Oils from Transgenic Flax Lines as Potential Chemopreventive Agents in Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer is a major global health concern, and the need for effective chemopreventive agents is paramount. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of oils from transgenically modified flax for the prevention of colorectal cancer, in relation to the oil concertation. Flaxseed oils were obtained from traditional (Nike) and genetically modified flax lines (M and B). Cell viability assays were performed on various cancer cell lines, including colon adenocarcinoma cells. Flaxseed oil B exhibited the strongest anti-proliferative properties compared to the reference drugs and other oils. Additionally, M and B oils showed enhanced accumulation of Rhodamine 123 and increased apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. M oil exhibited the highest levels of p53 protein. Notably, the tested transgenic oils did not induce metastasis and displayed stronger inhibition of COX-1 compared to COX-2. These data indicate the utility of flaxseed oils, especially from the M line, as adjuvants in colorectal cancer treatment, targeting the colon specifically.

Functional Anatomy of the Thoracic Limb of the Komodo Dragon (Varanus komodoensis)

Since the Komodo dragon has been included on The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, it is crucial to know in detail its biology as there is a limited availability of research material on these animals-mainly those who died in zoos or whose remains were found in the wild. Anatomy is essential for understanding physiology, identification of diseases, adaptations in the environment, and behavior. In this dissection study, the relationship of individual anatomical structures was analyzed, the anatomy of the active and passive movement system of the thoracic limb was described, photographs were taken, and a radiographic examination was conducted. This species has its own differences, even within closely related lizard species. Varanus komodoensis possesses triceps muscles with three heads, and the wrist is extended with additional bones for greater flexibility of the hand. The muscles of the forelimb are analogous to the hind limb; however, they differ in the mass of individual muscles, especially those predisposed to perform the most important antigravity and locomotive functions.

Mercury Content in Impacted Wisdom Teeth from Patients of the Legnica-Głogów Copper Area-An In Vitro Pilot Study

The aim of this study was to determine the content of mercury in impacted third molars from Legnica-Głogów Copper Area residents to emphasize the effects of environmental pollution on the human body. A group of 72 patients with an average age of 27.3 ± 6.9 years participated in the study. Within this study, the research group (Legnica-Głogów Copper Area residents) comprised 51 individuals, while the control group (residents of Wrocław) consisted of 21 participants. A higher number of female individuals participated in the research (55). The amount of mercury present in the samples was determined through atomic absorption spectrometry with the use of a SpectraAA atomic absorption spectrometer and a V2 AA240FS flame attachment that utilized an air-acetylene flame. The accumulation of Hg in the teeth of members of the control group residing in Wrocław was studied, with a focus on identifying the risk factors that contribute to this phenomenon. The final model analyzed the presence of various factors, including thyroid and parathyroid gland diseases, cardiac diseases, and interval-scale Vit. D3 concentration. Among these factors, the presence of cardiac diseases was deemed statistically significant in relation to an increase in Hg concentration in third molars (rate ratio = 2.27, p < 0.0001). The concentration of mercury increased with the age and time of residence in the L-G Copper District.

Synthesis, Biological, Spectroscopic and Computational Investigations of Novel N-Acylhydrazone Derivatives of Pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazinone as Dual COX/LOX Inhibitors

Secure and efficient treatment of diverse pain and inflammatory disorders is continually challenging. Although NSAIDs and other painkillers are well-known and commonly available, they are sometimes insufficient and can cause dangerous adverse effects. As yet reported, derivatives of pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazinone are potent COX-2 inhibitors with a COX-2/COX-1 selectivity index better than meloxicam. Considering that N-acylhydrazone (NAH) moiety is a privileged structure occurring in many promising drug candidates, we decided to introduce this pharmacophore into new series of pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazinone derivatives. The current paper presents the synthesis and in vitro, spectroscopic, and in silico studies evaluating the biological and physicochemical properties of NAH derivatives of pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazinone. Novel compounds 5a-c-7a-c were received with high purity and good yields and did not show cytotoxicity in the MTT assay. Their COX-1, COX-2, and 15-LOX inhibitory activities were estimated using enzymatic tests and molecular docking studies. The title N-acylhydrazones appeared to be promising dual COX/LOX inhibitors. Moreover, spectroscopic and computational methods revealed that new compounds form stable complexes with the most abundant plasma proteins-AAG and HSA, but do not destabilize their secondary structure. Additionally, predicted pharmacokinetic and drug-likeness properties of investigated molecules suggest their potentially good membrane permeability and satisfactory bioavailability.

