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Isaka M, Hisada S, Araki R, Ueno H. The leaflet-annulus index in canine myxomatous mitral valve disease. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:245-247. [PMID: 36029573 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most common chronic heart valve disease, leading to the eccentric hypertrophy. Recently, the leaflet-annulus index (LAI), which focuses on the mitral valve apparatus, has been considered a prognostic factor for human mitral regurgitation (MR); however, it has not been reported in veterinary medicine. In the present study, we retrospectively evaluated the LAI in dogs with MMVD. Eight-three dogs with MMVD diagnosed using echocardiography were included in this study. The anteroposterior length, anterior and posterior cusp coaptation lengths, LAI, left ventricular end-diastolic internal diameter normalized to body weight (LVIDDN), and left atrium to aorta ratio (LA/Ao) were measured. A significant correlation between the LAI, LVIDDN, and LA/Ao of MR grading, and left ventricle dilation was observed. In conclusion, LAI could help determine annular widening, suggesting the decision of an appropriate for SVR in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Isaka
- Division of Companion Animal Surgery, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Hisada
- Division of Companion Animal Surgery, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Ryuji Araki
- Division of Companion Animal Surgery, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueno
- Division of Companion Animal Surgery, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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2
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Aoki T, Miyamoto T, Fukamachi N, Niimi S, Jingya Y, Wakao Y. Combination of the Modified Loop Technique and De Vega Annuloplasty in Dogs with Mitral Regurgitation. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131653. [PMID: 35804552 PMCID: PMC9264785 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Detailed surgical techniques for treating canine mitral regurgitation have not been previously reported. Method: This case series included six consecutive client-owned dogs with mitral regurgitation. All dogs underwent a combined protocol, including the modified loop technique and De Vega annuloplasty (MODEL surgery), in 2021. Artificial loops covering 80% of the length of the strut chordae tendineae were used for chordal replacement. Mitral annuloplasty was subjectively performed, targeting the circumference of the septal leaflet. Results: The breeds were Chihuahua-mixed breed, Spitz, Pomeranian, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, and Chihuahua, with average ages and weights of 11.4 ± 2.3 years and 5.49 ± 2.98 kg, respectively. The aortic cross-clamp, pumping, and surgery times were 64.0 ± 7.5 min, 168.5 ± 39.1 min, and 321.0 ± 53.1 min, respectively. After MODEL surgery, left atrial-to-aortic ratios significantly decreased from 2.20 ± 0.18 to 1.26 ± 0.22 (p < 0.01), and left ventricular end-diastolic internal diameter normalized to body weight significantly decreased from 2.03 ± 0.26 to 1.48 ± 0.20 (p < 0.01). In all cases, the clinical signs disappeared or improved significantly. Conclusions: MODEL surgery increased mitral valve coaptation, normalized heart sizes, and significantly improved clinical signs in dogs with mitral regurgitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Aoki
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Kanagawa, Japan; (S.N.); (Y.J.); (Y.W.)
- Department of Cardiology and Respieratory Disease, Azabu University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Kanagawa, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-42-754-7111
| | | | | | - Seiya Niimi
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Kanagawa, Japan; (S.N.); (Y.J.); (Y.W.)
- Department of Cardiology and Respieratory Disease, Azabu University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yao Jingya
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Kanagawa, Japan; (S.N.); (Y.J.); (Y.W.)
- Department of Cardiology and Respieratory Disease, Azabu University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshito Wakao
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Kanagawa, Japan; (S.N.); (Y.J.); (Y.W.)
