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Yek C, Li Y, Pacheco AR, Lon C, Duong V, Dussart P, Chea S, Lay S, Man S, Kimsan S, Huch C, Leang R, Huy R, Brook CE, Manning JE. Dengue in Cambodia 2002-2020: Cases, Characteristics and Capture by National Surveillance. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.04.27.23289207. [PMID: 37333247 PMCID: PMC10274987 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.27.23289207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective Data from 19 years of national dengue surveillance in Cambodia (2002-2020) were analyzed to describe trends in dengue case characteristics and incidence. Methods Generalized additive models were fitted to dengue case incidence and characteristics (mean age, case phenotype, fatality) over time. Dengue incidence in a pediatric cohort study (2018-2020) was compared to national data during the same period to evaluate disease under-estimation by national surveillance. Findings During 2002-2020, there were 353,270 cases of dengue (average age-adjusted incidence 1.75 cases/1,000 persons/year) recorded in Cambodia, with an estimated 2.1-fold increase in case incidence between 2002 and 2020 (slope = 0.0058, SE = 0.0021, p = 0.006). Mean age of infected individuals increased from 5.8 years in 2002 to 9.1 years in 2020 (slope = 0.18, SE = 0.088, p <0.001); case fatality rates decreased from 1.77% in 2002 to 0.10% in 2020 (slope = -0.16, SE = 0.0050, p <0.001). When compared to cohort data, national data under-estimated clinically apparent dengue case incidence by 5.0-fold (95% CI 0.2 - 26.5), and overall dengue case incidence (both apparent and inapparent cases) by 33.6-fold (range: 18.7- 53.6). Conclusion Dengue incidence in Cambodia is increasing and disease is shifting to older pediatric populations. National surveillance continues to under-estimate case numbers. Future interventions should account for disease under-estimation and shifting demographics for scaling and to target appropriate age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Yek
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yimei Li
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrea R Pacheco
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chanthap Lon
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Veasna Duong
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sophana Chea
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sreyngim Lay
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Somnang Man
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Souv Kimsan
- National Center of Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chea Huch
- National Center of Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Rithea Leang
- National Center of Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Rekol Huy
- National Center of Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Cara E Brook
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jessica E Manning
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, USA
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Vo HTM, Upasani V, Auerswald H, Lay S, Sann S, Vanderlinden A, Ken S, Sorn S, Ly S, Duong V, Dussart P, Cantaert T. Temporal patterns of functional anti-dengue antibodies in dengue infected individuals with different disease outcome or infection history. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17863. [PMID: 36284116 PMCID: PMC9596418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21722-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterotypic secondary dengue virus (DENV) infection is a risk factor for the development of severe disease. To assess the contribution of the developing polyclonal humoral immune response to the course of acute infection, we have determined anti-DENV IgG titers, neutralizing antibodies, percentages of antibodies binding to DENV-infected cells and antibody‑dependent enhancement (ADE) to the infecting serotype in DENV-infected Cambodian children (n = 58), ranging from asymptomatic dengue to severe disease. The results showed that ADE titers are highest against the infecting serotype during heterotypic secondary DENV-2 infection. Moreover, IgG titers, neutralizing antibodies and ADE titers against the infecting serotype peak at D10 and are maintained until D60 after laboratory-confirmed secondary DENV infection. Anti-DENV IgG titers and the magnitude of the functional antibody response were higher in secondary DENV-infected patients compared to primary infected patients. No differences in antibody titers, neutralizing or enhancing antibodies could be observed between asymptomatic or hospitalized patients between 6 and 8 days after laboratory-confirmed DENV-1 infection. However, at this time point, the level of IgG bound to DENV-infected cells was associated with disease severity in hospitalized patients. Taken together, our data offer insights for more comprehensive interpretation of antibody response profile to natural infection and its correlation to disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoa Thi My Vo
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, The Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Vinit Upasani
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, The Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Heidi Auerswald
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, The Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sokchea Lay
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, The Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sotheary Sann
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, The Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Axelle Vanderlinden
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, The Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sreymom Ken
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, The Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sopheak Sorn
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, The Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sowath Ly
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, The Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Veasna Duong
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, The Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, The Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- The Pasteur Network, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Tineke Cantaert
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, The Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