In Vitro Evaluation of Antiprotozoal Properties, Cytotoxicity Effect and Anticancer Activity of New Essential-Oil Based Phytoncide Mixtures

Protozoa, in both humans and animals, are one of the leading causes of disease. International programmes introduced in many countries have helped reduce the incidence of disease. However, it has recently become increasingly difficult to achieve the goals set for the coming years. One of the main reasons for this, as with other pathogenic organisms, such as bacteria and fungi, is the increasing resistance to current methods of treating and preventing infection. Therefore, new therapies with high efficacy are needed. In the present study, the novel mixtures of essential oils (EOs), clove, garlic, Ceylon cinnamon, and rosemary with organic acids (acetic, propionic, lactic) and metal ions (Cu, Mn, Zn) were tested against five selected model protozoa (Euglena gracilis, Gregarina blattarum, Amoeba proteus, Paramecium caudatum, Pentatrichomonas hominis). The cytotoxicity and potential anticancer activity of the obtained combinations were tested on the human fibroblasts (NHDF) and human cancer cell lines (A549, MCF7, LoVo, HT29). All of the mixtures showed very good antiprotozoal properties. The most efficient were the combination of clove and rosemary essential oils, mixtures of acids, and Mn ions. The LD₅₀ values were in the range of 0.001-0.006% and the LD₁₀₀ values were 0.002-0.008%. All of the tested mixtures did not show cytotoxicity against normal cells, but did show growth inhibition against cancer cell lines. The most cytotoxic against cancer cells were combinations with cinnamon essential oil. Nevertheless, the proposed combinations containing essential oils, organic acids, and metal ions have high antiprotozoal activity, with low toxicity to healthy human cells.

An Experimental Anodized Titanium Surface for Transgingival Dental Implant Elements-Preliminary Report

The characteristics such as microtopography, physical and chemical properties influence the behavior of an implant in a soft tissue. Anodization-as a potent method of titanium alloy surface modification-of the transgingival abutment or healing screw, has achieved some improvement. One of the possible surface treatment method is low-pressure radiofrequency oxygen plasma treatment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the chemical properties and cytocompatibility of the experimental surface. Titanium discs made of grade-23 titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) anodized (A sample) with different voltage parameters (28, 67, 78, and 98 V) were included in the study. Half of the samples regarded as the "S" group were additionally treated with low-pressure radiofrequency oxygen plasma treatment. The surfaces were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemically investigated via a corrosion test. Furthermore, two cell lines were used, including the CHO-compatible reference line and a primary human fibroblast line for the MTT assay; direct (contact) cytotoxicity of the materials was tested with the cells, and the growth of fibroblasts on the surfaces of the different materials was tested. The morphology of the "S"-treated samples did not differ from the morphology of only-anodized samples. However, the oxygen concentration on the surface in that group slightly increased by about 1% as a result of post-trial treatment. The highest corrosion resistance was observed for both A-78 V and S-78 V samples. The cytotoxicity assay revealed no changes in cell morphology or vitality. The MTT test proved comparable culture viability among all groups; however, the "S" samples showed statistically significantly higher fibroblast proliferation and adhesion scores compared to the "A" samples. Through the in vitro study, the low-pressure radiofrequency oxygen plasma treatment of the anodized Ti-6Al-4V alloy presented itself as an auspicious option in the field of transgingival element surface modification of implants.