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Herrera ND, Birschmann I, Wolny M, Papich MG, Brooks MB, Goggs R. Pharmacokinetics and Biologic Activity of Apixaban in Healthy Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:702821. [PMID: 34291105 PMCID: PMC8287028 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.702821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis is common in critically ill dogs and causes considerable morbidity and mortality. The direct factor Xa inhibitor apixaban is safe, efficacious, and convenient in humans. This study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetics (PK), bioactivity, protein binding, and bioavailability of apixaban following intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) administration to healthy dogs. Six healthy, adult, mixed-breed dogs were administered apixaban 0.18 mg/kg IV and then following a minimum 2-week washout period administered apixaban 0.2 mg/kg PO. Dogs were monitored using an apixaban-calibrated anti-Xa bioassay, prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and tissue-factor thromboelastography (TF-TEG). Plasma apixaban concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Concentration-time plots were constructed, and PK modeling performed using compartmental methods. Administration of IV and PO apixaban was well-tolerated. Following IV administration, mean half-life was 4.1 h, and volume of distribution was 177 ml/kg. Apixaban was highly protein bound (98.6%). Apixaban concentrations and anti-Xa activity were highly correlated (R2 0.994, P < 0.0001). Intravenous apixaban significantly prolonged PT at time points up to 1 h, and aPTT at time points up to 0.25 h post-administration. Coagulation times were positively correlated with apixaban concentrations (PT R2 0.599, P < 0.0001; aPTT R2 0.430, P < 0.0001) and TF-TEG R-time was significantly prolonged 0.25 h post-administration. Following oral administration, mean bioavailability was 28.4%, lag time was 2 h, time to Cmax was 5 h and the apparent elimination half-life was 3.1 h. Oral apixaban significantly prolonged PT at 4, 6, and 8 h but aPTT and TF-TEG were not consistently affected by oral apixaban. Apixaban concentrations are best monitored using anti-Xa activity. Future studies should determine PK and bioactivity of other doses using commercial tablets and following multidose administration and establish safe, effective dosing ranges in sick dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle D. Herrera
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Ingvild Birschmann
- Institute for Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Heart and Diabetes Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Monika Wolny
- Institute for Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Heart and Diabetes Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Mark G. Papich
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Marjory B. Brooks
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Liu B, Leach SB, Pan W, Zheng F, Jia L, Zhou X, Li J. Preliminary Outcome of a Novel Edge-to-Edge Closure Device to Manage Mitral Regurgitation in Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:597879. [PMID: 33392290 PMCID: PMC7773927 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.597879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Veterinary management of mitral valve regurgitation due to mxyomatous valve disease in dogs is limited to medical treatments, which only postpones the onset of congestive heart failure or alleviates clinical symptoms. Most surgical procedures to manage this condition in humans require cardiopulmonary bypass and have a high risk of complications. Animals: Eight dogs with naturally occurring mitral valve regurgitation. Methods: Prospective observational study. All dogs were treated with a novel edge-to-edge transcatheter device named ValveClamp. The total surgical procedural time and total catheterization time were recorded. Echocardiographic variables measured pre- and post-procedure were compared using Wilcoxin-signed rank test with a P < 0.05 considered significant. Data were expressed as median and interquartile range and absolute numbers and percentages. Results: The procedural success rate was 100% and all the dogs survived without complications. The median (interquartile range) total surgical procedural time was 86.5 (76–96.2) minutes and catheterization time was 23.5 (22–33.8) minutes. Echocardiography revealed a significant reduction in mitral regurgitation severity in all dogs following the procedure based on both a reduced mitral regurgitant maximum jet area (P = 0.012) and a reduced mitral regurgitant maximum jet area to left atrial area (P = 0.018). Conclusion: The ValveClamp device is effective at reducing the severity of mitral regurgitation in dogs with naturally occurring myxomatous valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Stacey B Leach
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Wenzhi Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangyu Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liujun Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pre-Clinic Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Fuwai Hospital National Cardiovascular Centre, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueying Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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5