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Combination of the Focus-Forming Assay and Digital Automated Imaging Analysis for the Detection of Dengue and Zika Viral Loads in Cultures and Acute Disease. J Trop Med 2022; 2022:2177183. [PMID: 35911823 PMCID: PMC9325612 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2177183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimized methods for the detection of flavivirus infections in hyperendemic areas are still needed, especially for working with patient serum as a starting material. The focus-forming assay (FFA) reveals critical aspects of virus-host interactions, as it is a quantitative assay to determine viral loads. Automated image analysis provides evaluations of relative amounts of intracellular viral protein at the single-cell level. Here, we developed an optimized FFA for the detection of infectious Zika virus (ZIKV) and dengue virus (DENV) viral particles in cell cultures and clinical serum samples, respectively. Vero-76 cells were infected with DENV-2 (16681) or ZIKV (PRVA BC59). Using a panel of anti-DENV and anti-ZIKV NS1-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), the primary mAbs, concentration, and the optimal time of infection were determined. To determine whether intracellular accumulation of NS1 improved the efficiency of the FFA, brefeldin A was added to the cultures. Focus formation was identified by conventional optical microscopy combined with CellProfiler™ automated image analysis software. The FFA was used with spike assays for ZIKV and clinical specimens from natural infection by DENV-1 and DENV-2. mAb 7744-644 for ZIKV and mAb 724-323 for DENV used at a concentration of 1 μg/ml and a time of 24 hours postinfection produced the best detection of foci when combining conventional counting and automated digital analysis. Brefeldin A did not improve the assessment of FFUs or their digitally assessed intensity at single-cell level. The FFA showed 95% ZIKV recovery and achieved the detection of circulating DENV-1 and DENV-2 in the plasma of acutely ill patients. The combination of the two techniques optimized the FFA, allowing the study of DENV and ZIKV in culture supernatants and clinical specimens from natural infection in hyperendemic areas.
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Xue Y, Chen Z, Zhang W, Zhang J. Engineering CRISPR/Cas13 System against RNA Viruses: From Diagnostics to Therapeutics. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9070291. [PMID: 35877342 PMCID: PMC9312194 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9070291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, RNA viruses have been threatened people’s health and led to global health emergencies. Significant progress has been made in diagnostic methods and antiviral therapeutics for combating RNA viruses. ELISA and RT-qPCR are reliable methods to detect RNA viruses, but they suffer from time-consuming procedures and limited sensitivities. Vaccines are effective to prevent virus infection and drugs are useful for antiviral treatment, while both need a relatively long research and development cycle. In recent years, CRISPR-based gene editing and modifying tools have been expanded rapidly. In particular, the CRISPR-Cas13 system stands out from the CRISPR-Cas family due to its accurate RNA-targeting ability, which makes it a promising tool for RNA virus diagnosis and therapy. Here, we review the current applications of the CRISPR-Cas13 system against RNA viruses, from diagnostics to therapeutics, and use some medically important RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, dengue virus, and HIV-1 as examples to demonstrate the great potential of the CRISPR-Cas13 system.
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Buszewski B, Maślak E, Złoch M, Railean-Plugaru V, Kłodzińska E, Pomastowski P. A new approach to identifying pathogens, with particular regard to viruses, based on capillary electrophoresis and other analytical techniques. Trends Analyt Chem 2021; 139:116250. [PMID: 34776563 PMCID: PMC8573725 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fast determination, identification and characterization of pathogens is a significant challenge in many fields, from industry to medicine. Standard approaches (e.g., culture media and biochemical tests) are known to be very time-consuming and labor-intensive. Conversely, screening techniques demand a quick and low-cost grouping of microbial isolates, and current analysis call for broad reports of pathogens, involving the application of molecular, microscopy, and electromigration techniques, DNA fingerprinting and also MALDI-TOF methods. The present COVID-19 pandemic is a crisis that affects rich and poor countries alike. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in patient samples is a critical tool for monitoring disease spread, guiding therapeutic decisions and devising social distancing protocols. The goal of this review is to present an innovative methodology based on preparative separation of pathogens by electromigration techniques in combination with simultaneous analysis of the proteome, lipidome, and genome using laser desorption/ionization analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogusław Buszewski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100, Torun, Poland.,Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Ewelina Maślak
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100, Torun, Poland.,Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Michał Złoch
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Viorica Railean-Plugaru
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Ewa Kłodzińska
- Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis, 01-982, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Pomastowski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100, Torun, Poland
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Bukkitgar SD, Shetti NP, Aminabhavi TM. Electrochemical investigations for COVID-19 detection-A comparison with other viral detection methods. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2021; 420:127575. [PMID: 33162783 PMCID: PMC7605744 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.127575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced infection such as SARS-CoV-2 is a serious threat to human health and the economic setback of the world. Continued advances in the development of technologies are required before the viruses undergo mutation. The low concentration of viruses in environmental samples makes the detection extremely challenging; simple, accurate and rapid detection methods are in urgent need. Of all the analytical techniques, electrochemical methods have the established capabilities to address the issues. Particularly, the integration of nanotechnology would allow miniature devices to be made available at the point-of-care. This review outlines the capabilities of electrochemical methods in conjunction with nanotechnology for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Future directions and challenges of the electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection are covered including wearable and conformal biosensors, detection of plant pathogens, multiplexed detection, and reusable biosensors for on-site monitoring, thereby providing low-cost and disposable biosensors.