Fractal Dimension and Texture Analysis in the Assessment of Experimental Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS) Dental Implant Surface-In Vitro Study Preliminary Report

Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) are the sub-wavelength periodic nanostructures generated by the femtosecond laser. Implant topography and its nanostructural changes can be important for biomedical applications. In order to compare the surface topography of different implants, appropriate mathematical and physical descriptive methods should be provided. The aim of the study was to evaluate the experimental LIPSS-based—Low Spatial Frequency LIPSS (LSFL) dental implant surfaces. Novel methods of surface analysis, such as Fractal Dimension Analysis and Texture Analysis, were compared to the standard surface roughness evaluation. Secondary, cell viability, and attachment tests were applied in order to evaluate the biological properties of the new titanium surface and to compare their correlation with the physical properties of the new surfaces. A Normal Human Dermal Fibroblast (NHDF) cytotoxicity test did not show an impact on the vitality of the cells. Our study has shown that the laser LIPSS implant surface modifications significantly improved the cell adhesion to the tested surfaces. We observed a strong correlation of adhesion and the growth of cells on the tested surface, with an increase in implant surface roughness with the best results for the moderately rough (2 μm) surfaces. Texture and fractal dimension analyses are promising methods to evaluate dental implants with complex geometry.

Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking Studies of Novel 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives of 4,6-Dimethyl-2-sulfanylpyridine-3-carboxamide

To date, chronic inflammation is involved in most main human pathologies such as cancer, and autoimmune, cardiovascular or neurodegenerative disorders. Studies suggest that different prostanoids, especially prostaglandin E₂, and their own synthase (cyclooxygenase enzyme-COX) can promote tumor growth by activating signaling pathways which control cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used, alongside corticosteroids, to treat inflammatory symptoms particularly in all chronic diseases. However, their toxicity from COX inhibition and the suppression of physiologically important prostaglandins limits their use. Therefore, in continuation of our efforts in the development of potent, safe, non-toxic chemopreventive compounds, we report herein the design, synthesis, biological evaluation of new series of Schiff base-type hybrid compounds containing differently substituted N-acyl hydrazone moieties, 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring, and 4,6-dimethylpyridine core. The anti-COX-1/COX-2, antioxidant and anticancer activities were studied. Schiff base 13, containing 2-bromobenzylidene residue inhibited the activity of both isoenzymes, COX-1 and COX-2 at a lower concentration than standard drugs, and its COX-2/COX-1 selectivity ratio was similar to meloxicam. Furthermore, the results of cytotoxicity assay indicated that all of the tested compounds exhibited potent anti-cancer activity against A549, MCF-7, LoVo, and LoVo/Dx cell lines, compared with piroxicam and meloxicam. Moreover, our experimental study was supported by density functional theory (DFT) and molecular docking to describe the binding mode of new structures to cyclooxygenase.

The Technological Process of Obtaining New Linen Dressings Did Not Cause the Loss of Their Wound-Healing Properties

BACKGROUND

Linen dressings were invented a few years ago but are still being worked on.

METHODS

The obtained fabrics from the traditional variety of flax (Nike), two transgenic types of flax (M50 and B14) and the combination of these two flax fibers (M50 + B14) were tested in direct contact in cell cultures. Cell viability tests were performed, and the proliferation potential of cells on Balb3T3 and NHEK cell lines was checked using the Sulforhodamine-B (SRB) test. Moreover, the effect of new linen fabrics on apoptosis of THP-1 cells, as well as on the cell cycle of NHEK, HMCEV and THP-1, cells after 24 h of incubation was assessed.

RESULTS

All tested linen fabrics did not raise the number of necrotic cells. The tested fabrics caused a statistically significant decrease in the total protein content in skin cancer (except for 0.5 cm of Nike-type fabrics). The smallest cells in the apoptotic phase were in cultures treated with M50 fiber on an area of 0.5 cm. After 48 h of incubation of HEMVEC, NHEK and THP-1 cells with the tested fabrics, the growth of S-phase cells was noticed in all cases. At the same time, the greatest increase was observed with the use of B14 fabric. Necrosis is not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

All the obtained flax fibers in the form of flax dressings did not lose their wound-healing properties under the influence of the technological process. New dressings made of genetically modified flax are a chance to increase the effectiveness of treatment of difficult healing wounds.

