies designed to answer other questions (e.g., cardiovascular mortality). Multiple pharmacological, clinical, and epidemiologic studies suggest that aspirin can prevent certain cancers but may also cause other effects depending on the tissue or disease and organ site in question. The best-known biological targets of aspirin are cyclooxygenases, which drive a wide variety of functions, including hemostasis, inflammation, and immune modulation. Newly recognized molecular and cellular interactions suggest additional modifiable functional targets, and the existence of consensus molecular cancer subtypes suggests that aspirin may have differential effects based on tumor heterogeneity. This review focuses on new pharmacological developments and innovations in biopharmacology that clarify the potential role of aspirin in cancer chemoprevention.

Neuroprotective Potential of Bacopa monnieri: Modulation of Inflammatory Signals

BACKGROUND

To date, much evidence has shown the increased interest in natural molecules and traditional herbal medicine as alternative bioactive compounds to fight many inflammatory conditions, both in relation to immunomodulation and in terms of their wound healing potential. Bacopa monnieri is a herb that is used in the Ayurvedic medicine tradition for its anti-inflammatory activity.

OBJECTIVE

In this study, we evaluate the anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties of the Bacopa monnieri extract (BME) in vitro model of neuroinflammation.

METHODS

Neuronal SH-SY5Y cells were stimulated with TNFα and IFNγ and used to evaluate the effect of BME on cell viability, cytotoxicity, cytokine gene expression, and healing rate.

RESULTS

Our results showed that BME protects against the Okadaic acid-induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, in TNFα and IFNγ primed cells, BME reduces IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, and iNOS, mitigates the mechanical trauma injury-induced damage, and accelerates the healing of wounds.

CONCLUSION

This study indicates that BME might become a promising candidate for the treatment of neuroinflammation.

Effect of digoxin, sodium valproate, and celecoxib on the cerebral cyclooxygenase pathway and neuron-specific enolase under the pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling in mice

Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of epilepsy, so it is necessary to clarify the influence of standard antiepileptic drugs as well as adjuvant agents (e.g., cardiac glycoside digoxin, which previously showed a clear anticonvulsant potential) on cyclooxygenase pathway and neuron-specific enolase under the conditions of chronic epileptogenesis. The aim of the article is to determine the effect of digoxin, sodium valproate, and celecoxib per se, as well as the combination of digoxin with sodium valproate on the content of cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 types, prostaglandins E2, F2α, I2, thromboxane B2, 8-isoprostane and neuron-specific enolase in the brain of mice in the pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling model. It was found that only the combination of sodium valproate with digoxin provides a complete protective effect (absence of seizures) and shows the clearest influence on neuroinflammation markers and neuronal damage than monotherapy with each of these drugs and celecoxib, which appeared to be an ineffective anticonvulsant. The obtained results indicate that digoxin is a promising adjuvant drug to classical antiepileptic drugs (mostly sodium valproate) in epilepsy treatment.c.

Mimicking Gene-Environment Interaction of Higher Altitude Dwellers by Intermittent Hypoxia Training: COVID-19 Preventive Strategies

Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) inhibitors have been demonstrated to protect against hypoxia pathogenesis in several investigations. It has also been utilized as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of COVID-19. COX inhibitors, which have previously been shown to be effective in treating previous viral and malarial infections are strong candidates for improving the COVID-19 therapeutic doctrine. However, another COX inhibitor, ibuprofen, is linked to an increase in the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which could increase virus susceptibility. Hence, inhibiting COX2 via therapeutics might not always be protective and we need to investigate the downstream molecules that may be involved in hypoxia environment adaptation. Research has discovered that people who are accustomed to reduced oxygen levels at altitude may be protected against the harmful effects of COVID-19. It is important to highlight that the study's conclusions only applied to those who regularly lived at high altitudes; they did not apply to those who occasionally moved to higher altitudes but still lived at lower altitudes. COVID-19 appears to be more dangerous to individuals residing at lower altitudes. The downstream molecules in the (COX2) pathway have been shown to adapt in high-altitude dwellers, which may partially explain why these individuals have a lower prevalence of COVID-19 infection. More research is needed, however, to directly address COX2 expression in people living at higher altitudes. It is possible to mimic the gene-environment interaction of higher altitude people by intermittent hypoxia training. COX-2 adaptation resulting from hypoxic exposure at altitude or intermittent hypoxia exercise training (IHT) seems to have an important therapeutic function. Swimming, a type of IHT, was found to lower COX-2 protein production, a pro-inflammatory milieu transcription factor, while increasing the anti-inflammatory microenvironment. Furthermore, Intermittent Hypoxia Preconditioning (IHP) has been demonstrated in numerous clinical investigations to enhance patients' cardiopulmonary function, raise cardiorespiratory fitness, and increase tissues' and organs' tolerance to ischemia. Biochemical activities of IHP have also been reported as a feasible application strategy for IHP for the rehabilitation of COVID-19 patients. In this paper, we aim to highlight some of the most relevant shared genes implicated with COVID-19 pathogenesis and hypoxia. We hypothesize that COVID-19 pathogenesis and hypoxia share a similar mechanism that affects apoptosis, proliferation, the immune system, and metabolism. We also highlight the necessity of studying individuals who live at higher altitudes to emulate their gene-environment interactions and compare the findings with IHT. Finally, we propose COX2 as an upstream target for testing the effectiveness of IHT in preventing or minimizing the effects of COVID-19 and other oxygen-related pathological conditions in the future.