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Chen S, Sari CR, Gao H, Lei Y, Segers P, De Beule M, Wang G, Ma X. Mechanical and morphometric study of mitral valve chordae tendineae and related papillary muscle. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 111:104011. [PMID: 32835989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The mitral valve (MV) apparatus is a complex mechanical structure including annulus, valve leaflets, papillary muscles (PMs) and connected chordae tendineae. Chordae anchor to the papillary muscles to help the valve open and close properly during one cardiac cycle. It is of paramount importance to understand the functional, mechanical, and microstructural properties of mitral valve chordae and connecting PMs. In particular, little is known about the biomechanical properties of the anterior and posterior papillary muscle and corresponding chords. In this work, we performed uniaxial and biaxial tensile tests on the anterolateral (APM) and posteromedial papillary muscle (PPM), and their respective corresponding chordae tendineae, chordaeAPM and chordaePPM, in porcine hearts. Histology was carried out to link the microstructure and macro-mechanical behavior of the chordae and PMs. Our results demonstrate that chordaePPM are less in number, but significantly longer and stiffer than chordaeAPM. These different biomechanical properties may be partially explained by the higher collagen core ratio and larger collagen fibril density of chordaePPM. No significant mechanical or microstructural differences were observed along the circumferential and longitudinal directions of APM and PPM samples. Data measured on chordae and PMs were further fitted with the Ogden and reduced Holzapfel - Ogden strain energy functions, respectively. This study presents the first comparative anatomical, mechanical, and structural dataset of porcine mitral valve chordae and related PMs. Results indicate that a PM based classification of chordae will need to be considered in the analysis of the MV function or planning a surgical treatment, which will also help developing more precise computational models of MV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengda Chen
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400030, China; IBiTech - BioMMeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Numerical Simulation Center, Microport, Shanghai, China
| | - Candra Ratna Sari
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Hao Gao
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Yang Lei
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Patrick Segers
- IBiTech - BioMMeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthieu De Beule
- IBiTech - BioMMeda, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; FEops NV, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guixue Wang
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Xingshuang Ma
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400030, China.
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Swann JW, Garden OA, Fellman CL, Glanemann B, Goggs R, LeVine DN, Mackin AJ, Whitley NT. ACVIM consensus statement on the treatment of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1141-1172. [PMID: 30847984 PMCID: PMC6524099 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) causes severe anemia in dogs and is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Treatment with various immunosuppressive and antithrombotic drugs has been described anecdotally and in previous studies, but little consensus exists among veterinarians as to the optimal regimen to employ and maintain after diagnosis of the disease. To address this inconsistency and provide evidence‐based guidelines for treatment of IMHA in dogs, we identified and extracted data from studies published in the veterinary literature. We developed a novel tool for evaluation of evidence quality, using it to assess study design, diagnostic criteria, explanation of treatment regimens, and validity of statistical methods. In combination with our clinical experience and comparable guidelines for humans afflicted with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, we used the conclusions of this process to make a set of clinical recommendations regarding treatment of IMHA in dogs, which we refined subsequently by conducting several iterations of Delphi review. Additionally, we considered emerging treatments for IMHA in dogs and highlighted areas deserving of future research. Comments were solicited from several professional bodies to maximize clinical applicability before the recommendations were submitted for publication. The resulting document is intended to provide clinical guidelines for management of IMHA in dogs. These guidelines should be implemented pragmatically, with consideration of animal, owner, and veterinary factors that may vary among cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Swann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver A Garden
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Claire L Fellman
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Barbara Glanemann
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Goggs
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Dana N LeVine
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Andrew J Mackin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
| | - Nathaniel T Whitley
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park, Huntingdon, United Kingdom