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Key Words
- AIV H5N1, Avian influenza
- AIV, Avian influenza virus
- ASFV, African swine fever virus
- BVDV, Bovine viral diarrhea virus
- CGV, Chikungunya viruses
- CMV, Cucumber mosaic virus
- COVID-19
- CSFV, Classic swine fever virus
- CV, Cyclic voltammetry
- DAstV-1, Duck astrovirus 1
- DAstV-2, Duck astrovirus 2
- DENV, Dengue virus
- DEV, Duck enteritis virus
- DHAV-1, Duck hepatitis A virus 1
- DHAV-3, Duck hepatitis A virus 3
- DPV, Differential pulse voltammetry
- DRV-1, Duck reovirus 1
- DRV-2, Duck reovirus 2
- Detection
- EBV, Epstein-Barr virus
- EIS, Electric impedance spectroscopy
- EPC, External positive controls
- EV, Human enterovirus
- EV71, Human enterovirus 71
- Electrochemical sensor
- FMI SMOF, Fluorescence molecularly imprinted sensor based on a metal–organic framework
- GCE, Glassy carbon electrode
- GCFaV-1, Ginger chlorotic fleck associated virus 1
- GCFaV-2, Ginger chlorotic fleck-associated virus 2
- GEV VN-96, Gastroenteritis virus VN-96
- GPV, Goose parvovirus
- HHV, Human herpes virus 6
- HIAV, Human influenza A viruses
- HPB19, Human parvovirus B19
- HSV, Herpes simplex
- IAV, influenza A virus
- IEA, Interdigitated electrode array
- IMA, Interdigitated microelectrode array
- INAA, Isothermal nucleic acid amplification-based
- JEV, Japanese encephalitis virus
- LAMP, Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification
- LSV, Linear sweep voltammetry
- MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome
- MIEC, Molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence
- MNV, Murine norovirus
- MeV, Measles virus
- NNV, Nervous necrosis virus
- Nanotechnology
- PBoV, Porcine bocavirus
- PCNAME, Pt-coated nanostructured alumina membrane electrode
- PCR
- PCRLFS, Polymerase Chain Reaction with a lateral flow strip with a lateral flow strip
- PCV, Porcine circovirus 3
- PEDV, Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus
- PRRSV, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
- PSV, Pseudorabies virus
- RCA, Rolling circle amplification
- RGO, Reduced graphene oxide
- RT-LAMP-VF, RT-LAMP and a vertical flow visualization strip
- RV, Rubella virus
- SARS, Severe acute respiratory syndrome
- SIVH1N1, Swine influenza virus
- SWV, Square wave voltammetry
- TGEV, transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus
- TMUV, Tembusu virus
- USEGFET, Ultra-sensitive electrolyte-gated field-effect transistor
- VZV, Varicella-zoster virus
- VZV, varicella-Zoster virus
- Viruses
- ZV, Zika virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikandar D Bukkitgar
- Centre for Electrochemical Science and Materials, Department of Chemistry, K.L.E. Institute of Technology, Gokul, Hubballi 580030, Karnataka, India
| | - Nagaraj P Shetti
- Centre for Electrochemical Science and Materials, Department of Chemistry, K.L.E. Institute of Technology, Gokul, Hubballi 580030, Karnataka, India
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- Pharmaceutical Engineering, Soniya College of Pharmacy, Dharwad 580-007, India
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Ou TP, Auerswald H, In S, Peng B, Pang S, Boyer S, Choeung R, Dupont-Rouzeyrol M, Dussart P, Duong V. Replication Variance of African and Asian Lineage Zika Virus Strains in Different Cell Lines, Mosquitoes and Mice. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061250. [PMID: 34207488 PMCID: PMC8230095 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the epidemic in 2007, studies on vector competence for Zika virus (ZIKV) have intensified, showing that the transmission efficiency varies depending on the vector population, ZIKV strain, and dose of the infectious blood meal. In this study, we aimed to investigate the replication of African and Asian ZIKV strains in vitro and in vivo in order to reveal their phenotypic differences. In addition, we investigated the vector competence of Cambodian Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) mosquitoes (urban and rural) for these ZIKV strains. We observed a significantly higher pathogenicity of the African ZIKV strain in vitro (in mosquito and mammalian cells), and in vivo in both Ae. aegypti and mice. Both mosquito populations