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Cai LQ, Li XC, Wang YY, Chen YX, Zhu XY, Zuo ZY, Si-Ma YQ, Lin YN, Li XK, Huang XY. Investigation of Metabolic and Inflammatory Disorder in the Aging FGF21 Knockout Mouse. Inflammation 2024:10.1007/s10753-024-02032-3. [PMID: 38653921 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-024-02032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Aging is a physiological condition accomplished with persistent low-grade inflammation and metabolic disorders. FGF21 has been reported to act as a potent longevity determinant, involving inflammatory response and energy metabolism. In this study, we engineered aging FGF21 knockout mice of 36-40 weeks and observed that FGF21 deficiency manifests a spontaneous inflammatory response of lung and abnormal accumulation of lipids in liver. On one hand, inflamed state in lungs and increased circulating inflammatory cytokines were found in FGF21 knockout mice of 36-40 weeks. To evaluate the ability of FGF21 to suppress inflammation, a subsequent study found that FGF21 knockout aggravated LPS-induced pulmonary exudation and inflammatory infiltration in mice, while exogenous administration of FGF21 reversed these malignant phenotypes by enhancing microvascular endothelial junction. On the other hand, FGF21 knockout induces fatty liver in aging mice, characterized by excessive accumulation of triglycerides within hepatocytes. Further quantitative metabolomics and lipidomics analysis revealed perturbed metabolic profile in liver lacking FGF21, including disrupted glucose and lipids metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. Taken together, this investigation reveals the protective role of FGF21 during aging by weakening the inflammatory response and balancing energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Qiong Cai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Xiu-Chun Li
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Yang-Yue Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Yu-Xin Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Xia-Yan Zhu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Zi-Yi Zuo
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Yi-Qun Si-Ma
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Yi-Nuo Lin
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ying Huang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China.
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Chao YM, Wu HY, Yeh SH, Yang DI, Her LS, Wu YL. Glucosamine Enhancement of Learning and Memory Functions by Promoting Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Production. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4211. [PMID: 38673797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plays a crucial role in metabolism and brain function. Glucosamine (GLN) has been recognized for its diverse beneficial effects. This study aimed to elucidate the modulation of FGF21 production by GLN and its impact on learning and memory functions. Using both in vivo and in vitro models, we investigated the effects of GLN on mice fed with a normal diet or high-fat diet and on mouse HT22 hippocampal cells, STHdhQ7/Q7 striatal cells, and rat primary cortical neurons challenged with GLN. Our results indicated that GLN promotes learning and memory functions in mice and upregulates FGF21 expression in the hippocampus, cortex, and striatum, as well as in HT22 cells, STHdhQ7/Q7 cells, and cortical neurons. In animals receiving GLN together with an FGF21 receptor FGFR1 inhibitor (PD173074), the GLN-enhanced learning and memory functions and induction of FGF21 production in the hippocampus were significantly attenuated. While exploring the underlying molecular mechanisms, the potential involvement of NF-κB, Akt, p38, JNK, PKA, and PPARα in HT22 and NF-κB, Akt, p38, and PPARα in STHdhQ7/Q7 were noted; GLN was able to mediate the activation of p65, Akt, p38, and CREB in HT22 and p65, Akt, and p38 in STHdhQ7/Q7 cells. Our accumulated findings suggest that GLN may increase learning and memory functions by inducing FGF21 production in the brain. This induction appears to be mediated, at least in part, through GLN's activation of the NF-κB, Akt, p38, and PKA/CREB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Chao
- Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Hon-Yen Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Huei Yeh
- Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Ding-I Yang
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Shiun Her
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Lin Wu
- Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
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Lu Y, Yu B, Bu Y, Lou J, Jin Y. Pegbelfermin for reducing transaminase levels in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1293336. [PMID: 38646552 PMCID: PMC11026620 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1293336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The efficacy of Pegbelfermin (PGBF) in treating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remains controversial. Therefore, we conducted a dose-response meta-analysis to explore the effect and pattern of PGBF at different dosages and treatment durations on transaminase reduction in NASH patients. Methods We conducted searches on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov, and supplemented the search with gray literature and manual searches. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the efficacy of PGBF in NASH patients were included. Risk of bias was assessed by Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2.0. We used random-effects models, generalized least squares regression, constrained maximum likelihood, and restricted cubic splines to explore the dose-response relationship. Egger's linear regression was employed to assess publication bias. The study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42023448024. Results Four RCT studies from the period 2018-2023, involving 546 participants, were included. No participants discontinued PGBF treatment due to adverse events. High-dose PGBF treatment significantly reduced transaminase levels in NASH patients compared to the low-dose group (ALT %: MD = 14.94, 95% CI = 2.11-27.77; AST %: MD = 9.05, 95% CI = 3.17-14.92). Longer treatment duration further decreased transaminase levels (ALT%: MD = 8.81, 95% CI = 4.07-13.56; AST%: MD = 6.72, 95% CI = 2.62-10.81). Egger's test did not reveal significant publication bias (p > 0.05). Further investigation indicated a ceiling effect of PGBF dosage on transaminase reduction at 30 mg/week, and NASH patients experienced a rebound in transaminase levels after 28 weeks of continuous treatment. Conclusion There is a positive correlation between PGBF dosage and transaminase reduction within a certain range, showing an overall non-linear dose-response relationship. This finding provides guidance for the clinical application of PGBF. Clinicians should be mindful of the dosage ceiling at 30 mg/week and monitor changes in transaminase levels after 28 weeks for timely adjustments in PGBF dosage. Systematic review registration PROSPERO, CRD42023448024. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=448024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangguang Lu
- The First School of Medicine, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bohuai Yu
- The First School of Medicine, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiran Bu
- The First School of Medicine, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jialing Lou
- The First School of Medicine, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Ma Y, Singhal G, Chan SS, Wang C, Yu H, Yin B, Pang J, Malvar G, Nasser I, Mather ML, Maratos-Flier E. FGF21 protects against ischaemia reperfusion injury in normal and fatty livers. Liver Int 2024. [PMID: 38554044 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, which is an inevitable clinical problem of liver resection, liver transplantation and haemorrhagic shock. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was intimately coupled with multiple metabolic processes and proved to protect against apoptosis and inflammatory response in hepatocytes during hepatic I/R injury. However, the regulatory mechanisms of FGF21 in hepatic I/R injury remains unknown. Therefore, we hypothesize that FGF21 protects hepatic tissues from I/R injury. METHODS Blood samples were available from haemangiomas patients undergoing hepatectomy and murine liver I/R model and used to further evaluate the serum levels of FGF21 both in humans and mice. We further explored the regulatory mechanisms of FGF21 in murine liver I/R model by using FGF21-knockout mice (FGF21-KO mice) and FGF21-overexpression transgenic mice (FGF21-OE mice) fed a high-fat or ketogenic diet. RESULTS Our results show that the circulating levels of FGF21 were robustly decreased after liver I/R in both humans and mice. Silencing FGF21 expression with FGF21-KO mice aggravates liver injury at 6 h after 75 min of partial liver ischaemia, while FGF21-OE mice display alleviated hepatic I/R injury and inflammatory response. Compared with chow diet mice, exogenous FGF21 decreases the levels of aminotransferase, histological changes, apoptosis and inflammatory response in hepatic I/R injury treatment mice with a high-fat diet. Meanwhile, ketogenic diet mice are not sensitive to hepatic I/R injury. CONCLUSIONS The circulating contents of FGF21 are decreased during liver warm I/R injury and exogenous FGF21 exerts hepatoprotective effects on hepatic I/R injury. Thus, FGF21 regulates hepatic I/R injury and may be a key therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ma
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Department of Minimal Invasive Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Garima Singhal
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Suzanne S Chan
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Department of Minimal Invasive Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongjun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Department of Minimal Invasive Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Department of Minimal Invasive Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jing Pang
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Grace Malvar
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Imad Nasser
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marie L Mather
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eleftheria Maratos-Flier
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Fan L, Gu L, Yao Y, Ma G. High serum fibroblast growth factor 21 levels were related to the prognosis and ventricular remodeling of heart failure patients with mildly reduced and reduced ejection fraction. Perfusion 2024; 39:285-293. [PMID: 36321746 DOI: 10.1177/02676591221137482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have shown that fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is involved in the ventricular remodeling process in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). We hypothesized that high levels of FGF21 correlated with the ventricular remodeling of heart failure patients with mildly reduced (HFmrEF) and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). METHODS A total of 203 participants with HFmrEF or HFrEF were enrolled and followed up from June 2018 to June 2021. 68 subjects without heart failure (HF) underwent physical examinations during the same time were selected as the control group. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), which were defined as all-cause or cardiac mortality and rehospitalization for decompensation. Serum FGF21 levels were measured early the next morning after admission using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The FGF21 levels were significantly higher in patients with HFmrEF or HFrEF than that in the control group (213.57 ± 42.65 pg/mL, 222.93 ± 34.36 pg/mL vs 171.00 ± 12.86 pg/mL, p < .001). The serum levels of FGF21 and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) were both higher in the endpoint event group than those of non-endpoint event group regardless of the HFmrEF or HFrEF group (p < .001). Spearman's correlation revealed that FGF21 was positively correlated with left ventricular end-systolic diameter left ventricular end-diastolic diameter left ventricular mass index (p < .01). Moreover, there was a negative correlation between FGF21 and left ventricular ejection fraction in addition to relative wall thickness (p < .001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of FGF21 was 0.874. The optimal cut-off value of FGF21 determined by ROC curve was 210.11 pg/mL. The Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that the low FGF21 levels group had an increased MACE-free survival rate compared with the high FGF21 levels group. On univariate and multivariate Cox analysis, it was seen that both serum FGF21 and NT-proBNP were independent predictors of a poor prognosis in HF patients. CONCLUSION Baseline levels of FGF21 and NT-proBNP were related to the ventricular remodeling of patients with a mildly reduced or reduced ejection fraction. FGF21 and NT-proBNP both had good prognostic value for MACEs in heart failure patients with a mildly reduced and reduced ejection fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuzhang Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Cardiology, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Yancheng, China
| | - Lingyun Gu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuyu Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Genshan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Liang Y, Chen Q, Chang Y, Han J, Yan J, Chen Z, Zhou J. Critical role of FGF21 in diabetic kidney disease: from energy metabolism to innate immunity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1333429. [PMID: 38312833 PMCID: PMC10834771 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1333429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) stands as the predominant cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on a global scale, with its incidence witnessing a consistent annual rise, thereby imposing a substantial burden on public health. The pathogenesis of DKD is primarily rooted in metabolic disorders and inflammation. Recent years have seen a surge in studies highlighting the regulatory impact of energy metabolism on innate immunity, forging a significant area of research interest. Within this context, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), recognized as an energy metabolism regulator, assumes a pivotal role. Beyond its role in maintaining glucose and lipid metabolism homeostasis, FGF21 exerts regulatory influence on innate immunity, concurrently inhibiting inflammation and fibrosis. Serving as a nexus between energy metabolism and innate immunity, FGF21 has evolved into a therapeutic target for diabetes, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and cardiovascular diseases. While the relationship between FGF21 and DKD has garnered increased attention in recent studies, a comprehensive exploration of this association has yet to be systematically addressed. This paper seeks to fill this gap by summarizing the mechanisms through which FGF21 operates in DKD, encompassing facets of energy metabolism and innate immunity. Additionally, we aim to assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of FGF21 in DKD and explore its potential role as a treatment modality for the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Chang
- Department of Nephrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Junsong Han
- Department of Nephrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Yan
- Department of Nephrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenjie Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwei Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Wu P, Wu L, Wang Y, Ye Y, Yang X, Yuan J, Xu J, Wang YX, Song X, Yan S, Lv C, Liu G, Pan A, Pan XF. Maternal overweight and obesity modify the association of serum fibroblast growth factor 21 levels with gestational diabetes mellitus: A nested case-control study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2024; 40:e3717. [PMID: 37649397 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the prospective association between fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and the modifying effect of overweight/obesity for this association. METHODS Serum FGF21 levels were measured at 6-15 weeks of gestation among 332 GDM cases and 664 matched controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate its association with GDM risk. Interaction analyses on multiplicative and additive scales were conducted to investigate the modifying effect of overweight/obesity. RESULTS Elevated FGF21 levels were associated with a higher risk of GDM in multivariable models, but the positive association was attenuated after further adjustment for pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI). A significant multiplicative interaction was noted between FGF21 (both continuous and dichotomous) and pre-pregnancy BMI (p for interaction = 0.049 and 0.03), and the association was only significant in participants with pre-pregnancy BMI ≥24 kg/m2 . When participants were grouped based on pre-pregnancy BMI (≥24 and <24 kg/m2 ) and FGF21 levels (≥median and CONCLUSIONS Elevated serum FGF21 levels in early pregnancy were associated with a higher risk of GDM, particularly among those with overweight/obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Linjing Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaying Yuan
- Department of Science and Education, Shuangliu Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratories, Shuangliu Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-Xin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingyue Song
- Department of Emergency, Hainan Clinical Research Center for Acute and Critical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Shijiao Yan
- School of Public Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Research Unit of Island Emergency Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Chuanzhu Lv
- School of Public Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Emergency Medicine Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - An Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiong-Fei Pan
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Health & Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children & National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Shuangliu Institute of Women's and Children's Health, Shuangliu Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu, China
- Center for Epidemiology and Population Health, Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Institute & Chengdu Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Domouzoglou EM, Vlahos AP, Papafaklis MI, Cholevas VK, Chaliasos N, Siomou E, Michalis LK, Tsatsoulis A, Naka KK. Role of FGF21 and Leptin for the Diagnosis of Metabolic Health in Children with and without Obesity. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1680. [PMID: 38138907 PMCID: PMC10744927 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13121680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and unfavorable metabolic profiles increase the risk for cardiovascular complications in adults. Although it is important to distinguish different metabolic health states at an early stage, there are limited data on the related value of biomarkers in childhood. We aimed to identify biomarkers for the detection of different metabolic health states in children with and without obesity. The serum levels of metabolic regulators (fibroblast growth factor 21 [FGF21], leptin, adiponectin and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1) and vascular indices (flow-mediated dilation [FMD] and carotid intima-media thickness) were assessed in 78 children. Differences between the metabolically healthy and unhealthy state within children with normal weight (MHN vs. MUN), and within children with overweight/obesity (MHO vs. MUO) were investigated; the discriminatory power of the biomarkers was studied. Both MUN and MUO groups expressed altered lipid and glucose homeostasis compared to their healthy counterparts. The metabolic unhealthy state in children with normal weight was linked to higher FGF21 levels which had good discriminatory ability (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.54-0.88; p = 0.044). In overweight/obese children, leptin was increased in the metabolically unhealthy subgroup (AUC: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.68-0.95; p = 0.01). There was a decrease in FMD indicating worse endothelial function in overweight/obese children versus those with normal weight. Distinct states of metabolic health exist in both children with normal weight and overweight/obese children. FGF21 and leptin may help to identify the metabolic unhealthy state in children with normal weight and in overweight/obese children, respectively, early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni M. Domouzoglou
- Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Stavrou Niarchou, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Antonios P. Vlahos
- Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Stavrou Niarchou, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Michail I. Papafaklis
- Second Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Stavrou Niarchou, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (M.I.P.); (K.K.N.)