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Goggs R, Blais MC, Brainard BM, Chan DL, deLaforcade AM, Rozanski E, Sharp CR. American College of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care (ACVECC) Consensus on the Rational Use of Antithrombotics in Veterinary Critical Care (CURATIVE) guidelines: Small animal. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2019; 29:12-36. [PMID: 30654421 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To systematically review available evidence and establish guidelines related to the risk of developing thrombosis and the management of small animals with antithrombotics. DESIGN Standardized, systematic evaluation of the literature (identified by searching Medline via PubMed and CAB abstracts) was carried out in 5 domains (Defining populations at risk; Defining rational therapeutic use; Defining evidence-based protocols; Refining and monitoring antithrombotic therapies; and Discontinuing antithrombotic therapies). Evidence evaluation was carried out using Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome generated within each domain questions to address specific aims. This was followed by categorization of relevant articles according to level of evidence and quality (Good, Fair, or Poor). Synthesis of these data led to the development of a series of statements. Consensus on the final guidelines was achieved via Delphi-style surveys. Draft recommendations were presented at 2 international veterinary conferences and made available for community assessment, review, and comment prior to final revisions and publication. SETTINGS Academic and referral veterinary medical centers. RESULTS Over 500 studies were reviewed in detail. Worksheets from all 5 domains generated 59 statements with 83 guideline recommendations that were refined during 3 rounds of Delphi surveys. A high degree of consensus was reached across all guideline recommendations. CONCLUSIONS Overall, systematic evidence evaluations yielded more than 80 recommendations for the treatment of small animals with or at risk of developing thrombosis. Numerous significant knowledge gaps were highlighted by the evidence reviews undertaken, indicating the need for substantial additional research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
| | - Marie-Claude Blais
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Benjamin M Brainard
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Daniel L Chan
- Department Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Armelle M deLaforcade
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA
| | - Elizabeth Rozanski
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA
| | - Claire R Sharp
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
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Blais MC, Bianco D, Goggs R, Lynch AM, Palmer L, Ralph A, Sharp CR. Consensus on the Rational Use of Antithrombotics in Veterinary Critical Care (CURATIVE): Domain 3-Defining antithrombotic protocols. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2019; 29:60-74. [PMID: 30654416 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To systematically examine the evidence for use of a specific protocol (dose, frequency, route) of selected antithrombotic drugs, in comparisons to no therapy or to other antithrombotic therapies, to reduce the risk of complications or improve outcomes in dogs and cats at risk for thrombosis. DESIGN Standardized, systematic evaluation of the literature, categorization of relevant articles according to level of evidence (LOE) and quality (Good, Fair, or Poor), and development of consensus on conclusions via a Delphi-style survey for application of the concepts to clinical practice. SETTINGS Academic and referral veterinary medical centers. RESULTS Databases searched included Medline via PubMed and CAB abstracts. Eight different antithrombotic drugs were investigated using a standardized Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (PICO) question format both for dogs and cats, including aspirin, clopidogrel, warfarin, unfractionated heparin (UFH), dalteparin, enoxaparin, fondaparinux, and rivaroxaban, generating a total of 16 worksheets. Most studies identified were experimental controlled laboratory studies in companion animals (LOE 3) with only four randomized controlled clinical trials in companion animals (LOE 1). CONCLUSIONS Overall, evidence-based recommendations concerning specific protocols could not be formulated for most antithrombotic drugs evaluated, either because of the wide range of dosage reported (eg, aspirin in dogs) or the lack of evidence in the current literature. However, clopidogrel administration in dogs and cats at risk of arterial thrombosis, notably in cats at risk of cardiogenic thromboembolism, is supported by the literature, and specific protocols were recommended. Comparably, aspirin should not be used as a sole antithrombotic in cats with cardiomyopathy. Using the available safety profile information contained in the literature, the panel reached consensus on suggested dosage schemes for most antithrombotics. Significant knowledge gaps were highlighted, which will hopefully drive novel research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude Blais
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Domenico Bianco
- Internal Medicine Department, Metropolitan Animal Specialty Hospital, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Alex M Lynch
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Lee Palmer
- Lieutenant Colonel, US Army Reserve, Veterinary Corps, Chair K9 Tactical Emergency Casualty Care Working Group, New Orleans, LA
| | | | - Claire R Sharp
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
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Menciotti G, Borgarelli M. Review of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach to Canine Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease. Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4040047. [PMID: 29056705 PMCID: PMC5753627 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common heart disease that affects dogs is myxomatous mitral valve disease. In this article, we review the current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to this disease, and we also present some of the latest technological advancements in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Menciotti
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 205 Duck Pond Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Michele Borgarelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 205 Duck Pond Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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