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Sarcinella F, Pedro B, Sudunagunta S, Parry A, Swift S. Double outlet right atrium in a dog. J Vet Cardiol 2024; 54:24-29. [PMID: 38851121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Double outlet right atrium is a rare congenital cardiac abnormality that has been previously reported in humans and cats, but not in dogs. A double outlet right atrium is typically characterized by the presence of a leftward deviation of the interatrial septum and atrial septal defect. Therefore, the right atrium drains into both ventricles. The unique features consistent with double outlet right atrium were identified by transthoracic echocardiography and computed tomography in a puppy. This case report describes the clinical, echocardiographic, and tomographic findings of a five-month-old Cocker Spaniel diagnosed with this rare congenital abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sarcinella
- Willows Veterinary Centre & Referral Service, Highlands Road, West Midlands, B90 4NH, UK.
| | - B Pedro
- Willows Veterinary Centre & Referral Service, Highlands Road, West Midlands, B90 4NH, UK
| | - S Sudunagunta
- Willows Veterinary Centre & Referral Service, Highlands Road, West Midlands, B90 4NH, UK
| | - A Parry
- Willows Veterinary Centre & Referral Service, Highlands Road, West Midlands, B90 4NH, UK
| | - S Swift
- Willows Veterinary Centre & Referral Service, Highlands Road, West Midlands, B90 4NH, UK
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2
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Denton M, Vitt JP, Saunders AB, Wesselowski S. Double Outlet Right Atrium in an American Domestic Shorthair Cat. CASE (PHILADELPHIA, PA.) 2024; 8:241-246. [PMID: 38524989 PMCID: PMC10955103 DOI: 10.1016/j.case.2023.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
•DORA should be considered in cases with radiographic evidence of LA enlargement. •TTE can diagnose DORA. •Cats with DORA may remain undiagnosed until adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Denton
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jordan P. Vitt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Ashley B. Saunders
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Sonya Wesselowski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Sarcinella F, Pedro B, Bode EF, Blundell R, Dukes-McEwan J. Double-Outlet Right Atrium in a Young Cat. CASE (PHILADELPHIA, PA.) 2024; 8:36-40. [PMID: 38264619 PMCID: PMC10801805 DOI: 10.1016/j.case.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
•DORA is a rare variant of endocardial cushion defect reported in both people and cats. •DORA is associated with variable clinical presentation and prognosis. •DORA is a possible differential diagnosis in cats with ASD and obstruction to LA outflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Sarcinella
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Solihull, West Midlands, United Kingdom
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Brigite Pedro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth F. Bode
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Blundell
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Dukes-McEwan
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
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Alessandro F, Andrea M, Fabrizio D, Laura M, Enrico MG, Matteo C. Supravalvular mitral stenosis in a cat: clinical, diagnostic and pathologic findings. J Ultrasound 2023; 26:65-70. [PMID: 35809203 PMCID: PMC10063711 DOI: 10.1007/s40477-022-00702-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present case report describes a rare case of a cardiac abnormality diagnosed as Supravalvular Mitral Stenosis in an asymptomatic cat. An 11-years old cat was presented for orthopedic evaluation, and during general clinical examination a heart rate of 180 bpm and left diastolic cardiac murmur grade III-IV/VI, between the mitral and aortic foci, were found. Radiographic, echocardiographic, angiocardiographic and post-mortem (the patient died during anesthesia performed to diagnose the orthopedic condition) magnetic resonance and pathologic findings are reported herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fruganti Alessandro
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, MC Italy
| | - Marchegiani Andrea
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, MC Italy
| | - Dini Fabrizio
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, MC Italy
| | | | - Magi Gian Enrico
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, MC Italy
| | - Cerquetella Matteo
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, MC Italy
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Rolph KE, Cavanaugh SM. Feline pulmonary hypertension: are we overlooking an important comorbidity? J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e636-e646. [PMID: 36350715 PMCID: PMC10812373 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221127233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a potential complication in many disease states, yet it has been largely overlooked in feline medicine. Recently, increased awareness of potential underlying causes has led to a wider understanding of the disease process in humans, with a focus on tailoring therapy to include specific treatment of the underlying etiology. Most of these treatments are not yet available in veterinary medicine, but as they move from the human to the veterinary field, it would be beneficial to better understand the forms of PH encountered in different species. Recently, diagnosis and classification of PH in dogs has been the focus of an American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement, yet this condition has received little attention in cats. It is therefore our intention to raise awareness of this condition in cats and to propose a classification system for the types of PH seen in feline patients. As new medications are developed for the treatment of PH, it is important to recognize which forms of PH are seen in feline patients and understand the etiology of the disease. There are many reports of PH (or suspected PH based on echocardiographic assessment) in cats. In this review, we highlight the large number of conditions, and different etiologies, that are associated with PH. Improving understanding of this condition will bring us closer to being able to investigate the benefits of potential new diagnostics and therapies as they become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry E Rolph
- Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334 Basseterre, St Kitts, West Indies