| | - Vasileios K. Cholevas
- Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Stavrou Niarchou, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Chaliasos
- Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Stavrou Niarchou, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ekaterini Siomou
- Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Stavrou Niarchou, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Lampros K. Michalis
- Second Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Stavrou Niarchou, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (M.I.P.); (K.K.N.)
| | - Agathocles Tsatsoulis
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Stavrou Niarchou, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Katerina K. Naka
- Second Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Stavrou Niarchou, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (M.I.P.); (K.K.N.)
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Bahijri S, Eldakhakhny B, Enani S, Ajabnoor G, Al-Mowallad AS, Alsheikh L, Alhozali A, Alamoudi AA, Borai A, Tuomilehto J. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21: A More Effective Biomarker Than Free Fatty Acids and Other Insulin Sensitivity Measures for Predicting Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Saudi Arabian Type 2 Diabetes Patients. Cureus 2023; 15:e50524. [PMID: 38222178 PMCID: PMC10787595 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is more prevalent among individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), elevating their risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and premature mortality. There is a need to modify treatment strategies to prevent or delay these adverse outcomes. Currently, there are no sensitive or specific biomarkers for predicting NAFLD in Saudi T2DM patients. Therefore, we aimed to explore the possibility of using fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), free fatty acids (FFAs), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) as possible markers. Methodology In this study, a total of 67 T2DM patients were recruited. NAFLD was detected by ultrasonography in 28 patients. Plasma glucose, FFAs, FGF-21, and serum insulin were measured in fasting blood samples. HOMA-IR and QUICKI were calculated. The means of the two groups with and without NAFLD were statistically compared. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve and the area under the curve (AUC) were used to assess the ability to identify NAFLD. Results The mean levels of FGF-21 and HOMA-IR were significantly higher and that of QUICKI was significantly lower in patients with NAFLD than in those without (p < 0.001, p = 0.023, and p = 0.018, respectively). FGF-21 had the highest AUC to identify NAFLD (AUC = 0.981, 95% confidence interval = 0.954-1, P < 0.001). The AUCs for HOMA-IR, QUICKI, and FFA were <0.7. The highest sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and the lowest negative likelihood ratio were found when FGF-21 was used to predict NAFLD. Conclusions FGF-21 may be used as a biomarker to predict NAFLD in people with T2DM due to its high sensitivity and specificity compared to the other markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhad Bahijri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah, SAU
- Saudi Diabetes Research Group, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
- Food, Nutrition and Lifestyle Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Basmah Eldakhakhny
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah, SAU
- Saudi Diabetes Research Group, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
- Food, Nutrition and Lifestyle Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Sumia Enani
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
- Saudi Diabetes Research Group, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
- Food, Nutrition and Lifestyle Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Ghada Ajabnoor
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah, SAU
- Saudi Diabetes Research Group, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
- Food, Nutrition and Lifestyle Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Alaa S Al-Mowallad
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Lubna Alsheikh
- Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Amani Alhozali
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Aliaa A Alamoudi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah, SAU
- Saudi Diabetes Research Group, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Anwar Borai
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, SAU
- Saudi Diabetes Research Group, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FIN
- Public Health Promotion Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FIN
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10
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Wasilewska M, Dąbkowska M, Pomorska A, Batys P, Kowalski B, Michna A, Adamczyk Z. Mechanisms of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Adsorption on Macroion Layers: Molecular Dynamics Modeling and Kinetic Measurements. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1709. [PMID: 38136581 PMCID: PMC10741725 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamic modeling and various experimental techniques, including multi-angle dynamic light scattering (MADLS), streaming potential, optical waveguide light spectroscopy (OWLS), quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), were applied to determine the basic physicochemical parameters of fibroblast growth factor 21 in electrolyte solutions. The protein size and shape, cross-section area, dependence of the nominal charge on pH, and isoelectric point of 5.3 were acquired. These data enabled the interpretation of the adsorption kinetics of FGF 21 on bare and macrocation-covered silica investigated by OWLS and QCM. It was confirmed that the protein molecules irreversibly adsorbed on the latter substrate, forming layers with controlled coverage up to 0.8 mg m-2, while their adsorption on bare silica was much smaller. The viability of two cell lines, CHO-K1 and L-929, on both bare and macrocation/FGF 21-covered substrates was also determined. It is postulated that the acquired results can serve as useful reference systems for designing complexes that can extend the half-life of FGF 21 in its active state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Wasilewska
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (M.W.); (A.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Maria Dąbkowska
- Independent Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Pharmacy, Pomeranian Medical University, Rybacka 1, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (M.D.); (B.K.)
| | - Agata Pomorska
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (M.W.); (A.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Piotr Batys
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (M.W.); (A.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Bogusław Kowalski
- Independent Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Pharmacy, Pomeranian Medical University, Rybacka 1, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland; (M.D.); (B.K.)
| | - Aneta Michna
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (M.W.); (A.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Zbigniew Adamczyk
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland; (M.W.); (A.P.); (P.B.)
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11
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Ramne S, Duizer L, Nielsen MS, Jørgensen NR, Svenningsen JS, Grarup N, Sjödin A, Raben A, Gillum MP. Meal sugar-protein balance determines postprandial FGF21 response in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E491-E499. [PMID: 37729024 PMCID: PMC10874651 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00241.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Biological mechanisms to promote dietary balance remain unclear. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been suggested to contribute to such potential regulation considering that FGF21 1) is genetically associated with carbohydrate/sugar and protein intake in opposite directions, 2) is secreted after sugar ingestion and protein restriction, and 3) pharmacologically reduces sugar and increases protein intake in rodents. To gain insight of the nature of this potential regulation, we aimed to study macronutrient interactions in the secretory regulation of FGF21 in healthy humans. We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, crossover meal study (NCT05061485), wherein healthy volunteers consumed a sucrose drink, a sucrose + protein drink, and a sucrose + fat drink (matched sucrose content), and compared postprandial FGF21 responses between the three macronutrient combinations. Protein suppressed the sucrose-induced FGF21 secretion [incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for sucrose 484 ± 127 vs. sucrose + protein -35 ± 49 pg/mL × h, P < 0.001]. The same could not be demonstrated for fat (iAUC 319 ± 102 pg/mL × h, P = 203 for sucrose + fat vs. sucrose). We found no indications that regulators of glycemic homeostasis could explain this effect. This indicates that FGF21 responds to disproportionate intake of sucrose relative to protein acutely within a meal, and that protein outweighs sucrose in FGF21 regulation. Together with previous findings, our results suggests that FGF21 might act to promote macronutrient balance and sufficient protein intake.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here we test the interactions between sugar, protein, and fat in human FGF21 regulation and demonstrate that protein, but not fat, suppresses sugar-induced FGF21 secretion. This indicates that protein outweighs the effects of sugar in the secretory regulation of FGF21, and could suggest that the nutrient-specific appetite-regulatory actions of FGF21 might prioritize ensuring sufficient protein intake over limiting sugar intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Ramne
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisanne Duizer
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mette S Nielsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niklas Rye Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens S Svenningsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Sjödin
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical and Translational Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Matthew P Gillum
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Li G, Chen H, Shen F, Smithson SB, Shealy GL, Ping Q, Liang Z, Han J, Adams AC, Li Y, Feng D, Gao B, Morita M, Han X, Huang TH, Musi N, Zang M. Targeting hepatic serine-arginine protein kinase 2 ameliorates alcohol-associated liver disease by alternative splicing control of lipogenesis. Hepatology 2023; 78:1506-1524. [PMID: 37129868 PMCID: PMC10592686 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lipid accumulation induced by alcohol consumption is not only an early pathophysiological response but also a prerequisite for the progression of alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). Alternative splicing regulates gene expression and protein diversity; dysregulation of this process is implicated in human liver diseases. However, how the alternative splicing regulation of lipid metabolism contributes to the pathogenesis of ALD remains undefined. APPROACH AND RESULTS Serine-arginine-rich protein kinase 2 (SRPK2), a key kinase controlling alternative splicing, is activated in hepatocytes in response to alcohol, in mice with chronic-plus-binge alcohol feeding, and in patients with ALD. Such induction activates sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 and promotes lipogenesis in ALD. Overexpression of FGF21 in transgenic mice abolishes alcohol-mediated induction of SRPK2 and its associated steatosis, lipotoxicity, and inflammation; these alcohol-induced pathologies are exacerbated in FGF21 knockout mice. Mechanistically, SRPK2 is required for alcohol-mediated impairment of serine-arginine splicing factor 10, which generates exon 7 inclusion in lipin 1 and triggers concurrent induction of lipogenic regulators-lipin 1β and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1. FGF21 suppresses alcohol-induced SRPK2 accumulation through mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 inhibition-dependent degradation of SRPK2. Silencing SRPK2 rescues alcohol-induced splicing dysregulation and liver injury in FGF21 knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS These studies reveal that (1) the regulation of alternative splicing by SRPK2 is implicated in lipogenesis in humans with ALD; (2) FGF21 is a key hepatokine that ameliorates ALD pathologies largely by inhibiting SRPK2; and (3) targeting SRPK2 signaling by FGF21 may offer potential therapeutic approaches to combat ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guannan Li
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Center
for Healthy Aging, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX78229
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas
Health San Antonio, TX78229
| | - Hanqing Chen
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Center
for Healthy Aging, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX78229
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas
Health San Antonio, TX78229
| | - Feng Shen
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Center
for Healthy Aging, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX78229
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas
Health San Antonio, TX78229
| | - Steven Blake Smithson
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Center
for Healthy Aging, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX78229
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas
Health San Antonio, TX78229
| | - Gavyn Lee Shealy
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Center
for Healthy Aging, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX78229
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas
Health San Antonio, TX78229
| | - Qinggong Ping
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Center
for Healthy Aging, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX78229
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas
Health San Antonio, TX78229
| | - Zerong Liang
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Center
for Healthy Aging, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX78229
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas
Health San Antonio, TX78229
| | - Jingyan Han
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
02118
| | - Andrew C. Adams
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center,
Indianapolis, IN, 46285
| | - Yu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food
Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol
Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol
Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Masahiro Morita
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Center
for Healthy Aging, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX78229
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas
Health San Antonio, TX78229
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Center
for Healthy Aging, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX78229
| | - Tim H Huang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas
Health San Antonio, TX78229
| | - Nicolas Musi
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Center
for Healthy Aging, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX78229
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South
Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Mengwei Zang
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Center
for Healthy Aging, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX78229
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas
Health San Antonio, TX78229
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South
Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX 78229
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13
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Prezotto LD, Keane JA, Cupp AS, Thorson JF. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Has a Diverse Role in Energetic and Reproductive Physiological Functions of Female Beef Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3185. [PMID: 37893910 PMCID: PMC10603626 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been identified in multiple mammalian species as a molecular marker of energy metabolism while also providing negative feedback to the gonads. However, the role of FGF21 in regulating the energetic and reproductive physiology of beef heifers and cows has yet to be characterized. Herein, we investigated the temporal concentrations of FGF21 in female beef cattle from the prepubertal period to early lactation. Circulating concentrations of FGF21, non-esterified fatty acids, plasma urea nitrogen, glucose, and progesterone were assessed. Ultrasonography was employed to determine the onset of puberty and resumption of postpartum ovarian cyclicity as well as to measure backfat thickness. Finally, cows and calves underwent the weigh-suckle-weigh technique to estimate rate of milk production. We have revealed that FGF21 has an expansive role in the physiology of female beef cattle, including pubertal onset, adaptation to nutritional transition, rate of body weight gain, circulating markers of metabolism, and rate of milk production. In conclusion, FGF21 plays a role in physiological functions in beef cattle that can be applied to advance the understanding of basic scientific processes governing the nutritional regulation of reproductive function but also provides a novel means for beef cattle producers to select parameters of financial interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia D. Prezotto
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 3940 Fair Street, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA; (L.D.P.); (J.A.K.); (A.S.C.)