Evaluation of Interactions of Selected Olivacine Derivatives with DNA and Topoisomerase II

Olivacine and ellipticine are model anticancer drugs acting as topoisomerase II inhibitors. Here, we present investigations performed on four olivacine derivatives in light of their antitumor activity. The aim of this study was to identify the best antitumor compound among the four tested olivacine derivatives. The study was performed using CCRF/CEM and MCF-7 cell lines. Comet assay, polarography, inhibition of topoisomerase II activity, histone acetylation, and molecular docking studies were performed. Each tested compound displayed interaction with DNA and topoisomerase II, but did not cause histone acetylation. Compound 2 (9-methoxy-5,6-dimethyl-1-({[1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)butan-2-yl]amino}methyl)-6H-pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole) was found to be the best candidate as an anticancer drug because it had the highest affinity for topoisomerase II and caused the least genotoxic damage in cells.

Serological Evidence of Common Equine Viral Infections in a Semi-Isolated, Unvaccinated Population of Hucul Horses

Huculs (Equus caballus) are an old breed of primitive mountain horses, originating from the Carpathian Mountains. To the best of our knowledge, data concerning the epidemiology of viral infections observed within this breed are sparse. The objective of this study was to estimate the serological status of a semi-isolated, unvaccinated Hucul herd, with respect to both common equine viral infections and horse-infecting arboviruses, the presence of which was previously reported in Poland. Twenty horses of the Hucul breed, living in a remote area in Poland, were studied in 2018 from March to May. Using nasal secretion swabs as a specimen source, isolation attempts were negative regarding ERAV, EHV-1, EAV, and EIV. According to the virus neutralisation method, in the sera obtained from the animals, antibodies against the following viruses were detected: EHV-1 in 12 horses (60%; with titres from 1:8 to 1:64), EIV A/H7N7 in 13 (65%; titres from 1:20 to 1:80), EIV A /H3N8 in 12 (60%; titres from 1:20 to 1:80), USUV in 5 (25%; titres from 1:10 to 1:80), and ERAV in 1 (5%; titre 1:32). Antibodies against EAV, EIAV, and WNV were not present in the tested sera. The detected presence of specific antibodies associated with five out of the eight equine viruses investigated indicates that the Hucul herd, due to its partial separation and lack of specific prophylaxis, could serve as a sentinel animal group for the detection of equine viruses/arboviruses present within the local ecosystem. The detection of common equine viral infections within the herd provides additional epidemiological data concerning the breed.

Graphene Oxide Normal (GO + Mn2+) and Ultrapure: Short-Term Impact on Selected Antioxidant Stress Markers and Cytokines in NHDF and A549 Cell Lines

Since biological applications and toxicity of graphene-based materials are structure dependent, studying their interactions with the biological systems is very timely and important. We studied short-term (1, 24, and 48 h) effects of ultrapure (GO) and Mn²⁺-contaminated (GOS) graphene oxide on normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549) using selected oxidative stress markers and cytokines: glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase (CAT) activity, total antioxidative capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, levels of vascular endothelial growing factor (VEGF), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), and eotaxin. GOS induced higher levels of oxidative stress, measured with CAT activity, TAC, and MDA concentration than GO in both cell lines when compared to control cells. GR activity decreased in time in NHDF cells but increased in A549 cells. The levels of cytokines were related to the exposure time and graphene oxide type in both analyzed cell lines and their levels comparably increased over time. We observed higher TNF-α levels in NHDF and higher levels of VEGF and eotaxin in the A549 cell line. Both types of cells showed similar susceptibility to GO and GOS. We concluded that the short-time exposure to GOS induced the stronger response of oxidative stress markers without collapsing the antioxidative systems of analysed cells. Increased levels of inflammatory cytokines after GO and GOS exposure were similar both in NHDF and A549 cells.