Targeting cancer-related inflammation with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Perspectives in pharmacogenomics

Inflammatory processes are essential for innate immunity and contribute to carcinogenesis in various malignancies, such as colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer and lung cancer. Pharmacotherapies targeting inflammation have the potential to reduce the risk of carcinogenesis and improve therapeutic efficacy of existing anti-cancer treatment. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), comprising a variety of structurally different chemicals that can inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and other COX-independent pathways, are originally used to treat inflammatory diseases, but their preventive and therapeutic potential for cancers have also attracted researchers' attention. Pharmacogenomic variability, including distinct genetic characteristics among different patients, can significantly affect pharmacokinetics and effectiveness of NSAIDs, which might determine the preventive or therapeutic success for cancer patients. Hence, a more comprehensive understanding in pharmacogenomic characteristics of NSAIDs and cancer-related inflammation would provide new insights into this appealing strategy. In this review, the up-to-date advances in clinical and experimental researches targeting cancer-related inflammation with NSAIDs are presented, and the potential of pharmacogenomics are discussed as well.

Celecoxib impairs primary human myoblast proliferation and differentiation independent of cyclooxygenase 2 inhibition

The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for treatment of musculoskeletal injuries is commonplace in the general, athletic, and military populations. While NSAIDs have been studied in a variety of tissues, the effects of NSAIDs on skeletal muscle have not been fully defined. To address this, we investigated the degree to which the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-selective NSAID celecoxib affects muscle cell proliferation, differentiation, anabolic signaling, and mitochondrial function in primary human skeletal myoblasts and myotubes. Primary muscle cells were treated with celecoxib or NS-398 (a pharmacological inhibitor of COX-2) as a control. Celecoxib administration significantly reduced myoblast proliferation, viability, fusion, and myotube area in a dose-dependent manner, whereas NS-398 had no effect on any of these outcomes. Celecoxib treatment was also associated with reduced phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 in myoblasts, and reduced phosphorylation of AKT, p70S6K, S6, and ERK in myotubes. In contrast, NS-398 did not alter phosphorylation of these molecules in myoblasts or myotubes. In myoblasts, celecoxib significantly reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and respiration, as evidenced by the decreased citric acid cycle (CAC) intermediates cis-aconitic acid, alpha-keto-glutarate acid, succinate acid, and malic acid. Similar results were observed in myotubes, although celecoxib also reduced pyruvic acid, citric acid, and fumaric acid. NS-398 did not affect CAC intermediates in myoblasts or myotubes. Together, these data reveal that celecoxib inhibits proliferation, differentiation, intracellular signaling, and mitochondrial function in primary human myoblasts and myotubes independent of its function as a COX-2 inhibitor.

Robenacoxib pharmacokinetics in sheep following oral, subcutaneous, and intravenous administration

The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of robenacoxib (RX), a COX-2 selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, in sheep after single subcutaneous (SC), oral (PO), and intravenous (IV) administration. Five healthy female sheep underwent a three-phase parallel study design with a washout period of 4 weeks, in which sheep received a 4 mg/kg SC dose in phase 1, a 4 mg/kg PO administration in phase 2, and a 2 mg/kg IV administration in phase 3. Plasma RX concentrations were measured over a 48 h period for each treatment using HPLC coupled to a UV multiple wavelength detector, and the PK parameters were estimated using a non-compartmental method. Following IV administration, terminal elimination half-life, volume of distribution at steady state, and total clearance were 2.64 h, 0.077 L/kg, and 0.056 L/h kg, respectively. The mean peak plasma concentrations following SC and PO administrations were 7.04 and 3.01 μg/mL, respectively. The mean bioavailability following SC and PO administrations were 45.98% and 16.58%, respectively. The SC route may be proposed for use in sheep. However, the multi-dose and pharmacodynamic studies are necessary to establish more accurately its safety and efficacy in sheep.