| | - Jessica A. Keane
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 3940 Fair Street, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA; (L.D.P.); (J.A.K.); (A.S.C.)
| | - Andrea S. Cupp
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 3940 Fair Street, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA; (L.D.P.); (J.A.K.); (A.S.C.)
| | - Jennifer F. Thorson
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, NE 68933-0166, USA
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14
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Otani Y, Nozaki Y, Mizunoe Y, Kobayashi M, Higami Y. Effect of mitochondrial quantity and quality controls in white adipose tissue on healthy lifespan: Essential roles of GH/IGF-1-independent pathways in caloric restriction-mediated metabolic remodeling. Pathol Int 2023; 73:479-489. [PMID: 37606202 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Long-term caloric restriction is a conventional and reproducible dietary intervention to improve whole body metabolism, suppress age-related pathophysiology, and extend lifespan. The beneficial actions of caloric restriction are widely accepted to be regulated in both growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1-dependent and -independent manners. Although growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1-dependent regulatory mechanisms are well described, those occurring independent of growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1 are poorly understood. In this review, we focus on molecular mechanisms of caloric restriction regulated in a growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1-independent manner. Caloric restriction increases mitochondrial quantity and improves mitochondrial quality by activating an axis involving sterol regulatory element binding protein-c/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α/mitochondrial intermediate peptidase in a growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1-independent manner, particularly in white adipose tissue. Fibroblast growth factor 21 is also involved in this axis. Moreover, the axis may be regulated by lower leptin signaling. Thus, caloric restriction appears to induce beneficial actions partially by regulating mitochondrial quantity and quality in white adipose tissue in a growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1-independent manner.
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Grants
- Fostering Joint International Research (B) / 20KK0 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) / 17H0217 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) / 20H0413 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuina Otani
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuka Nozaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuhei Mizunoe
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Human Life Innovation, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Higami
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
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15
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Rao Y, Li SL, Li MJ, Wang BZ, Wang YY, Liang LW, Yu S, Liu ZP, Cui S, Gou KM. Transgenic mice producing the trans 10, cis 12-conjugated linoleic acid present reduced adiposity and increased thermogenesis and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). J Nutr Biochem 2023; 120:109419. [PMID: 37487823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Trans 10, cis 12-conjugated linoleic acid (t10c12-CLA) from ruminant-derived foodstuffs can induce body fat loss after oral administration. In the current study, a transgenic mouse that produced t10c12-CLA had been generated by inserting the Propionibacterium acnes isomerase (Pai) expression cassette into the Rosa26 locus, and its male offspring were used to elucidate the enduring influence of t10c12-CLA on overall health. Compared to their wild-type (wt) C57BL/6J littermates, both biallelic Pai/Pai and monoallelic Pai/wt mice exhibited reduced plasma triglycerides levels, and Pai/wt mice exclusively showed increased serum fibroblast growth factor 21. Further analysis of Pai/Pai mice found a decrease in white fat and an increase in brown fat, with more heat release and less physical activity. Analysis of Pai/Pai brown adipose tissues revealed that hyperthermia was associated with the over-expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B, uncoupling proteins 1 and 2. These findings suggest that the systemic and long-term impact of t10c12-CLA on obesity might be mediated through the pathway of fibroblast growth factor 21 when low doses are administered or through enhanced thermogenesis of brown adipose tissues when high doses are employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Rao
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Department of Experimental Zoology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Experimental Zoology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Institute of Reproduction and Metabolism, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Li Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mei-Juan Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Bao-Zhu Wang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Department of Experimental Zoology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yang-Yang Wang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Department of Experimental Zoology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lu-Wen Liang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Department of Experimental Zoology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Yu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Department of Experimental Zoology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zong-Ping Liu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Department of Experimental Zoology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Cui
- Institute of Reproduction and Metabolism, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ke-Mian Gou
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Department of Experimental Zoology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Experimental Zoology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Institute of Reproduction and Metabolism, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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16
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Li M, Jiang LQ, Zhang MY, Liu SS, Sawh RRR, Zheng J, Yan Y, Hou SM, Lu KQ, Thorne O, Liu BC, Qian Q, Wu YF, Yang M, Wang B. Elevated serum FGF21 is an independent predictor for adverse events in hemodialysis patients from two large centers: a prospective cohort study. Ren Fail 2023; 45:2256414. [PMID: 37724523 PMCID: PMC10512844 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2023.2256414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: We explored the relationship and the predictive value of serum fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) with all-cause mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and pneumonia in hemodialysis (HD) patients.Methods: A total of 388 Chinese HD patients from two HD centers were finally enrolled in this prospective cohort study (registration number: ChiCTR 1900028249) between January 2018 and December 2018. Serum FGF21 was detected. Patients were followed up with a median period of 47 months to record the MACEs and pneumonia until death or 31 December 2022.Results: The incidence of all-cause mortality, MACEs and pneumonia in HD patients were 20.6%, 29.6%, and 34.8%, respectively. The optimal cutoffs for FGF21 to predict all-cause mortality, MACEs and pneumonia were 437.57 pg/mL, 216.99 pg/mL and 112.79 pg/mL. Multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that FGF21, as a categorical variable, was an independent predictor for all-cause mortality, MACEs and pneumonia (HR, 3.357, 95% CI, 2.128-5.295, p < 0.001; HR, 1.575, 95% CI, 1.046-2.371, p = 0.029; HR, 1.784; 95% CI, 1.124-2.830; p = 0.014, respectively). The survival nomogram, MACEs-free survival nomogram and pneumonia-free survival nomogram based on FGF21 constructed for individualized assessment of HD patients had a high C-index with 0.841, 0.706 and 0.734.Conclusion: Higher serum FGF21 is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality, MACEs and pneumonia in HD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Nephrology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Li-qiong Jiang
- Institute of Nephrology, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Meng-yu Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Shu-su Liu
- Department of Nephrology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | | | - Jing Zheng
- Institute of Nephrology, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Yan
- Institute of Nephrology, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Shi-mei Hou
- Institute of Nephrology, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke-qi Lu
- Institute of Nephrology, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Obadele Thorne
- Department of Nephrology, Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Bi-cheng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yan-feng Wu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Nephrology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Nephrology, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
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Takebe N, Hasegawa Y, Matsushita Y, Chiba H, Onodera K, Kinno H, Oda T, Nagasawa K, Segawa T, Takahashi Y, Okada K, Ishigaki Y. Association of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and fibroblastic growth factor 21 in 3 groups of type 2 diabetes: Without overweight/obesity, free of insulin resistance, and without hepatosteatosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34797. [PMID: 37657012 PMCID: PMC10476825 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological effects of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), leading to beneficial metabolic outcomes, have been extensively revealed in recent decades. Significantly elevated serum levels of FGF21 in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are referred to as FGF21 resistance. However, Asian population tend to develop metabolic disorders at a lesser degree of obesity than those of Western. This study aimed to explore factors potentially related to serum FGF21 according to the severity of metabolic disorders in patients with T2DM. This cross-sectional study included 176 T2DM patients. The patients were categorized according to whether they had hepatic steatosis (fatty liver index [FLI] ≥ 60), insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-R] ≥ median), and/or overweight/obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 25.0 kg/m2). Independent predictors of serum FGF21 were determined using multiple linear regression analysis in these 3 groups of T2DM patients. Circulating FGF21 levels were correlated positively with BMI, abdominal fat areas, leptin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). After adjustment for potential confounders, multiple linear regression analysis identified leptin as a factor strongly associated with serum FGF21 levels in all patients. Moreover, PAI-1 was a significant predictor of FGF21 in those with FLI < 60, BMI < 25.0 kg/m2, and HOMA-R < median, while leptin was the only independent factor in each of their counterparts. The factors related to serum FGF21 differ according to the severity of metabolic disorders. FGF21 appears to be independently associated with PAI-1 in T2DM patients: without overweight/obesity, those free of insulin resistance, and those without hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Takebe
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hasegawa
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yuriko Matsushita
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hiraku Chiba
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | - Ken Onodera
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kinno
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Oda
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kan Nagasawa
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | - Toshie Segawa
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Takahashi
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kenta Okada
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishigaki
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
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18
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Li L, Wang H, Pang S, Wang L, Fan Z, Ma C, Yang S, Banda J, Hui Q, Lv F, Fan H, Huang T, Zhang X, Wang X. rhFGF-21 accelerates corneal epithelial wound healing through the attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators in diabetic mice. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105127. [PMID: 37544647 PMCID: PMC10481360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic keratopathy, commonly associated with a hyperactive inflammatory response, is one of the most common eye complications of diabetes. The peptide hormone fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, whether administration of recombinant human (rh) FGF-21 can potentially regulate diabetic keratopathy is still unknown. Therefore, in this work, we investigated the role of rhFGF-21 in the modulation of corneal epithelial wound healing, the inflammation response, and oxidative stress using type 1 diabetic mice and high glucose-treated human corneal epithelial cells. Our experimental results indicated that the application of rhFGF-21 contributed to the enhancement of epithelial wound healing. This treatment also led to advancements in tear production and reduction in corneal edema. Moreover, there was a notable reduction in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, IFN-γ, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in both diabetic mouse corneal epithelium and human corneal epithelial cells treated with high glucose. Furthermore, we found rhFGF-21 treatment inhibited reactive oxygen species production and increased levels of anti-inflammatory molecules IL-10 and SOD-1, which suggests that FGF-21 has a protective role in diabetic corneal epithelial healing by increasing the antioxidant capacity and reducing the release of inflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinases. Therefore, we propose that administration of FGF-21 may represent a potential treatment for diabetic keratopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Li
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China; Department of Pharmacy, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huan Wang
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China; Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Development of Growth Factors, Collaborative Biomedical Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shucai Pang
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China; Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Development of Growth Factors, Collaborative Biomedical Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liangshun Wang
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhengkai Fan
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chunyu Ma
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shufen Yang
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Joshua Banda
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qi Hui
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fangyi Lv
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haibing Fan
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tongzhou Huang
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China; Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Development of Growth Factors, Collaborative Biomedical Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaobi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China; Department of Pharmacy, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Development of Growth Factors, Collaborative Biomedical Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China; Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Wenzhou, China.