were competent to transmit ZIKV as early as 7 days p.i., depending on the population and the ZIKV strain. Ae. aegypti from rural habitats showed significant higher transmission and survival rates than those from urban. We observed the highest transmission efficiency for the African ZIKV isolate (93.3% 14 days p.i.) and for the Cambodian ZIKV isolate (80% 14 days p.i.). Overall, our results highlight the phenotypic differences of the ZIKV lineages and the potential risk of ZIKV transmission by Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. Further investigations of Cambodian mosquito species and ZIKV specific surveillance in humans is necessary in order to improve the local risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tey Putita Ou
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12156, Cambodia; (T.P.O.); (H.A.); (S.I.); (B.P.); (S.P.); (R.C.); (P.D.)
| | - Heidi Auerswald
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12156, Cambodia; (T.P.O.); (H.A.); (S.I.); (B.P.); (S.P.); (R.C.); (P.D.)
| | - Saraden In
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12156, Cambodia; (T.P.O.); (H.A.); (S.I.); (B.P.); (S.P.); (R.C.); (P.D.)
| | - Borin Peng
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12156, Cambodia; (T.P.O.); (H.A.); (S.I.); (B.P.); (S.P.); (R.C.); (P.D.)
| | - Senglong Pang
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12156, Cambodia; (T.P.O.); (H.A.); (S.I.); (B.P.); (S.P.); (R.C.); (P.D.)
| | - Sébastien Boyer
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12156, Cambodia;
| | - Rithy Choeung
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12156, Cambodia; (T.P.O.); (H.A.); (S.I.); (B.P.); (S.P.); (R.C.); (P.D.)
| | - Myrielle Dupont-Rouzeyrol
- URE Dengue and Arboviruses, Institut Pasteur in New Caledonia, Institut Pasteur International Network, Nouméa 98800, New Caledonia;
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12156, Cambodia; (T.P.O.); (H.A.); (S.I.); (B.P.); (S.P.); (R.C.); (P.D.)
| | - Veasna Duong
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12156, Cambodia; (T.P.O.); (H.A.); (S.I.); (B.P.); (S.P.); (R.C.); (P.D.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Cassedy A, Parle-McDermott A, O’Kennedy R. Virus Detection: A Review of the Current and Emerging Molecular and Immunological Methods. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:637559. [PMID: 33959631 PMCID: PMC8093571 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.637559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are ubiquitous in the environment. While many impart no deleterious effects on their hosts, several are major pathogens. This risk of pathogenicity, alongside the fact that many viruses can rapidly mutate highlights the need for suitable, rapid diagnostic measures. This review provides a critical analysis of widely used methods and examines their advantages and limitations. Currently, nucleic-acid detection and immunoassay methods are among the most popular means for quickly identifying viral infection directly from source. Nucleic acid-based detection generally offers high sensitivity, but can be time-consuming, costly, and require trained staff. The use of isothermal-based amplification systems for detection could aid in the reduction of results turnaround and equipment-associated costs, making them appealing for point-of-use applications, or when high volume/fast turnaround testing is required. Alternatively, immunoassays offer robustness and reduced costs. Furthermore, some immunoassay formats, such as those using lateral-flow technology, can generate results very rapidly. However, immunoassays typically cannot achieve comparable sensitivity to nucleic acid-based detection methods. Alongside these methods, the application of next-generation sequencing can provide highly specific results. In addition, the ability to sequence large numbers of viral genomes would provide researchers with enhanced information and assist in tracing infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Cassedy
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - R. O’Kennedy
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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