Biosynthesis and metabolism of endocannabinoids and their congeners from the monoacylglycerol andN-acyl-ethanolamine families

The endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG) and N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine (AEA) are eicosanoids implicated in numerous physiological processes like appetite, adipogenesis, inflammatory pain and inflammation. They mediate most of their physiological effect by activating the cannabinoid (CB) receptors 1 and 2. Other than directly binding to the CB receptors, 2-AG and AEA are also metabolized by most eicosanoid biosynthetic enzymes, yielding many metabolites that are part of the oxyendocannabinoidome. Some of these metabolites have been found in vivo, have the ability to modulate specific receptors and thus potentially influence physiological processes. In this review, we discuss the biosynthesis and metabolism of 2-AG and AEA, as well as their congeners from the monoacyl-glycerol and N-acyl-ethanolamine families, with a special focus on the metabolism by oxygenases involved in arachidonic acid metabolism. We highlight the knowledge gaps in our understanding of the regulation and roles the oxyendocannabinoidome mediators.

Chemical Markers and Pharmacological Characters of Pelargonium graveolens Essential Oil from Palestine

Pelargonium graveolens leaves are widely used in traditional medicine for relieving some cardiovascular, dental, gastrointestinal, and respiratory disorders. They are also used as food and tea additives in Palestine and many other countries. Consequently, this investigation aimed to describe the chemical markers, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, metabolic, and cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes inhibitory characteristics of P. graveolens essential oil (PGEO) from Palestine utilizing reference methods. There were 70 chemicals found in the GCMS analysis, and oxygenated terpenoids were the most abundant group of the total PGEO. Citronellol (24.44%), citronellyl formate (15.63%), γ-eudesmol (7.60%), and iso-menthone (7.66%) were the dominant chemical markers. The EO displayed strong antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 3.88 ± 0.45 µg/mL) and weak lipase and α-amylase suppressant effects. Notably, the PGEO displayed high α-glucosidase inhibitory efficacy compared with Acarbose, with IC₅₀ doses of 52.44 ± 0.29 and 37.15 ± 0.33 µg/mL, respectively. PGEO remarkably repressed the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), even more than Ampicillin and Ciprofloxacin, and strongly inhibited Candida albicans compared with Fluconazole. The highest cytotoxic effect of the PGEO was noticed against MCF-7, followed by Hep3B and HeLa cancer cells, with IC₅₀ doses of 32.71 ± 1.25, 40.71 ± 1.89, and 315.19 ± 20.5 µg/mL, respectively, compared with doxorubicin. Moreover, the screened EO demonstrated selective inhibitory activity against COX-1 (IC₅₀ = 14.03 µg/mL). Additionally, PGEO showed a weak suppressant effect on COX-2 (IC₅₀ = 275.97 µg/mL). The current research can be considered the most comprehensive investigation of the chemical and pharmacological characterization of the PGEO. The results obtained in this study demonstrate, without doubt, that this plant represents a rich source of bioactive substances that can be further investigated and authenticated for their medicinal potential.

Immunohistochemical analysis of MMP-9 and COX-2 expression in carotid atherosclerotic plaques among patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy: A prospective study

BACKGROUND

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 protein (MMP-9) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) proteins may have a role in remodelling of atherosclerotic plaques. We analysed and compared the radiological, histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of carotid atherosclerotic plaques between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy (CEA).

METHODS

This prospective single-blinded study included 31 patients (70 [64-75] years, 58% males, 42% symptomatic) who underwent CEA and a total of 155 carotid plaque sections that were analysed. Preoperative assessment and multimodality diagnostic imaging with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography angiography (CTA), histological and immunohistochemical analyses of carotid plaques including the expression of MMP-9 and COX-2 proteins were performed.