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Lee CH, Lui DTW, Cheung CYY, Fong CHY, Yuen MMA, Woo YC, Chow WS, Wong IYH, Xu A, Lam KSL. Circulating AFABP, FGF21, and PEDF Levels as Prognostic Biomarkers of Sight-threatening Diabetic Retinopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:e799-e806. [PMID: 36856742 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (AFABP), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) are 3 diabetes-related biomarkers whose circulating levels had been shown to associate with nephropathy progression in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE Here, we evaluated and compared their prospective associations with the development of sight-threatening DR (STDR), another important diabetic microvascular complication. METHODS Baseline serum AFABP, PEDF, and FGF21 levels were measured in 4760 Chinese individuals with type 2 diabetes and without STDR at baseline. The associations of these biomarkers with incident STDR were analyzed using Cox regression analysis. RESULTS Among these 4760 participants (mean diabetes duration of 11 years and ≥ 50% with nonproliferative DR at baseline), 172 participants developed STDR over a median follow-up of 8.8 years. Participants with incident STDR had comparable baseline serum FGF21 levels but significantly higher baseline serum AFABP and PEDF levels (both P < .001) than those without. However, in multivariable Cox regression analysis, only serum AFABP remained independently associated with incident STDR (hazard ratio 1.28; 95% CI, 1.05-1.55; P = .013). The addition of serum AFABP to a clinical model of conventional STDR risk factors including diabetes duration, glycemic control, albuminuria, and baseline DR status significantly improved the c statistics (P < .001), net reclassification index (P = .0027), and integrated discrimination index (P = .033) in predicting incident STDR among participants without DR or with mild DR at baseline. CONCLUSION Among the 3 diabetes-related biomarkers, serum AFABP level appeared to be a more clinically useful biomarker for predicting incident STDR in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ho Lee
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - David Tak-Wai Lui
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Chloe Yu-Yan Cheung
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Carol Ho-Yi Fong
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Michele Mae-Ann Yuen
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yu-Cho Woo
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Wing-Sun Chow
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ian Yat-Hin Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Karen Siu-Ling Lam
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Xia J, Zhu Z, Wen G, Chen Y, An R, Xia S, Guan W, Ren H. Aberrant acetylated modification of FGF21‑KLB signaling contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis through the β‑catenin pathway. Int J Oncol 2023; 63:91. [PMID: 37350415 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2023.5539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
β‑Klotho (KLB) is a vital element of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor complex and acts as a co‑receptor to facilitate the binding of FGF19 and FGF21 to the FGFRs on the target cells. The present study aimed to determine the contribution of FGF21‑KLB signaling to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis. KLB expression was measured in HCC tissues and cell lines using western blot and reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR. Furthermore, the proliferation, apoptosis and metastasis capacity of KLB‑knockdown Huh7 cells (human HCC cell line) were assessed by Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay, 5‑ethynyl‑2'‑deoxyuridine assay, flow cytometry, wound‑healing assay and Transwell assay. Enrichment analysis was used to explore the underlying regulatory mechanisms of KLB. The metastasis potential of human HCC cells in the context of FGF21 with or without KLB inhibition was determined in vitro and in vivo. Acetylated modification of KLB was determined using a co‑immunoprecipitation assay. The results indicated a significant upregulation of KLB in HCC tissues compared with the corresponding normal tissues. In addition, KLB expression was closely associated with HCC metastasis. Migration and invasion assays revealed that KLB knockdown promoted the metastatic capability of HCC cells. Gene set variation analysis and subsequent mechanistic investigations revealed that KLB is the upstream regulatory factor of β‑catenin signaling. Furthermore, FGF21 was indicated to suppress HCC metastasis by inhibiting β‑catenin signaling‑driven epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT), while KLB knockdown and simultaneous FGF21 overexpression promoted HCC cell motility. Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) was further characterized as the potential deacetylase for KLB. Furthermore, the results revealed that HDAC3 inhibitor‑mediated acetylated modification led to KLB inactivation, resulting in the blockade of FGF21‑KLB signaling, which further triggered the expression of EMT induction‑related genes in Huh7 cells. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that aberrant acetylated modification of KLB inhibited FGF21‑KLB signaling, thereby promoting β‑catenin signaling‑driven EMT and HCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkun Xia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Zhengyi Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Gaolin Wen
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Yuyan Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Ran An
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Senzhe Xia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Wenxian Guan
- Hepatobiliary Institute, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Haozhen Ren
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
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Elshinshawy S, Elhaddad H, Abdel Alem S, Shaker O, Salam R, Yosry A, Elebrashy I. The Interrelation Between Hypothyroidism and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, a Cross-sectional Study. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2023; 13:638-648. [PMID: 37440948 PMCID: PMC10333950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid hormones play an important role in the regulation of diverse metabolic processes and might play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, their association remains controversial. Therefore, our aim is to clarify whether overt or subclinical hypothyroidism was associated with NAFLD. Methods This cross-sectional study included 60 participants with a new diagnosis of hypothyroidism and 30 age- and gender-matched healthy participants with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level <4.5 mIU/L. Anthropometric measurements, laboratory parameters, plasma fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), and hepatic steatosis diagnosed via controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) using transient elastography between the hypothyroid groups and control group were analyzed. Results Participants with hypothyroidism displayed significantly higher serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transferase, total cholestrol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TSH, hemoglobin A1c, fasting insulin, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) but significantly lower serum albumin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and free thyroxine levels than the control group (P = <0.001). The CAP values were significantly higher in participants with overt and subclinical hypothyroidism than the control group (P = <0.001). The only significant independent predictors of steatosis in our study were free T4, body mass index, and HOMA-IR after using multivariate logistic regression. The mean serum FGF21 levels were increased in hypothyroid participants with hepatic steatosis than those without hepatic steatosis (126.9 ± 272.6) pg/ml vs. (106.8 ± 138.7) pg/ml, P = 0.8). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that FGF21 was not a significant marker for hepatic steatosis in hypothyroid participants (area under curve (AUC) = 0.44, P = 0.54). Conclusion Individuals with subclinical or overt hypothyroidism were more likely to have NAFLD than those with normal thyroid function. Serum FGF21 levels were increased in hypothyroid individuals and its role as a marker of hepatic steatosis in hypothyroid individuals needs further assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Elshinshawy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Hemmat Elhaddad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Shereen Abdel Alem
- Endemic Medicine and Hepatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Olfat Shaker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Randa Salam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Ayman Yosry
- Endemic Medicine and Hepatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Elebrashy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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Kannangara H, Cullen L, Miyashita S, Korkmaz F, Macdonald A, Gumerova A, Witztum R, Moldavski O, Sims S, Burgess J, Frolinger T, Latif R, Ginzburg Y, Lizneva D, Goosens K, Davies TF, Yuen T, Zaidi M, Ryu V. Emerging roles of brain tanycytes in regulating blood-hypothalamus barrier plasticity and energy homeostasis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1525:61-69. [PMID: 37199228 PMCID: PMC10524199 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal changes in food intake and adiposity in many animal species are triggered by changes in the photoperiod. These latter changes are faithfully transduced into a biochemical signal by melatonin secreted by the pineal gland. Seasonal variations, encoded by melatonin, are integrated by third ventricular tanycytes of the mediobasal hypothalamus through the detection of the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) released from the pars tuberalis. The mediobasal hypothalamus is a critical brain region that maintains energy homeostasis by acting as an interface between the neural networks of the central nervous system and the periphery to control metabolic functions, including ingestive behavior, energy homeostasis, and reproduction. Among the cells involved in the regulation of energy balance and the blood-hypothalamus barrier (BHB) plasticity are tanycytes. Increasing evidence suggests that anterior pituitary hormones, specifically TSH, traditionally considered to have unitary functions in targeting single endocrine sites, display actions on multiple somatic tissues and central neurons. Notably, modulation of tanycytic TSH receptors seems critical for BHB plasticity in relation to energy homeostasis, but this needs to be proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasni Kannangara
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Liam Cullen
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Sari Miyashita
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Funda Korkmaz
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Anne Macdonald
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Anisa Gumerova
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Ronit Witztum
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Ofer Moldavski
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Steven Sims
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Jocoll Burgess
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Tal Frolinger
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Rauf Latif
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Yelena Ginzburg
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Daria Lizneva
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Ki Goosens
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Terry F. Davies
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Tony Yuen
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Mone Zaidi
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Vitaly Ryu
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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23
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Houshmand M, Zeinali V, Hosseini A, Seifi A, Danaei B, Kamfar S. Investigation of FGF21 mRNA levels and relative mitochondrial DNA copy number levels and their relation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a case-control study. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1203019. [PMID: 37347041 PMCID: PMC10279952 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1203019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Although the exact mechanisms of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are not fully understood, numerous pieces of evidence show that the variations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) level and hepatic Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) expression may be related to NAFLD susceptibility. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to determine relative levels of mtDNA copy number and hepatic FGF21 expression in a cohort of Iranian NAFLD patients and evaluate the possible relationship. Methods: This study included 27 NAFLD patients (10 with nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and 17 with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)) and ten healthy subjects. Total RNA and genomic DNA were extracted from liver tissue samples, and then mtDNA copy number and FGF21 expression levels were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. Results: The relative level of hepatic mtDNA copy number was 3.9-fold higher in patients than in controls (p < 0.0001). NAFLD patients showed a 2.9-fold increase in hepatic FGF21 expression compared to controls (p < 0.013). Results showed that hepatic FGF21 expression was positively correlated with BMI, serum ALT, and AST levels (p < 0.05). The level of mitochondrial copy number and hepatic FGF21 expression was not significantly associated with stages of change in hepatic steatosis. Finally, there was a significant correlation between FGF21 expression and mitochondrial copy number in NAFLD patients (p = 0.027). Conclusion: Our findings suggest a considerable rise of hepatic FGF21 mRNA levels and mtDNA-CN and show a positive correlation between them in the liver tissue of NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massoud Houshmand
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahide Zeinali
- Research Institute for Children’s Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Hosseini
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Research Center, Research Institute for Children’s Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atena Seifi
- Pediatric Nephrology Research Center, Research Institute for Children’s Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bardia Danaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharareh Kamfar
- Pediatric Congenital Hematologic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Children’s Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Dolly A, Pötgens SA, Thibaut MM, Neyrinck AM, de Castro GS, Galbert C, Lefevre C, Wyart E, Gomes SP, Gonçalves DC, Lanthier N, Baldin P, Huot JR, Bonetto A, Seelaender M, Delzenne NM, Sokol H, Bindels LB. Impairment of aryl hydrocarbon receptor signalling promotes hepatic disorders in cancer cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:1569-1582. [PMID: 37127348 PMCID: PMC10235873 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is expressed in the intestine and liver, where it has pleiotropic functions and target genes. This study aims to explore the potential implication of AHR in cancer cachexia, an inflammatory and metabolic syndrome contributing to cancer death. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that targeting AHR can alleviate cachectic features, particularly through the gut-liver axis. METHODS AHR pathways were explored in multiple tissues from four experimental mouse models of cancer cachexia (C26, BaF3, MC38 and APCMin/+ ) and from non-cachectic mice (sham-injected mice and non-cachexia-inducing [NC26] tumour-bearing mice), as well as in liver biopsies from cancer patients. Cachectic mice were treated with an AHR agonist (6-formylindolo(3,2-b)carbazole [FICZ]) or an antibody neutralizing interleukin-6 (IL-6). Key mechanisms were validated in vitro on HepG2 cells. RESULTS AHR activation, reflected by the expression of Cyp1a1 and Cyp1a2, two major AHR target genes, was deeply reduced in all models (C26 and BaF3, P < 0.001; MC38 and APCMin/+ , P < 0.05) independently of anorexia. This reduction occurred early in the liver (P < 0.001; before the onset of cachexia), compared to the ileum and skeletal muscle (P < 0.01; pre-cachexia stage), and was intrinsically related to cachexia (C26 vs. NC26, P < 0.001). We demonstrate a differential modulation of AHR activation in the liver (through the IL-6/hypoxia-inducing factor 1α pathway) compared to the ileum (attributed to the decreased levels of indolic AHR ligands, P < 0.001), and the muscle. In cachectic mice, FICZ treatment reduced hepatic inflammation: expression of cytokines (Ccl2, P = 0.005; Cxcl2, P = 0.018; Il1b, P = 0.088) with similar trends at the protein levels, expression of genes involved in the acute-phase response (Apcs, P = 0.040; Saa1, P = 0.002; Saa2, P = 0.039; Alb, P = 0.003), macrophage activation (Cd68, P = 0.038) and extracellular matrix remodelling (Fga, P = 0.008; Pcolce, P = 0.025; Timp1, P = 0.003). We observed a decrease in blood glucose in cachectic mice (P < 0.0001), which was also improved by FICZ treatment (P = 0.026) through hepatic transcriptional promotion of a key marker of gluconeogenesis, namely, G6pc (C26 vs. C26 + FICZ, P = 0.029). Strikingly, these benefits on glycaemic disorders occurred independently of an amelioration of the gut barrier dysfunction. In cancer patients, the hepatic expression of G6pc was correlated to Cyp1a1 (Spearman's ρ = 0.52, P = 0.089) and Cyp1a2 (Spearman's ρ = 0.67, P = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS With this set of studies, we demonstrate that impairment of AHR signalling contributes to hepatic inflammatory and metabolic disorders characterizing cancer cachexia, paving the way for innovative therapeutic strategies in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Dolly
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research InstituteUCLouvain, Université catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Sarah A. Pötgens
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research InstituteUCLouvain, Université catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Morgane M. Thibaut
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research InstituteUCLouvain, Université catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Audrey M. Neyrinck
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research InstituteUCLouvain, Université catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Gabriela S. de Castro
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Surgery, LIM26 HC‐USPUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências BiomédicasUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Chloé Galbert
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint‐Antoine, CRSA, AP‐HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology DepartmentParisFrance
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHUParisFrance
| | - Camille Lefevre
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research InstituteUCLouvain, Université catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Elisabeth Wyart
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology CenterUniversity of TorinoTurinItaly
| | - Silvio P. Gomes
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina VeterinariaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Nicolas Lanthier
- Service d'Hépato‐Gastroentérologie, Cliniques universitaires Saint‐LucUCLouvainBrusselsBelgium
- Laboratory of Hepatogastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et CliniqueUCLouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Pamela Baldin
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint‐LucUCLouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Joshua R. Huot
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & PhysiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Andrea Bonetto
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
| | - Marília Seelaender
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Surgery, LIM26 HC‐USPUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Nathalie M. Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research InstituteUCLouvain, Université catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Harry Sokol