Chemistry, oxidative stability and bioactivity of oil extracted from Rosa rugosa (Thunb.) seeds by supercritical carbon dioxide

Rosa rugosa Thunb. seed oil (RR) extracted by supercritical CO₂ was investigated. RR chemical composition, radical scavenging effect and oxidative stability were evaluated. RR aqueous emulsions were examined for cell cytotoxicity, proliferation, redox state and migration using mouse embryonic fibroblast Balb/3T3, human dermal fibroblast NHDF cell lines, and on neoplastic cell lines: acute monocytic leukemia THP-1 and lung adenocarcinoma A549. RR total contents of phytosterols, tocopherols, carotenoids and phenolics were 10115.23, 784.16, 40.32 and 10.30 mg/kg, respectively. Rich antioxidant composition of RR was reflected in its high antioxidant activity (2.1 mM/kg Trolox equivalent) as well as oxidative stability (activation energy 105.6 kJ/mol). The RR emulsions led to marked augmentation of the total cell protein content in BALB/3T3 and NHDF cultures, inhibited cancer cell migration and reduced ROS formation. The studied RR oil proved to have a remarkable combination of bioactive compounds and to exert an antioxidative and chemopreventive effects.

Synthesis, Cyclooxygenases Inhibition Activities and Interactions with BSA of N-substituted 1H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyridine-1,3(2H)-diones Derivatives

Inhibition of cyclooxygenase is the way of therapeutic activities for anti-inflammatory pharmaceuticals. Serum albumins are the major soluble protein able to bind and transport a variety of exogenous and endogenous ligands, including hydrophobic pharmaceuticals. In this study, a novel N-substituted 1H-pyrrolo[3-c]pyridine-1,3(2H)-diones derivatives were synthesized and biologically evaluated for their inhibitory activity against cyclooxygenases and interactions with BSA. In vitro, COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition assays were performed. Interaction with BSA was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism measurement. The molecular docking study was conducted to understand the binding interaction of compounds in the active site of cyclooxygenases and BSA. The result of the COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory studies revealed that all the compounds potentially inhibited COX-1 and COX-2. The IC₅₀ value was found similar to meloxicam. The intrinsic fluorescence of BSA was quenched by tested compounds due to the formation of A/E-BSA complex. The results of the experiment and molecular docking confirmed the main interaction forces between studied compounds and BSA were hydrogen bonding and van der Waals force.

Effect of new olivacine derivatives on p53 protein level

BACKGROUND

The p53 protein is a transcription factor for many genes, including genes involved in inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis in genotoxically damaged and tumor-transformed cells. In more than 55% of cases of human cancers, loss of the essential function of p53 protein is found. In numerous reports, it has been shown that small molecules (chemical compounds) can restore the suppressor function of the mutant p53 protein in tumor cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential anticancer activity of three newly synthesized olivacine derivatives.

METHODS

The study was performed using two cell lines-CCRF/CEM (containing the mutant p53 protein) and A549 (containing a non-mutant, wild-type p53 protein). The cells were incubated with olivacine derivatives for 18 h and then assays were carried out: measurement of the amount of p53 and p21 proteins, detection of apoptosis, cell cycle analysis, and rhodamine 123 accumulation assay (evaluation of P-glycoprotein inhibition). Multiple-criteria decision analysis was used to compare the anticancer activity of the tested compounds.

RESULTS

Each tested compound caused the reconstitution of suppressor activity of the p53 protein in cells with the mutant protein. In addition, one of the compounds showed significant antitumor activity in both wild-type and mutant cells. For all compounds, a stronger effect on the level of the p53 protein was observed than for the reference compound-ellipticine.

CONCLUSIONS

The observed effects of the tested new olivacine derivatives (pyridocarbazoles) suggest that they are good candidates for new anticancer drugs.

Impact of fabrics from transgenic flax on cultures of skin cells

BACKGROUND

The development of a new type of wound dressing material that can support skin regeneration is an important challenge to improve treatment of chronic, non-healing wounds.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study was to compare the impact of flax fabrics from transgenic plants overexpressing phenolic acids and flavonoids (W92) and polyhydroxybutyrate (M48), as well as fabric from non-transgenic plant (Nike) on cultures of human skin cells.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Flax fabric pieces as well as water extracts from the fabrics were co-cultured with human skin cells: keratinocytes, fibroblasts, dermal microvascular endothelial cells, and with monocytoid cell line (THP1) for 48 h. Cell viability and proliferation were assessed with the sulforhodamine B colorimetric assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was estimated with the 2'7 dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) oxidation method. Endothelial cell migration was measured with the scratch assay. The results were compared with the multi-criteria analysis (MCA) procedure.