| | - Sarah M Cavanaugh
- Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334 Basseterre, St Kitts, West Indies
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Prevalence and Clinical Significance of Heart Murmurs Detected on Cardiac Auscultation in 856 Cats. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100564. [PMID: 36288177 PMCID: PMC9611806 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Heart murmurs are a common finding in cats and, in many cases, the presence of an audible murmur on cardiac auscultation does not necessarily imply the presence of an underlying heart disease. Several studies have been published in the past to address the prevalence and clinical significance of heart murmurs in cats, but very few have looked into the exact origin of the blood flow turbulence responsible for this finding. We retrospectively reviewed clinical records and echocardiographic examinations of 856 cats with heart murmur and found that the majority of murmurs are caused by systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve (SAM) (39.2%) and dynamic right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (DRVOTO) (32%). These causes of murmur do not appear associated with a structural cardiac abnormality in 56.1% (SAM) and 85.0% (DRVOTO) of murmurs. This study also demonstrated that some heart murmur characteristics (timing, intensity and location) can occasionally discriminate between normal cats and cats with underlying heart disease, with the exception of loud and palpable murmurs, which are inevitably associated with significant cardiac abnormalities. However, since the majority of heart murmurs in cats appear to be systolic and mild–moderate in loudness, echocardiography should always be considered following identification of a heart murmur on physical examination in cats. Abstract Background: Cardiac auscultation is one of the most important clinical tools to identify patients with a potential heart disease. Although several publications have reported the prevalence of murmurs in cats, little information is available in relation to the exact origin of the blood flow turbulences responsible for these murmurs. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and clinical significance of murmurs detected during physical examination in cats. Methods: Retrospective evaluation of clinical records and echocardiographic examinations performed in cats for investigation of heart murmurs; Results: Records of 856 cats with full clinical information were available for review. The cause of murmur was identified in 93.1% of cases (72.3% with single blood flow turbulence, 26.4% with two, and 1.3% with three identifiable sources of murmur). Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve (SAM) was the primary cause of murmur in this population (39.2%), followed by dynamic right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (DRVOTO) (32%) and flow murmurs (6.9%). Most cats with a murmur (56.7%) did not present any structural cardiac abnormality. Conclusions: This study indicates that some heart murmur characteristics (timing, loudness and point of maximal intensity) can potentially predict the presence of an underlying cardiac disease.
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Agarwal D, Lakhdhir S, Reveler E, O'Sullivan L. Common Atrium or Atrioventricular Septal Defect: What Is in a Name? CASE 2021; 5:412-416. [PMID: 34993374 PMCID: PMC8713003 DOI: 10.1016/j.case.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Common atrium is characterized by complete/near-complete absence of IAS. Common atrium frequently accompanies AVSD, although it can occur as an isolated entity. Most AVSDs with an atrial communication have normal to near-normal atrial septal lengths. Partial AVSD with near-complete absence of IAS is an uncommonly reported heart condition. With many echo features present, it is difficult to apply one diagnostic label to complex CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lynne O'Sullivan
- Correspondence: Lynne O'Sullivan, Atlantic Veterinary College UPEI, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A4P3, Canada.
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Saunders RS. Rare atrioventricular septal defects in veterinary species: Complete atrioventricular septal defect in a dog and double‐outlet right atrium in a cat. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Saunders AB. Key considerations in the approach to congenital heart disease in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:613-623. [PMID: 34180062 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease is an important subset of all cardiovascular disease in dogs and cats that is present at birth and most often detected in young animals but can be diagnosed in adulthood. The range of abnormalities that can occur during development of the heart is vast incorporating simple and complex defects, varying degrees of severity and clinical presentations that include heart failure and cyanosis. While some defects do not result in morbidity in an individual animal, others cause severe clinical signs and death at a young age. Advances in imaging and expanding treatment options offer increasingly more possibilities in the diagnosis and management of congenital heart disease which is the focus of this review. The objective is to provide a broad overview of current practice and highlight key aspects to guide practitioners in their approach to congenital heart disease diagnosis and knowledge of available treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Saunders
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Agudelo CF, Jekl V, Hauptman K, Crha M, Kocaturk M. A case of a complete atrioventricular canal defect in a ferret. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:45. [PMID: 33482816 PMCID: PMC7821679 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02736-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atrioventricular canal defect is a rare congenital disorder of the heart and describes the presence of an atrial septal defect, a variable presentation of ventricular septal alterations including ventricular septal defect malformations in the mitral and tricuspid valves. The defect has been described in human beings, dogs, cats, pigs, and horses. Case presentation This paper describes the case of a complete atrioventricular canal defect in a four-year-old intact male pet ferret (Mustela putorius furo), which was presented due to posterior weakness, ataxia, and decreased appetite. A loud systolic murmur, dyspnea, and hind limb paraparesis were detected during the clinical examination. Thoracic radiographs showed generalized cardiomegaly and lung edema. ECG showed sinus rhythm with prolonged P waves and QRS complexes. Echocardiography showed a large atrial septal defect, atrioventricular dysplasia, and a ventricular septal defect. Palliative treatment with oxygen, furosemide, spironolactone, enalapril, diltiazem, and supportive care was chosen as the therapy of choice. The ferret recovered gradually during hospitalization. A follow-up examination at three and six months showed stabilization of cardiac function. Conclusions To the authors knowledge, this is the first time an atrioventricular canal defect has been described in a pet ferret.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F Agudelo