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint‐Antoine, CRSA, AP‐HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology DepartmentParisFrance
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHUParisFrance
- INRAE, UMR1319 Micalis and AgroParisTechJouy‐en‐JosasFrance
| | - Laure B. Bindels
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research InstituteUCLouvain, Université catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
- WELBIO DepartmentWEL Research InstituteWavreBelgium
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Li X, Zheng K, Gu W, Hou X, Guan Y, Liu L, Hou L, Geng J, Song G. Serum Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Level After an Oral Fat Tolerance Test is Related to Postprandial Free Fatty Acid Level. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:1567-1576. [PMID: 37283621 PMCID: PMC10241254 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s410457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The relationship between blood lipids and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 in the postprandial period remains unclear. To investigate this, we observed the changes in blood lipid levels after an oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) and examined the short-term effects on FGF21. Patients and Methods A total of 158 non-diabetic adult volunteers who underwent OFTT were randomly recruited from the Hebei General Hospital. Participants were stratified into three groups according to fasting and 4-h postprandial triglyceride levels: normal fat tolerance (NFT), impaired fat tolerance (IFT), and hypertriglyceridemia (HTG). Blood samples were collected at 2-h intervals for 6 h. Circulating total cholesterol levels, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, free fatty acids (FFA), and FGF21 were assessed. Results Fasting FGF21 levels increased progressively in the NFT, IFT, and HTG groups and were strongly correlated with FFA levels (r = 0.531, P < 0.001). During the OFTT, the FFA and FGF21 levels decreased and then increased after reaching a nadir at 2 and 4 h, respectively. After adjusting for potential risk factors, the FFA incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was an independent influencing factor of FGF21 iAUC (P = 0.005). Conclusion Fasting FGF21 levels showed a strong positive correlation with FFA. During OFTT, changes in FGF21 levels were closely associated with alterations in FFA exogenously changed by OFTT. Moreover, they were linearly related to each other. Therefore, the serum FGF21 level is positively correlated to the FFA level in the postprandial period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Harrison International Peace Hospital, Hengshui, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kunjie Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Harrison International Peace Hospital, Hengshui, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Harrison International Peace Hospital, Hengshui, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Hou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Guan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lifang Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liping Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Harrison International Peace Hospital, Hengshui, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianlin Geng
- Department of Endocrinology, Harrison International Peace Hospital, Hengshui, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangyao Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
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Zheng W, Li W, Zeng Y, Yuan H, Yang H, Chen R, Zhu A, Wu J, Song Z, Yan W. Endogenous FGF21 attenuates blood-brain barrier disruption in penumbra after delayed recanalization in MCAO rats through FGFR1/PI3K/Akt pathway. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2023; 48:648-662. [PMID: 37539567 PMCID: PMC10930414 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2023.220380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Restoration of blood circulation within "time window" is the principal treating goal for treating acute ischemic stroke. Previous studies revealed that delayed recanalization might cause serious ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, plenty of evidences showed delayed recanalization improved neurological outcomes in acute ischemic stroke. This study aims to explore the role of delayed recanalization on blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the penumbra (surrounding ischemic core) and neurological outcomes after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). METHODS Recanalization was performed on the 3rd day after MCAO. BBB disruption was tested by Western blotting, Evans blue dye, and immunofluorescence staining. Infarct volume and neurological outcomes were evaluated on the 7th day after MCAO. The expression of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), and serine/threonine kinase (Akt) in the penumbra were observed by immunofluorescence staining and/or Western blotting. RESULTS The extraversion of Evans blue, IgG, and albumin increased surrounding ischemic core after MCAO, but significantly decreased after recanalization. The expression of Claudin-5, Occludin, and zona occludens 1 (ZO-1) decreased surrounding ischemic core after MCAO, but significantly increased after recanalization. Infarct volume reduced and neurological outcomes improved following recanalization (on the 7th day after MCAO). The expressions of Claudin-5, Occludin, and ZO-1 decreased surrounding ischemic core following MCAO, which were up-regulated corresponding to the increases of FGF21, p-FGFR1, PI3K, and p-Akt after recanalization. Intra-cerebroventricular injection of FGFR1 inhibitor SU5402 down-regulated the expression of PI3K, p-Akt, Occludin, Claudin-5, and ZO-1 in the penumbra, which weakened the beneficial effects of recanalization on neurological outcomes after MCAO. CONCLUSIONS Delayed recanalization on the 3rd day after MCAO increases endogenous FGF21 in the penumbra and activates FGFR1/PI3K/Akt pathway, which attenuates BBB disruption in the penumbra and improves neurobehavior in MCAO rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013.
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013
| | - Yini Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013
| | - Hui Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013
| | - Heng Yang
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013
| | - Ru Chen
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013
| | - Anding Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013
| | - Jinze Wu
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013
| | - Zhi Song
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013
| | - Wenguang Yan
- Department of Rihabilitation Medicine, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
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Brodosi L, Petroni ML, Marchesini G. Looking ahead to potential incretin combination therapies for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in patients with diabetes. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2023; 24:989-1000. [PMID: 37114459 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2023.2208746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are no drugs approved by regulatory agencies for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); incretin combination therapies are being developed for treatment of type 2 diabetes and research has moved to test their usefulness in NAFLD. AREAS COVERED We reviewed the literature on the effectiveness of dual and triple peptides combining receptor agonists of the glucagon-like peptide 1, the glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, and glucagon to treat NAFLD and its associated metabolic diseases, and/or the cardiovascular risk intimately connected with the cluster of the metabolic syndrome. Other combination peptides involved the glucagon-like peptide 2 receptor, the fibroblast growth factor 21, the cholecystokinin receptor 2, and the amylin receptor. EXPERT OPINION Both dual and triple agonists are promising, based on animal, pharmacokinetic and proof-of concept studies, showing effectiveness both in the presence and the absence of diabetes on a few validated surrogate NAFLD biomarkers, but the majority of studies are still in progress. Considering the long natural history of NAFLD, final proof of their efficacy on primary clinical liver outcomes might be also derived from the analysis of large databases of National Healthcare Systems or Insurance companies, when used in diabetes for improving glycemic control, after careful propensity-score matching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Brodosi
- IRCCS-Azienda Ospedaliera di Bologna Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Via Massarenti 9, I-40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Petroni
- IRCCS-Azienda Ospedaliera di Bologna Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Via Massarenti 9, I-40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulio Marchesini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, I-40138 Bologna, Italy
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28
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Liu L, Li F, Shao T, Zhang L, Lee J, Dryden G, McClain CJ, Zhao C, Feng W. FGF21 Depletion Attenuates Colitis through Intestinal Epithelial IL-22-STAT3 Activation in Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:2086. [PMID: 37432218 PMCID: PMC10181108 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a glucose and lipid metabolic regulator. Recent research revealed that FGF21 was also induced by inflammatory stimuli. Its role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has not been investigated. In this study, an experimental IBD model was established in FGF21 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice by adding 2.5% (wt/vol) dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to their drinking water for 7 days. The severity of the colitis and the inflammation of the mouse colon tissues were analyzed. In WT mice, acute DSS treatment induced an elevation in plasma FGF21 and a significant loss of body weight in a time-dependent manner. Surprisingly, the loss of body weight and the severity of the colitis induced by DSS treatment in WT mice were significantly attenuated in FGF21 KO mice. Colon and circulating pro-inflammatory factors were significantly lower in the FGF21 KO mice compared to the WT mice. As shown by BrdU staining, the FGF21 KO mice demonstrated increased colonic epithelial cell proliferation. DSS treatment reduced intestinal Paneth cell and goblet cell numbers in the WT mice, and this effect was attenuated in the FGF21 KO mice. Mechanistically, FGF21 deficiency significantly increased the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 activation in intestinal epithelial cells and increased the expression of IL-22. Further study showed that the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling-2/3 (SOCS 2/3), a known feedback inhibitor of STAT3, was significantly inhibited in the DSS-treated FGF2 KO mice compared to the WT mice. We conclude that FGF21 deficiency attenuated the severity of DSS-induced acute colitis, which is likely mediated by enhancing the activation of the IL-22-STAT3 signaling pathway in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Fengyuan Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Tuo Shao
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jiyeon Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Gerald Dryden
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Craig J. McClain
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA
| | - Cuiqing Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Wenke Feng
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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29
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Wu H, Li Y, Wang Y, Yu J, Bao X, Hu M. Effect of recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 21 on the mineralization of cementoblasts and its related mechanism. Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2023; 41:140-148. [PMID: 37056179 PMCID: PMC10427260 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2023.2022375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 21 (rhFGF21) on the proliferation and mineralization of cementoblasts and its mechanism. METHODS Hematoxylin eosin, immunohistochemical staining, and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression and distribution of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in rat periodontal tissues and cementoblasts (OCCM-30), separately. Cell Counting Kit-8 was used to detect the proliferation of OCCM-30 under treatment with rhFGF21. Alkaline phosphatase staining and Alizarin Red staining were used to detect the mineralization state of OCCM-30 after 3 and 7 days of mineralization induction. The transcription and protein expression of the osteogenic-related genes Runx2 and Osterix were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot analysis. The expression levels of genes of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway in OCCM-30 were detected through PCR array analysis. RESULTS FGF21 was expressed in rat periodontal tissues and OCCM-30. Although rhFGF21 had no significant effect on the proliferation of OCCM-30, treatment with 50 ng/mL rhFGF21 could promote the mineralization of OCCM-30 cells after 7 days of mineralization induction. The transcriptional levels of Runx2 and Osterix increased significantly at 3 days of mineralization induction and decreased at 5 days of mineralization induction. Western blot analysis showed that the protein expression levels of Runx2 and Osterix increased during mineralization induction. rhFGF21 up-regulated Bmpr1b protein expression in cells. CONCLUSIONS rhFGF21 can promote the mineralization ability of OCCM-30. This effect is related to the activation of the TGFβ/BMP signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Dept. of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ying Li
- Dept. of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Dept. of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jize Yu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun 130021, China
- Dept. of Implantation, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xingfu Bao
- Dept. of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Min Hu
- Dept. of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun 130021, China
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30
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Kakoty V, Kc S, Yang CH, Dubey SK, Taliyan R. Exploring the Epigenetic Regulated Modulation of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Involvement in High-Fat Diet Associated Parkinson's Disease in Rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:725-740. [PMID: 36694924 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Imbalance in brain glucose metabolism and epigenetic modulation during the disease course of insulin resistance (IR) associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) risk remains a prime concern. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), the metabolic hormone, improves insulin sensitivity and elicits anti-diabetic properties. Chronic stress during brain IR may modulate the FGF21 expression and its dynamic release via epigenetic modifications. Metformin regulates and increases the expression of FGF21 which can be modulating in obesity, diabetes, and IR. Hence, this study was designed to investigate the FGF21 expression modulation via an epigenetic mechanism in PD and whether metformin (MF), an autophagy activator, and sodium butyrate (NaB), a pan histone deacetylase inhibitor, alone and in combination, exert any therapeutic benefit in PD pathology exacerbated by high-fat diet (HFD). Our results portray that the combination treatment with MF and NaB potentially attenuated the abnormal lipid profile and increased motor performance for the rats fed with HFD for 8 weeks followed by intrastriatal 6-hydroxy dopamine administration. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) estimations of C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1 beta and 6, and FGF21 exhibited extensive downregulation after treatment with the combination. Lastly, mRNA, western blot, histological, and cresyl violet staining depicted that the combination treatment can restore degenerated neuronal density and increase the protein level compared to the disease group. The findings from the study effectively conclude that the epigenetic mechanism involved in FGF21 mediated functional abnormalities in IR-linked PD pathology. Hence, combined treatment with MF and NaB may prove to be a novel combination in ameliorating IR-associated PD in rats, probably via the upregulation of FGF21 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violina Kakoty
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India.,Neuropsychopharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Sarathlal Kc
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India.,Neuropsychopharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Chih-Hao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | | | - Rajeev Taliyan
- Neuropsychopharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
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Yang L, Nao J. Focus on Alzheimer's Disease: The Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and Autophagy. Neuroscience 2023; 511:13-28. [PMID: 36372296 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a disorder of the central nervous system that is typically marked by progressive cognitive impairment and memory loss. Amyloid β plaque deposition and neurofibrillary tangles with hyperphosphorylated tau are the two hallmark pathologies of AD. In mammalian cells, autophagy clears aberrant protein aggregates, thus maintaining proteostasis as well as neuronal health. Autophagy affects production and metabolism of amyloid β and accumulation of phosphorylated tau proteins, whose malfunction can lead to the progression of AD. On the other hand, defective autophagy has been found to induce the production of the neuroprotective factor fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), although the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this review, we highlight the significance of aberrant autophagy in the pathogenesis of AD, discuss the possible mechanisms by which defective autophagy induces FGF21 production, and analyze the potential of FGF21 in the treatment of AD. The findings provide some insights into the potential role of FGF21 and autophagy in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Jianfei Nao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
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Wang K, Zhang Y, Zhou M, Du Y, Li P, Guan C, Huang Z. HDAC Inhibitors Alleviate Uric Acid-Induced Vascular Endothelial Cell Injury by Way of the HDAC6/FGF21/PI3K/AKT Pathway. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2023; 81:150-64. [PMID: 36607630 DOI: 10.1097/FJC.0000000000001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Uric acid (UA) accumulation triggers endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) plays a vital role in regulating the pathological processes of various diseases. However, the influence of HDAC inhibitor on UA-induced vascular endothelial cell injury (VECI) remains undefined. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effect of HDACs inhibition on UA-induced vascular endothelial cell dysfunction and its detailed mechanism. UA was used to induce human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) injury. Meanwhile, potassium oxonate-induced and hypoxanthine-induced hyperuricemia mouse models were also constructed. A broad-spectrum HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) or selective HDAC6 inhibitor TubastatinA (TubA) was given to HUVECs or mice to determine whether HDACs can affect UA-induced VECI. The results showed pretreatment of HUVECs with TSA or HDAC6 knockdown-attenuated UA-induced VECI and increased FGF21 expression and phosphorylation of AKT, eNOS, and FoxO3a. These effects could be reversed by FGF21 knockdown. In vivo, both TSA and TubA reduced inflammation and tissue injury while increased FGF21 expression and phosphorylation of AKT, eNOS, and FoxO3a in the aortic and renal tissues of hyperuricemia mice. Therefore, HDACs, especially HDAC6 inhibitor, alleviated UA-induced VECI through upregulating FGF21 expression and then activating the PI3K/AKT pathway. This suggests that HDAC6 may serve as a novel therapeutic target for treating UA-induced endothelial dysfunction.