RESULTS

Tested flax fabrics released flavonoids and polyhydroxybutyrate to cell culture media, as it was determined by means of the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Fabrics from transgenic plants W92 and M48 promoted proliferation of keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Water extracts from flax fabric diminished the proliferation of monocytoid cells, decreased oxidative burst in activated THP1 cells and accelerated the velocity of dermal microvascular cell migration. The MCA proved that the sum of beneficial effects estimated in human skin cell cultures was higher (by 47% and by 34% with W92 and M48, respectively) than that of non-transgenic flax fabric (Nike).

CONCLUSIONS

The W92 and M48 fabrics should be further studied as candidates for elaboration of new types of bandages, able to improve skin wound healing.

Design and functionalization of bioactive benzoxazines. An unexpected ortho-substitution effect

A family of o, p- and N-functionalized dihydro-2H-benzo-1,3-oxazines was synthesized and characterized.

Synthesis, COX-1/2 inhibition and antioxidant activities of new oxicam analogues designed as potential chemopreventive agents

Oxicams (e.g. piroxicam, meloxicam) are widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). A large body of evidence from epidemiological and preclinical studies has shown that NSAIDs have a chemopreventive effect on different types of cancer, especially in colorectal cancer. Moreover, mounting evidence from preclinical and clinical studies suggests that persistent inflammation functions as a driving force in the journey to cancer. What is more, inflammation induces reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which cause damage to important cellular components (e.g., DNA, proteins and lipids), which can directly or indirectly contribute to malignant cell transformation. In this study, we discuss the synthesis and the resultant newly synthesized oxicam derivatives which are potentially chemopreventive, and at the same time antioxidant. Compound 9c, with the highest therapeutic index in the LoVo cancer cell line, was found to be the most efficient in ROS scavenging activity under conditions of oxidative stress.

V79 Fibroblasts Are Protected Against Reactive Oxygen Species by Flax Fabric

Chinese hamster pulmonary fibroblasts (V79 cells) pre-treated with flax fabrics derived from non-modified or genetically engineered flax fibres and treated with H₂O₂ revealed a markedly lower level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) than control, non-pre-treated cells. The fabrics were prepared from fibres derived from two kinds of transgenic plants: W92 plants, which overproduce flavonoids, and M type plants, which produce hydroxybutyrate polymer in their vascular bundles and thus in fibres. Incubating the V79 cells with the flax fabrics prior to H₂O₂ treatment also reduced the amount of DNA damage, as established using the comet assay (also known as alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis) and pulsed-field electrophoresis of intact cellular DNA. Selected gene expression analysis revealed the activator impact of fabrics on the apoptotic (BCL2 family, caspases) gene expression. This promoting activity was also detected for histone acetyltransferase (HAT; MYST2) gene expression. The flax fabric derived from both GM flax plants exhibited a protective effect against oxidative stress and ROS-mediated genotoxic damage, but the W92 fabric was the strongest. It is thus suggested that these fabrics might be useful as a basis for new biomedical products (e.g. wound dressings) that actively protect cells against inflammation and degeneration.

Synthesis, COX-1/2 inhibition activities and molecular docking study of isothiazolopyridine derivatives

One of the main challenges for nowadays medicine is drugs selectivity. In COX-1 and COX-2, the active sites are composed of the same group of amino acids with the exception of the only one residue in position 523, in COX-1 is an isoleucine, while in COX-2 is a valine. Here, we presented a series of isothiazolopyridine/benzisothiazole derivatives substituted differently into an isothiazole ring, which were synthesized and investigated for their potencies to inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes by colorimetric inhibitor screening assay. All the tested compounds inhibited the activity of COX-1, the effect on COX-2 activity was differential. The mode of binding was characterized by a molecular docking study. Comparing biological activity of the investigated compounds, it was observed that compounds sharing the most similar position to flurbiprofen and meloxicam, representing the two main enzyme subdomains, achieved higher biological activity than others. It is directly related to the fit to the enzyme's active site, which prevents too early dissociation of the compounds.