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimír Jekl
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Jekl & Hauptman Veterinary Clinic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Hauptman
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Jekl & Hauptman Veterinary Clinic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Crha
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Meric Kocaturk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Uludag University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
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Pulmonary artery banding in a kitten with a partial atrioventricular septal defect. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 24:20-27. [PMID: 31405551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A 9-month-old kitten with increased resting respiratory rate and exercise intolerance was diagnosed with a congenital partial atrioventricular septal defect causing pulmonary over circulation and presumed pulmonary hypertension based on echocardiogram. Invasive pressure measurements and contrast angiography confirmed this diagnosis. The cat underwent pulmonary artery banding under general anesthesia. Findings of echocardiogram 10 days postoperatively suggested reduced left-to-right shunt volume. Echocardiographic findings were static 4 months postoperatively.
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Di Girolamo N, Palmieri C, Baron Toaldo M, Nicoletti A, Spattini G, Zeyen U, Selleri P. First Description of Partial Atrioventricular Septal Defect in a Rabbit. J Exot Pet Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Right ventricular involvement in feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Vet Cardiol 2016; 18:297-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Thoracic radiography in the cat: Identification of cardiomegaly and congestive heart failure. J Vet Cardiol 2016; 17 Suppl 1:S87-101. [PMID: 26776597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thoracic radiography is one of the most commonly employed diagnostic tools for the clinical evaluation of cats with suspected heart disease and is the standard diagnostic method in the confirmation of cardiogenic pulmonary edema. In the past, interpretation of feline radiographs focused on a description of the qualitative radiographic features of feline heart disease or the measurement of the cardiac silhouette in healthy cats and cats with different cardiovascular disorders. More recently, studies have begun to critically address the issue of the diagnostic accuracy of thoracic radiography in the diagnostic work-up of cats with heart disease. In these studies, qualitative and quantitative radiographic parameters were compared to echocardiographic findings to evaluate the usefulness of thoracic radiography for the identification of cardiac enlargement and pulmonary edema in the cat. Thoracic radiography is reasonably specific but has a low sensitivity when identifying cardiomegaly in cats with mild structural heart disease. Feline cardiogenic pulmonary edema has a variable radiographic presentation and several specific radiographic findings (i.e., enlargement of the left atrium and the pulmonary veins) can be absent or non-recognizable in affected cats.
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Sequential segmental classification of feline congenital heart disease. J Vet Cardiol 2016; 17 Suppl 1:S10-52. [PMID: 26776571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Feline congenital heart disease is less commonly encountered in veterinary medicine than acquired feline heart diseases such as cardiomyopathy. Understanding the wide spectrum of congenital cardiovascular disease demands a familiarity with a variety of lesions, occurring both in isolation and in combination, along with an appreciation of complex nomenclature and variable classification schemes. This review begins with an overview of congenital heart disease in the cat, including proposed etiologies and prevalence, examination approaches, and principles of therapy. Specific congenital defects are presented and organized by a sequential segmental classification with respect to their morphologic lesions. Highlights of diagnosis, treatment options, and prognosis are offered. It is hoped that this review will provide a framework for approaching congenital heart disease in the cat, and more broadly in other animal species based on the sequential segmental approach, which represents an adaptation of the common methodology used in children and adults with congenital heart disease.
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Congenital heart defects in cats: a retrospective study of 162 cats (1996–2013). J Vet Cardiol 2015; 17 Suppl 1:S215-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ferasin L, DeFrancesco T. Management of acute heart failure in cats. J Vet Cardiol 2015; 17 Suppl 1:S173-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Schrope DP. Prevalence of congenital heart disease in 76,301 mixed-breed dogs and 57,025 mixed-breed cats. J Vet Cardiol 2015; 17:192-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Russell DS, Scansen BA, Himmel L. Plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy in a cat with non-restrictive ventricular septal defect and chronic pulmonary hypertension. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 56:524-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. S. Russell
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences; The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - B. A. Scansen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - L. Himmel
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences; The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Columbus OH 43210 USA
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