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Garay Guerrero J, Ishida E, Shibusawa N, Lei X, Yamada S, Horiguchi K, Yamada M. Role of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone in Regulating Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 in Mouse Pancreatic β Cells. Thyroid 2023; 33:251-260. [PMID: 36333931 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2022.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is primarily produced in the hypothalamus and regulates the thyrotropin secretion from the pituitary. TRH is distributed ubiquitously in the extrahypothalamic region, especially in pancreatic islets, while its physiological role remains nebulous. We have previously established a TRH-deficient mouse model, and showed impaired glucose tolerance and downregulated expression of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in islets. Recent studies have demonstrated the physiological roles of pancreatic FGF21. Therefore, in this study, we elucidate the direct functions of TRH in pancreatic islets via the regulation of FGF21. Methods: To explore the functions of TRH in pancreatic islets, a microarray analysis using isolated islets from TRH-knockout mice was conducted. The regulatory mechanism of TRH in pancreatic FGF21 was investigated using islet cell lines; reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to determine the mRNA and protein expression levels of FGF21 in pancreatic islets and islet cell lines. Induction of FGF21 expression by TRH treatment was examined in vitro. To identify the transcription factors binding to the region responsible for TRH-induced stimulation of the FGF21 promoter, electromobility shift assays were conducted. Results: Among the detected and considerably changed genes in microarray, FGF21 was the most consistently downregulated in TRH-deficient mice islets. FGF21 was strongly co-expressed with insulin in mouse islets, and TRH stimulated endogenous Fgf21 mRNA expression in the islet cell line βHC9. The E-box site in the FGF21 promoter was responsible for TRH-induced stimulation via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signaling pathway. The transcription factor upstream stimulatory factor 1 (USF1) could specifically bind to the E-box site. Overexpression of USF1 increased FGF21 promoter activity. Conclusion: FGF21 was transcriptionally upregulated by TRH through the ERK1/2 and USF1 pathways in pancreatic β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Garay Guerrero
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Emi Ishida
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shibusawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Xiao Lei
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Sayaka Yamada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Horiguchi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masanobu Yamada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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Ernesti I, Baratta F, Watanabe M, Risi R, Camajani E, Persichetti A, Tuccinardi D, Mariani S, Lubrano C, Genco A, Spera G, Gnessi L, Basciani S. Predictors of weight loss in patients with obesity treated with a Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1058364. [PMID: 36761216 PMCID: PMC9905243 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1058364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet (VLCKD) has emerged as a safe and effective intervention for the management of metabolic disease. Studies examining weight loss predictors are scarce and none has investigated such factors upon VLCKD treatment. Among the molecules involved in energy homeostasis and, more specifically, in metabolic changes induced by ketogenic diets, Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) is a hepatokine with physiology that is still unclear. Methods We evaluated the impact of a VLCKD on weight loss and metabolic parameters and assessed weight loss predictors, including FGF21. VLCKD is a severely restricted diet (<800 Kcal/die), characterized by a very low carbohydrate intake (<50 g/day), 1.2-1.5 g protein/kg of ideal body weight and 15-30 g of fat/day. We treated 34 patients with obesity with a VLCKD for 45 days. Anthropometric parameters, body composition, and blood and urine chemistry were measured before and after treatment. Results We found a significant improvement in body weight and composition and most metabolic parameters. Circulating FGF21 decreased significantly after the VLCKD [194.0 (137.6-284.6) to 167.8 (90.9-281.5) p < 0.001] and greater weight loss was predicted by lower baseline FGF21 (Beta = -0.410; p = 0.012), male sex (Beta = 0.472; p = 0.011), and central obesity (Beta = 0.481; p = 0.005). Discussion VLCKD is a safe and effective treatment for obesity and obesity related metabolic derangements. Men with central obesity and lower circulating FGF21 may benefit more than others in terms of weight loss obtained following this diet. Further studies investigating whether this is specific to this diet or to any caloric restriction are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Ernesti
- Surgical Endoscopy Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy,*Correspondence: Ilaria Ernesti,
| | - Francesco Baratta
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mikiko Watanabe
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Renata Risi
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Camajani
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Agnese Persichetti
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Tuccinardi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Mariani
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Lubrano
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Genco
- Surgical Endoscopy Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Spera
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucio Gnessi
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Basciani
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Liu C, Schönke M, Spoorenberg B, Lambooij JM, van der Zande HJP, Zhou E, Tushuizen ME, Andreasson AC, Park A, Oldham S, Uhrbom M, Ahlstedt I, Ikeda Y, Wallenius K, Peng XR, Guigas B, Boon MR, Wang Y, Rensen PCN. FGF21 protects against hepatic lipotoxicity and macrophage activation to attenuate fibrogenesis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. eLife 2023; 12:83075. [PMID: 36648330 PMCID: PMC9928421 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Analogues of the hepatokine fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) are in clinical development for type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) treatment. Although their glucose-lowering and insulin-sensitizing effects have been largely unraveled, the mechanisms by which they alleviate liver injury have only been scarcely addressed. Here, we aimed to unveil the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of FGF21 on NASH using APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a well-established model for human-like metabolic diseases. Liver-specific FGF21 overexpression was achieved in mice, followed by administration of a high-fat high-cholesterol diet for 23 weeks. FGF21 prevented hepatic lipotoxicity, accompanied by activation of thermogenic tissues and attenuation of adipose tissue inflammation, improvement of hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia, and upregulation of hepatic programs involved in fatty acid oxidation and cholesterol removal. Furthermore, FGF21 inhibited hepatic inflammation, as evidenced by reduced Kupffer cell (KC) activation, diminished monocyte infiltration, and lowered accumulation of monocyte-derived macrophages. Moreover, FGF21 decreased lipid- and scar-associated macrophages, which correlated with less hepatic fibrosis as demonstrated by reduced collagen accumulation. Collectively, hepatic FGF21 overexpression limits hepatic lipotoxicity, inflammation, and fibrogenesis. Mechanistically, FGF21 blocks hepatic lipid influx and accumulation through combined endocrine and autocrine signaling, respectively, which prevents KC activation and lowers the presence of lipid- and scar-associated macrophages to inhibit fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Milena Schönke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Borah Spoorenberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Joost M Lambooij
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | | | - Enchen Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Maarten E Tushuizen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Anne-Christine Andreasson
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Andrew Park
- Biologics Engineering and Targeted Delivery, Oncology R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgUnited States
| | - Stephanie Oldham
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgUnited States
| | - Martin Uhrbom
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Ingela Ahlstedt
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Biologics Engineering and Targeted Delivery, Oncology R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgUnited States
| | - Kristina Wallenius
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Xiao-Rong Peng
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Med-X institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Patrick CN Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Med-X institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
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Sun B, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Liu R, Yang W. Gene therapy targeting miR‑212‑3p exerts therapeutic effects on MAFLD similar to those of exercise. Int J Mol Med 2023; 51:16. [PMID: 36633140 PMCID: PMC9869725 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2023.5219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise is the main treatment for patients with metabolic‑associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD); however, it may be difficult for some patients to adhere to or tolerate an exercise regime. Thus, finding a treatment alternative to exercise is of particular importance. The authors have previously demonstrated that the high expression of microRNA (miRNA/miR)‑212 promotes lipogenesis in vitro. The present study aimed to explore the therapeutic potential, as well as the mechanisms of action of miR‑212 in MAFLD. The expression of miR‑212‑3p, but not that of miR‑212‑5p, was found to be significantly elevated in MAFLD and to be decreased by exercise. Compared with exercise treatment, the inhibition of miR‑212‑3p expression in a mouse model fed a high‑fat diet exerted beneficial effects on MAFLD similar to those of exercise. Conversely, the overexpression of miR‑212‑3p abolished the ameliorative effects of exercise on MAFLD. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 1 (CHD1) were identified as target genes of miR‑212‑3p in lipid metabolism using bioinformatics analysis. Mechanistically, the inhibition of miR‑212‑3p mimicked the effects of exercise on lipid metabolism by regulating FGF21, but not CHD1. The exercise‑related transcription factor, early growth response 1 (EGR1), was identified upstream of miR‑212‑3p through promoter motif analysis. EGR1 overexpression inhibited miR‑212‑3p expression. The overexpression of miR‑212‑3p abolished the effects of exercise on lipid metabolism by exogenously attenuating the transcriptional repression of EGR1. Moreover, the overexpression of miR‑212‑3p abolished the regulatory effects of EGR1 on FGF21. On the whole, the present study demonstrates that miR‑212‑3p plays a key role in the effects of exercise on MAFLD. The findings presented herein suggest a potential therapeutic effect of targeting miR‑212‑3p in MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Digestive Disease, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Digestive Disease, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Minbo Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Digestive Disease, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Ruilin Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China,Dr Ruilin Liu, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China, E-mail:
| | - Wenzhuo Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Digestive Disease, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Wenzhuo Yang, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Digestive Disease, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China, E-mail:
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Huang Z, Wang H, Chun C, Li X, Xu S, Zhao Y. Self-assembled FGF21 nanoparticles alleviate drug-induced acute liver injury. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1084799. [PMID: 36703750 PMCID: PMC9871310 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1084799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, APAP) is a common antipyretic agent and analgesic. An overdose of APAP can result in acute liver injury (ALI). Oxidative stress and inflammation are central to liver injury. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a precursor of glutathione, is used commonly in clinical settings. However, the window of NAC treatment is limited, and more efficacious alternatives must be found. Endogenous cytokines such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 can improve mitochondrial function while decreasing intracellular oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, thereby exhibiting antioxidant-like effects. In this study, self-assembled nanoparticles comprising chitosan and heparin (CH) were developed to deliver FGF21 (CH-FGF21) to achieve the sustained release of FGF21 and optimize the in vivo distribution of FGF21. CH-FGF21 attenuated the oxidative damage and intracellular inflammation caused by APAP to hepatocytes effectively. In a murine model of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, CH-FGF21 could alleviate ALI progression and promote the recovery of liver function. These findings demonstrated that a simple assembly of CH nanoparticles carrying FGF21 could be applied for the treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Huang
- Department of pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China,College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea,*Correspondence: Zhiwei Huang, ; Shihao Xu, ; Yingzheng Zhao,
| | - Hengcai Wang
- Department of pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Changju Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Xinze Li
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shihao Xu
- Department of Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China,*Correspondence: Zhiwei Huang, ; Shihao Xu, ; Yingzheng Zhao,
| | - Yingzheng Zhao
- Department of pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China,*Correspondence: Zhiwei Huang, ; Shihao Xu, ; Yingzheng Zhao,
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Brown EA, Minnich A, Sanyal AJ, Loomba R, Du S, Schwarz J, Ehman RL, Karsdal M, Leeming DJ, Cizza G, Charles ED. Effect of pegbelfermin on NASH and fibrosis-related biomarkers and correlation with histological response in the FALCON 1 trial. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100661. [PMID: 36866389 PMCID: PMC9971179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims FALCON 1 was a phase IIb study of pegbelfermin in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and stage 3 fibrosis. This FALCON 1 post hoc analysis aimed to further assess the effect of pegbelfermin on NASH-related biomarkers, correlations between histological assessments and non-invasive biomarkers, and concordance between the week 24 histologically assessed primary endpoint response and biomarkers. Methods Blood-based composite fibrosis scores, blood-based biomarkers, and imaging biomarkers were evaluated for patients with available data from FALCON 1 at baseline through week 24. SomaSignal tests assessed protein signatures of NASH steatosis, inflammation, ballooning, and fibrosis in blood. Linear mixed-effect models were fit for each biomarker. Correlations and concordance were assessed between blood-based biomarkers, imaging, and histological metrics. Results At week 24, pegbelfermin significantly improved blood-based composite fibrosis scores (ELF, FIB-4, APRI), fibrogenesis biomarkers (PRO-C3 and PC3X), adiponectin, CK-18, hepatic fat fraction measured by MRI-proton density fat fraction, and all four SomaSignal NASH component tests. Correlation analyses between histological and non-invasive measures identified four main categories: steatosis/metabolism, tissue injury, fibrosis, and biopsy-based metrics. Concordant and discordant effects of pegbelfermin on the primary endpoint vs. biomarker responses were observed; the most clear and concordant effects were on measures of liver steatosis and metabolism. A significant association between hepatic fat measured histologically and by imaging was observed in pegbelfermin arms. Conclusions Pegbelfermin improved NASH-related biomarkers most consistently through improvement of liver steatosis, though biomarkers of tissue injury/inflammation and fibrosis were also improved. Concordance analysis shows that non-invasive assessments of NASH support and exceed the improvements detected by liver biopsy, suggesting that greater consideration should be given to the totality of available data when evaluating the efficacy of NASH therapeutics. Clinical trial number Post hoc analysis of NCT03486899. Impact and implications FALCON 1 was a study of pegbelfermin vs. placebo in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) without cirrhosis; in this study, patients who responded to pegbelfermin treatment were identified through examination of liver fibrosis in tissue samples collected through biopsy. In the current analysis, non-invasive blood- and imaging-based measures of fibrosis, liver fat, and liver injury were used to determine pegbelfermin treatment response to see how they compared with the biopsy-based results. We found that many of the non-invasive tests, particularly those that measured liver fat, identified patients who responded to pegbelfermin treatment, consistent with the liver biopsy findings. These results suggest that there may be additional value in using data from non-invasive tests, along with liver biopsy, to evaluate how well patients with NASH respond to treatment.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- APRI, AST-to-platelet ratio index