RESULTS

Symptomatic and asymptomatic patients did not significantly differ in respect to preoperative characteristics. Unstable plaques were detected in 12/13 (92.3%, p = 0.020) symptomatic patients using MRI or CTA. There was no perioperative mortality and perioperative outcomes were comparable in both groups. A significantly higher expression of MMP-9 in macrophages was observed among symptomatic patients (p = 0.020). ROC curve analysis showed statistically significant associations of both the higher intensity of COX-2 staining in CD68 PG-M1 positive macrophages (area under the curve [AUC]=0.701, p = 0.014) and higher MVD (AUC=0.821, p < 0.001) within the plaque with cerebrovascular symptoms. The expression of COX-2 and the intensity of COX-2 staining in macrophages within the unstable carotid plaques detected by preoperative MRI or CTA were significantly higher (76.1% vs. 40.0%, p = 0.038; 76.2% vs. 30.0%, p = 0.01, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Advanced non-invasive multimodality diagnostic imaging including MRI or CTA is reliable in differentiating unstable from stable carotid plaques. High expression of MMP-9 and COX-2 in macrophages within the symptomatic plaque is associated with increased risk of cerebrovascular complications.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

This study has been registered at the ISRCTN registry (ID ISRCTN46536832), isrctn.org Identifier: https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN46536832.

Cigarette smoke is associated with up-regulation of inducible NOS and COX-2 protein expression and activity in granulosa cells of women undergoing in vitro fertilization

Cigarette smoke exposure represents a well-established ovotoxic exogenous stress, but the molecular mechanisms underlying of this effect are still unclear. Cigarette smoke upregulates inflammatory genes in the female reproductive organs, therefore an abnormal inflammation response may contribute to the impairment of female fertility. In this study we investigated for the first time the effect of cigarette smoke exposure on NOS and COX expression and activity and on their transcription factors (CREB and NF-kB) in human GCs and on the release of NO and PGE₂ in the FF in smoking and non-smoking patients undergoing IVF treatment. In addition, correlation analysis between AMH serum levels, an index of ovarian reserve, and smoking exposure or iNOS and COX-2 protein expression levels were performed using a Pearson correlation method. Cigarette smoke exposure resulted in a significant increase of iNOS and COX-2 protein expression together with an increase of iNOS activity and PGE₂ levels. pNF-kB and pCREB protein expression were upregulated in the GCs of smokers compared to non-smokers. The habit of smoking was negatively correlated with serum AMH levels, and positively correlated with iNOS and COX-2 protein expression levels. The data presented in the current study revealed a novel molecular mechanism underlying the toxic effects of cigarette smoke on fertility. Additional pathways mediating the effects of cigarette smoke exposure in human GCs cannot be excluded and should be investigated in future studies.

Recent advances in the development of celecoxib analogs as anticancer agents: A review

Celecoxib is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) designed to be a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Additionally, celecoxib demonstrated potent antitumor and chemopreventive effects in vitro, in vivo, and in patients. The mechanism of celecoxib's chemopreventive effect is still not fully identified, but it is assumed to be multifactorial. Celecoxib's anticancer activity has been described both as independent of and dependent on its COX-2 inhibitory activity. The current review summarizes the recent advances published between 2000 and 2022 on the structure-based optimization of celecoxib to develop compounds with promising anticancer activity. The structure-activity relationships of celecoxib analogs are discussed, which may be beneficial in the design and development of novel analogs as potent antiproliferative agents in the future.

Protective effect of lupeol on arthritis induced by type II collagen via the suppression of P13K/AKT signaling pathway in Sprague dawley rats

To explore the therapeutic value of lupeol on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats, a rheumatoid arthritis model. Lupeol is well known pentacyclic triterpene found in various plant sources, which possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions. The current study was assessed the anti-arthritic potential of lupeol and its molecular mechanisms as compared with indomethacin (Indo) in collagen-induced arthritis CIA rats. The rats were randomly alienated into five groups: Control, CIA alone, CIA + lupeol (10 mg/kg bw), CIA + Indomethacin (3 mg/kg bw), and lupeol (10 mg/kg bw) alone. The paw volume, biochemical, hematological parameters, inflammatory enzymes, and cytokines were measured. As well protein expression of apoptotic proteins, and histopathological of ankle joint were examined. Inflammatory markers, cytokines, histological changes, paw volume, and inflammation were intensely reduced and enhanced apoptosis by lupeol. Alterations in hematological parameters, rheumatoid factor, C-reactive protein, and ceruloplasmin in arthritis were reverted by lupeol. Protein expressions of Bcl-2, and P13K/Akt signaling were declined, whereas the Bax, caspssae-3, and caspase-9 were elevated. These results highlighted that lupeol suppresses P13K/Akt signaling and has a promising anti-arthritic potential for collagen-induced rheumatic arthritis treatment. Hence lupeol would be suggested as an alternative natural source with potent anti-inflammatory and apoptotic actions for chronic inflammatory disorders.