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- CK-18 M30, caspase-cleaved cytokeratin 18
- ELF, enhanced liver fibrosis
- FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21
- FIB-4, fibrosis-4 index
- MRE, magnetic resonance elastography
- MRI-PDFF, MRI-proton density fat fraction
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NAS, NAFLD activity score
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- P3NP, procollagen-3 N-terminal propeptide
- PC3X, crosslinked ADAMTS-2-released N-terminal type III collagen propeptide
- PGBF, pegbelfermin
- PRO-C3, monomeric ADAMTS-2-released N-terminal type III collagen propeptide
- SomaSignal
- T2D, type 2 diabetes
- TG, triglycerides
- TIMP-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases type 1
- fibroblast growth factor 21
- liver fibrosis
- non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- precirrhotic NASH
- steatosis
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rohit Loomba
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shuyan Du
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Morten Karsdal
- Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers & Research, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | | | - Edgar D. Charles
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA,Corresponding author. Address: 3401 Princeton Pike, Princeton, NJ, USA, 08648.
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Tan H, Yue T, Chen Z, Wu W, Xu S, Weng J. Targeting FGF21 in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases: from mechanism to medicine. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:66-88. [PMID: 36594101 PMCID: PMC9760446 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.73936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular and metabolic disease (CVMD) is becoming increasingly prevalent in developed and developing countries with high morbidity and mortality. In recent years, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has attracted intensive research interest due to its purported role as a potential biomarker and critical player in CVMDs, including atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, hypoxia/reoxygenation injury, heart failure, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. This review summarizes the recent developments in investigating the role of FGF21 in CVMDs and explores the mechanism whereby FGF21 regulates the development of CVMDs. Novel molecular targets and related pathways of FGF21 (adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase, silent information regulator 1, autophagy-related molecules, and gut microbiota-related molecules) are highlighted in this review. Considering the poor pharmacokinetics and biophysical properties of native FGF21, the development of new generations of FGF21-based drugs has tremendous therapeutic potential. Related preclinical and clinical studies are also summarized in this review to foster clinical translation. Thus, our review provides a timely and insightful overview of the physiology, biomarker potential, molecular targets, and therapeutic potential of FGF21 in CVMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Tan
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Tong Yue
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Zhengfang Chen
- Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changshu No.1 People's Hospital, Changshu 215500, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weiming Wu
- Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: E-mail: ;
| | - Jianping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: E-mail: ;
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Arias-Calderón M, Casas M, Balanta-Melo J, Morales-Jiménez C, Hernández N, Llanos P, Jaimovich E, Buvinic S. Fibroblast growth factor 21 is expressed and secreted from skeletal muscle following electrical stimulation via extracellular ATP activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1059020. [PMID: 36909316 PMCID: PMC9997036 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1059020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone involved in the regulation of lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism. Although it is released mainly from the liver, in recent years it has been shown that it is a "myokine", synthesized in skeletal muscles after exercise and stress conditions through an Akt-dependent pathway and secreted for mediating autocrine and endocrine roles. To date, the molecular mechanism for the pathophysiological regulation of FGF21 production in skeletal muscle is not totally understood. We have previously demonstrated that muscle membrane depolarization controls gene expression through extracellular ATP (eATP) signaling, by a mechanism defined as "Excitation-Transcription coupling". eATP signaling regulates the expression and secretion of interleukin 6, a well-defined myokine, and activates the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. This work aimed to study the effect of electrical stimulation in the regulation of both production and secretion of skeletal muscle FGF21, through eATP signaling and PI3K/Akt pathway. Our results show that electrical stimulation increases both mRNA and protein (intracellular and secreted) levels of FGF21, dependent on an extracellular ATP signaling mechanism in skeletal muscle. Using pharmacological inhibitors, we demonstrated that FGF21 production and secretion from muscle requires the activation of the P2YR/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. These results confirm skeletal muscle as a source of FGF21 in physiological conditions and unveil a new molecular mechanism for regulating FGF21 production in this tissue. Our results will allow to identify new molecular targets to understand the regulation of FGF21 both in physiological and pathological conditions, such as exercise, aging, insulin resistance, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy, all characterized by an alteration in both FGF21 levels and ATP signaling components. These data reinforce that eATP signaling is a relevant mechanism for myokine expression in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Arias-Calderón
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariana Casas
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies CEMC, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julián Balanta-Melo
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Camilo Morales-Jiménez
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Basic Sciences of Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cali, Colombia
| | - Nadia Hernández
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Llanos
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies CEMC, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrique Jaimovich
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies CEMC, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sonja Buvinic
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies CEMC, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Sonja Buvinic,
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Gessner DK, Sandrock LM, Most E, Koch C, Ringseis R, Eder K. Performance and Metabolic, Inflammatory, and Oxidative Stress-Related Parameters in Early Lactating Dairy Cows with High and Low Hepatic FGF21 Expression. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010131. [PMID: 36611740 PMCID: PMC9817787 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of FGF21 expression in the liver and a significant increase in plasma FGF21 concentration have been demonstrated in cows during early lactation, but knowledge about the function of FGF21 in dairy cows remains limited. In order to improve the understanding of the physiological role of FGF21 in dairy cows, the present study aimed to investigate differences in metabolic pathways between dairy cows with high and low hepatic expression of FGF21 at week 1 of lactation (n = 8/group) by liver transcriptomics, targeted plasma metabolomics, and analysis of inflammatory and oxidative stress-related parameters. Dry matter intake, energy balance, milk yield, and energy-corrected milk yield at days 8−14 postpartum did not differ between cows with high and low hepatic FGF21 expression. However, cows with high FGF21 expression showed an upregulation of genes involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-dependent cytoprotection compared to cows with low FGF21 expression at week 1 postpartum (p < 0.05). Concentrations of important antioxidants (tocopherols, β-carotene, and glutathione) in the liver and plasma, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity in plasma, concentrations of oxidative stress-related compounds (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and protein carbonyls), and levels of most acute phase proteins at week 1 postpartum did not differ between cows with high or low FGF21 expression. Moreover, among a total of >200 metabolites assayed in the plasma, concentrations of only 7 metabolites were different between cows with high or low FGF21 expression (p < 0.05). Overall, the results showed that cows with high and low FGF21 hepatic expression had only moderate differences in metabolism, but FGF21 might be important in the adaptation of dairy cows to stress conditions during early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise K. Gessner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Lena M. Sandrock
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Erika Most
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Koch
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumühle, 67728 Münchweiler an der Alsenz, Germany
| | - Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-641-9939230
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42
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Chen Z, Yang L, Liu Y, Huang P, Song H, Zheng P. The potential function and clinical application of FGF21 in metabolic diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1089214. [PMID: 36618930 PMCID: PMC9810635 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1089214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As an endocrine hormone, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plays a crucial role in regulating lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism. Endogenous FGF21 is generated by multiple cell types but acts on restricted effector tissues, including the brain, adipose tissue, liver, heart, and skeletal muscle. Intervention with FGF21 in rodents or non-human primates has shown significant pharmacological effects on a range of metabolic dysfunctions, including weight loss and improvement of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Due to the poor pharmacokinetic and biophysical characteristics of native FGF21, long-acting FGF21 analogs and FGF21 receptor agonists have been developed for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction. Clinical trials of several FGF21-based drugs have been performed and shown good safety, tolerance, and efficacy. Here we review the actions of FGF21 and summarize the associated clinical trials in obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and NAFLD, to help understand and promote the development of efficient treatment for metabolic diseases via targeting FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Chen
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Teaching Experiment Center, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Song
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Peiyong Zheng, ; Haiyan Song,
| | - Peiyong Zheng
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Peiyong Zheng, ; Haiyan Song,
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Pohlhammer J, Heinzl MW, Klammer C, Feldbauer R, Rosenberger K, Resl M, Wagner T, Obendorf F, Egger‐Salmhofer M, Dieplinger B, Clodi M. Glucose and lipopolysaccharide differentially regulate fibroblast growth factor 21 in healthy male human volunteers - A prospective cross-over trial. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:5998-6005. [PMID: 36415151 PMCID: PMC9753437 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) affects the regulation of metabolism. Additionally, anti-inflammatory properties are attributed to FGF21, and studies in animals and humans show conflicting results. This study aimed to investigate how FGF21 is affected by glucose and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in humans. Therefore, FGF21 was measured eight times at different time points within 48 h in this prospective cross-over trial after glucose and LPS on two different study days. The study included ten healthy, non-smoking male subjects aged 18-40. Repeated measures analysis of variance and paired t-test as post hoc analysis were applied. The administration of glucose and LPS resulted in a significant difference in regulating FGF21 (p < 0.001). After glucose administration, FGF21 declined sharply at 360 min, with a subsequent steep increase that exceeded baseline levels. LPS induced a drop in FGF21 after 180 min, while the baseline concentrations were not reached. After 180 min and 24 h, a statistically significant difference was demonstrated after adjusting the Bonferroni-Holm method. So, our results support the hypothesis that glucose and LPS differentially affect the human expression of FGF21 over 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Pohlhammer
- Department of MedicineKonventhospital Barmherzige Brueder Linz (St. John of God Hospital Linz)LinzAustria,ICMR–Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, JKU LinzLinzAustria
| | - Matthias Wolfgang Heinzl
- Department of MedicineKonventhospital Barmherzige Brueder Linz (St. John of God Hospital Linz)LinzAustria,ICMR–Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, JKU LinzLinzAustria
| | - Carmen Klammer
- Department of MedicineKonventhospital Barmherzige Brueder Linz (St. John of God Hospital Linz)LinzAustria,ICMR–Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, JKU LinzLinzAustria
| | - Roland Feldbauer
- Department of MedicineKonventhospital Barmherzige Brueder Linz (St. John of God Hospital Linz)LinzAustria,ICMR–Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, JKU LinzLinzAustria
| | | | - Michael Resl
- Department of MedicineKonventhospital Barmherzige Brueder Linz (St. John of God Hospital Linz)LinzAustria,ICMR–Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, JKU LinzLinzAustria
| | - Thomas Wagner
- Department of MedicineKonventhospital Barmherzige Brueder Linz (St. John of God Hospital Linz)LinzAustria,ICMR–Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, JKU LinzLinzAustria
| | - Florian Obendorf
- Department of MedicineKonventhospital Barmherzige Brueder Linz (St. John of God Hospital Linz)LinzAustria,ICMR–Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, JKU LinzLinzAustria
| | - Margot Egger‐Salmhofer
- Department of Laboratory MedicineKonventhospital Barmherzige Brueder Linz and Ordensklinikum Linz Barmherzige SchwesternLinzAustria
| | - Benjamin Dieplinger
- Department of Laboratory MedicineKonventhospital Barmherzige Brueder Linz and Ordensklinikum Linz Barmherzige SchwesternLinzAustria
| | - Martin Clodi
- Department of MedicineKonventhospital Barmherzige Brueder Linz (St. John of God Hospital Linz)LinzAustria,ICMR–Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, JKU LinzLinzAustria
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Gijbels A, Schutte S, Esser D, Michielsen CCJR, Siebelink E, Mars M, Mensink M, Afman LA. Plasma FGF21 Levels Are Not Associated with Weight Loss or Improvements in Metabolic Health Markers upon 12 Weeks of Energy Restriction: Secondary Analysis of an RCT. Nutrients 2022; 14. [PMID: 36501091 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) may be a marker of metabolic health status. We performed a secondary analysis of a 12-week randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of two energy restriction (ER) diets on fasting and postprandial plasma FGF21 levels, as well as to explore correlations of plasma FGF21 with metabolic health markers, (macro)nutrient intake and sweet-taste preference. Abdominally obese subjects aged 40-70 years (n = 110) were randomized to one of two 25% ER diets (high-nutrient-quality diet or low-nutrient-quality diet) or a control group. Plasma FGF21 was measured in the fasting state and 120 min after a mixed meal. Both ER diets did not affect fasting or postprandial plasma FGF21 levels despite weight loss and accompanying health improvements. At baseline, the postprandial FGF21 response was inversely correlated to fasting plasma glucose (ρ = -0.24, p = 0.020) and insulin (ρ = -0.32, p = 0.001), HOMA-IR (ρ = -0.34, p = 0.001), visceral adipose tissue (ρ = -0.24, p = 0.046), and the liver enzyme aspartate aminotransferase (ρ = -0.23, p = 0.021). Diet-induced changes in these markers did not correlate to changes in plasma FGF21 levels upon intervention. Baseline higher habitual polysaccharide intake, but not mono- and disaccharide intake or sweet-taste preference, was related to lower fasting plasma FGF21 (p = 0.022). In conclusion, we found no clear evidence that fasting plasma FGF21 is a marker for metabolic health status. Circulating FGF21 dynamics in response to an acute nutritional challenge may reflect metabolic health status better than fasting levels.
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O'Neill LM, Phang YX, Liu Z, Lewis SA, Aljohani A, McGahee A, Wade G, Kalyesubula M, Simcox J, Ntambi JM. Hepatic Oleate Regulates Insulin-like Growth Factor-Binding Protein 1 Partially through the mTORC1-FGF21 Axis during High-Carbohydrate Feeding. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23. [PMID: 36498997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) catalyzes the rate-liming step of monounsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and is a key regulator of systemic glucose metabolism. Mice harboring either a global (GKO) or liver-specific deletion (LKO) of Scd1 display enhanced insulin signaling and whole-body glucose uptake. Additionally, GKO and LKO mice are protected from high-carbohydrate diet-induced obesity. Given that high-carbohydrate diets can lead to chronic metabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and hepatic steatosis, it is critical to understand how Scd1 deficiency confers metabolically beneficial phenotypes. Here we show that insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 (IGFBP1), a hepatokine that has been reported to enhance insulin signaling, is significantly elevated in the liver and plasma of GKO and LKO mice fed a low-fat high-carbohydrate diet. We also observed that the expression of hepatic Igfbp1 is regulated by oleic acid (18:1n9), a product of SCD1, through the mTORC1-FGF21 axis both in vivo and in vitro.
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Yan F, Yuan L, Yang F, Wu G, Jiang X. Emerging roles of fibroblast growth factor 21 in critical disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1053997. [PMID: 36440004 PMCID: PMC9684205 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1053997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
In spite of the great progress in the management of critical diseases in recent years, its associated prevalence and mortality of multiple organ failure still remain high. As an endocrine hormone, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) functions to maintain homeostasis in the whole body. Recent studies have proved that FGF21 has promising potential effects in critical diseases. FGF21 has also been found to have a close relationship with the progression of critical diseases and has a great predictive function for organ failure. The level of FGF21 was elevated in both mouse models and human patients with sepsis or other critical illnesses. Moreover, it is a promising biomarker and has certain therapeutic roles in some critical diseases. We focus on the emerging roles of FGF21 and its potential effects in critical diseases including acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS), acute myocardial injury (AMI), acute kidney injury (AKI), sepsis, and liver failure in this review. FGF21 has high application value and is worth further studying. Focusing on FGF21 may provide a new perspective for the management of the critical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yan
- Department of Geriatrics, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
- Center for Medicine Research and Translation, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Guicheng Wu
- Department of Hepatology, School of Medicine, Chongqing Municipality Clinical Research Center for Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing University Three Goreges Hosipital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaobo Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
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Jin T. Fibroblast growth factor 21 and dietary interventions: what we know and what we need to know next. Med Rev (Berl) 2022; 2:524-530. [PMID: 37724164 PMCID: PMC10388781 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2022-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Dietary interventions include the change of dietary styles, such as fasting and dietary or nutrient restrictions; or the addition of plant-derived compounds (such as polyphenols known as curcumin, resveratrol, or anthocyanin, or other nutraceuticals) into the diet. During the past a few decades, large number of studies have demonstrated therapeutic activities of these dietary interventions on metabolic and other diseases in human subjects or various animal models. Mechanisms underlying those versatile therapeutic activities, however, remain largely unclear. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a liver-derived hormone or hepatokine, mediates metabolic beneficial effects of certain dietary polyphenols as well as protein restriction. Here I have briefly summarized functions of FGF21, highlighted related dietary interventions, and presented literature discussions on role of FGF21 in mediating function of dietary polyphenol intervention and protein restriction. This is followed by presenting my perspective view, with the involvement of gut microbiota. It is anticipated that further breakthroughs in this field in the near future will facilitate conceptual merge of classical medicine and modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianru Jin
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, TorontoCanada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, TorontoCanada
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Yan A, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Liang X, Zhang X, Liang F, Nian S, Li X, Sun Z, Li K, Zhao YF. β-Hydroxybutyrate upregulates FGF21 expression through inhibition of histone deacetylases in hepatocytes. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:856-864. [PMID: 36045720 PMCID: PMC9372706 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is secreted by hepatocytes as a peptide hormone to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. FGF21 promotes hepatic ketogenesis and increases ketone body utilization in starvation. Histones are the target molecules of nutrients in regulating hepatic metabolic homeostasis. However, the effect of ketone bodies on FGF21 expression and the involvement of histones in it is not clear yet. The present study observed the effects of β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB), the main physiological ketone body, on FGF21 expression in human hepatoma HepG2 cells in vitro and in mice in vivo, and the role of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in β-OHB-regulated FGF21 expression was investigated. The results showed that β-OHB significantly upregulated FGF21 gene expression and increased FGF21 protein levels while it inhibited HDACs’ activity in HepG2 cells. HDACs’ inhibition by entinostat upregulated FGF21 expression and eliminated β-OHB-stimulated FGF21 expression in HepG2 cells. Intraperitoneal injections of β-OHB in mice resulted in the elevation of serum β-OHB and the inhibition of hepatic HDACs’ activity. Meanwhile, hepatic FGF21 expression and serum FGF21 levels were significantly increased in β-OHB-treated mice compared with the control. It is suggested that β-OHB upregulates FGF21 expression through inhibition of HDACs’ activity in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili Yan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Xiangyan Liang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Xiaochun Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Fenli Liang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Shen Nian
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Xinhua Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Zhuo Sun
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Ke Li
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
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Asghari S, Rezaei M, Rafraf M, Taghizadeh M, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Ebadi M. Effects of Calorie Restricted Diet on Oxidative/Antioxidative Status Biomarkers and Serum Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Levels in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122509. [PMID: 35745238 PMCID: PMC9231395 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a fundamental role in the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study aimed to investigate the effects of a calorie-restricted (CR) diet on oxidative/anti-oxidative status in patients with NAFLD and the potential mediating role of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) in this regard. This randomized, controlled clinical trial was carried out on sixty patients with NAFLD aged 20 to 60 years with body mass index (BMI) ranging from 25 to 35 kg/m2. Participants were randomly assigned to either the CR diet group (received a prescribed low-calorie diet for twelve weeks, n = 30) or the control group (n = 30). Fasting blood samples, anthropometric measurements, dietary intake, and physical activity data were collected for all participants at baseline and at the end of the trial. Significant reductions in weight, BMI, waist circumference, and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were observed in the CR diet group compared to the control group (all p < 0.05). Liver steatosis grade, serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and FGF-21, as well as erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities did not show significant changes in the CR group when compared to the controls at the end of the study (p > 0.05). CR diet with moderate weight loss has some favorable effects on NAFLD but was not able to modify oxidative/anti-oxidative status in these patients. Future studies are warranted to target the effects of long-term interventions with a greater weight loss in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Asghari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 141556117, Iran; (S.A.); (M.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Mahsa Rezaei
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 141556117, Iran; (S.A.); (M.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Maryam Rafraf
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614711, Iran;
| | - Mahdiyeh Taghizadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 141556117, Iran; (S.A.); (M.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614711, Iran;
- Cabrini Research, Cabrini Health, 154 Wattletree Rd, Malvern, VIC 3144, Australia
| | - Maryam Ebadi
- Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-248-1892
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Wu YK, Ren ZN, Zhu SL, Wu YZ, Wang G, Zhang H, Chen W, He Z, Ye XL, Zhai QX. Sulforaphane ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice by promoting FGF21/FGFR1 signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1473-1483. [PMID: 34654875 PMCID: PMC9159986 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00786-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most studies regarding the beneficial effect of sulforaphane (SFN) on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have focused on nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). But the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effect of SFN in the treatment of NAFLD remain controversial. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 is a member of the FGF family expressed mainly in liver but also in adipose tissue, muscle and pancreas, which functions as an endocrine factor and has been considered as a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of NAFLD. In the present study we investigated whether FGF21 was involved in the therapeutic effect of SFN against NAFLD. C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks to generate NAFLD and continued on the HFD for additional 6 weeks with or without SFN treatment. We showed that administration of SFN (0.56 g/kg) significantly ameliorated hepatic steatosis and inflammation in NAFLD mice, along with the improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, through suppressing the expression of proteins responsible for hepatic lipogenesis, while enhancing proteins for hepatic lipolysis and fatty acids oxidation. SFN administration significantly increased hepatic expression of FGFR1 and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in NAFLD mice, along with decreased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK (the downstream of FGF21). HepG2 cells were treated in vitro with FFAs (palmitic acid and oleic acid) followed by different concentrations of SFN. We showed that the effects of SFN on FGF21 and FGFR1 protein expression were replicated in FFAs-treated HepG2 cells. Moreover, the increased FGFR1 protein occurred earlier than increased FGF21 protein. Interestingly, the rapid effect of SFN on FGFR1 protein was not regulated by the FGFR1 gene transcription. Knockdown of FGFR1 and p38 genes weakened SFN-reduced lipid deposition in FFAs-treated HepG2 cells. SFN administration in combination with rmFGF21 (1.5 mg/kg, i.p., every other day) for 3 weeks further suppressed hepatic steatosis in NAFLD mice. In conclusion, SFN ameliorates lipid metabolism disorders in NAFLD mice by upregulating FGF21/FGFR1 pathway. Our results verify that SFN may become a promising intervention to treat or relieve NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-kuan Wu
- grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Zheng-nan Ren
- grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Sheng-long Zhu
- grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Yun-zhou Wu
- grid.412243.20000 0004 1760 1136College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150038 China
| | - Gang Wang
- grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Hao Zhang
- grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Wei Chen
- grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Zhao He
- grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China ,Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021 China ,grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - Xian-long Ye
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000 China
| | - Qi-xiao Zhai
- grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
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