Evaluation of the efficacy and morbidity of radiofrequency thermocoagulation in the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease

What can patients expect in the long term from radiofrequency thermocoagulation of hemorrhoids on bleeding, prolapse, quality of life, and recurrence: "no pain, no gain" or "no pain but a gain"?

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to assess the long-term efficacy of hemorrhoidal radiofrequency thermocoagulation (RFT) on bleeding, prolapse, quality of life (QoL), and recurrence.

METHODS

This retrospective, single-center study, with RFT performed using procedure modified via hemorrhoid exteriorization assessed the evolution of hemorrhoidal prolapse rated by Goligher scale; bleeding and discomfort (0-10), feeling of improvement and satisfaction (-5 to +5/5) by analog scales; the impact of hemorrhoids on QoL by HEMO-FISS-QoL score.

RESULTS

From April 2016 to January 2021, 124 patients underwent surgery and 107 were interviewed in September 2021. The average follow-up was 30 months (range, 8-62 months). The mean work stoppage was 3 days, none in 71.0% of the cases. A mean of 4,334 J was applied. No analgesics were required for 66.4% of patients. External hemorrhoidal thrombosis was the only immediate complication in 9 patients, with no long-term reported complication. Bleeding disappeared in 53 out of 102 patients or dropped from 7 to 3 out of 10 (P<0.001). Prolapse reduced from mean grade 3 to 2 (P<0.001), discomfort from 7 to 2 out of 10 (P<0.001). HEMO-FISS-QoL score improved from 22 to 7 out of 100 (P<0.001). Feeling of improvement and overall satisfaction rate were +4/5. Recurrence occurred in 21.5% of patients at 22 months, and 6 required reoperation. Of the patients, 91.6% would choose the same procedure again and 96.3% recommend it.

CONCLUSION

RFT, although imperfect, leads to a significant improvement in hemorrhoidal symptoms and a lasting increase in QoL with minimal pain and downtime, high acceptance, and low complication and recurrence rates.

Bio-thermal response during laser haemorrhoidoplasty: an exclusive analytical and numerical approach for theoretical investigation

Haemorrhoidal disease is identified by declension of the inflamed and bleeding of vascular tissues of the anal canal. Traditionally, haemorrhoids are associated with chronic constipation and the most common symptoms are irritation in anus region, pain and discomfort, swelling around anus, tender lumps around the anus and rectal bleeding (depending upon the grade of haemorrhoid). Among the several conventional treatment procedures (commonly mentioned as, rubber band litigation, sclerotherapy and electrotherapy), laser haemorrhoidoplasty is an out-patient and less-invasive laparoscopic procedure. From literature survey it has been observed that an exclusive theoretical model depicting the impact of 1064 nm wavelength laser wave on living tissues subjected to haemorrhoid therapy is not available. This research work is a pioneering attempt to develop a theoretical study attributing specifically on laser therapy of haemorrhoid treatment based on Pennes' biological heat transfer model. The corresponding mathematical model has been solved by analytical method to establish thermal response of tissue during the treatment and also the same has been solved a numerical approach based on finite difference method to validate the feasibility of former method due to unavailability of any theoretical model. Impact of variation of blood perfusion term, laser pulse time and optical penetration depth on temperature response of skin tissue is captured. The tissue temperature decreases along with time of laser exposure with increasing the blood perfusion rate as it carries away large amount of heat. With the increase in laser pulse time, tissue temperature declines due to shorter pulse time resulting in higher energy consumed by electrons. The research outcome is successfully validated with less than 1% of error observed between the appointed analytical and numerical scheme.

French multicentre prospective evaluation of radiofrequency ablation in the management of haemorrhoidal disease

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in the management of haemorrhoidal disease with 1 year's follow-up.

METHOD

This prospective multicentre study assessed RFA (Rafaelo©) in outpatients with grade II-III haemorrhoids. RFA was performed in the operating room under locoregional or general anaesthesia. Primary endpoint was the evolution of a quality-of-life score adapted to the haemorrhoid pathology (HEMO-FISS-QoL) 3 months after surgery. Secondary endpoints were evolution of symptoms (prolapsus, bleeding, pain, itching, anal discomfort), complications, postoperative pain and medical leave.

RESULTS

A total of 129 patients (69% men, median age 49 years) were operated on in 16 French centres. Median HEMO-FISS-QoL score dropped significantly from 17.4/100 to 0/100 (p < 0.0001) at 3 months. At 3 months, the rate of patients reporting bleeding (21% vs. 84%, p < 0.001), prolapse (34% vs. 91.3%, p < 0.001) and anal discomfort (0/10 vs. 5/10, p < 0.0001) decreased significantly. Median medical leave was 4 days [1-14]. Postoperative pain was 4/10, 1/10, 0/10 and 0/10 at weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4. Seven patients (5.4%) were reoperated on by haemorrhoidectomy for relapse, and three for complications. Reported complications were haemorrhage (3), dysuria (3), abscess (2), anal fissure (1), external haemorrhoidal thrombosis (10), pain requiring morphine (11). Degree of satisfaction was high (+ 5 at 3 months on a - 5/+ 5 scale).

CONCLUSION

RFA is associated with an improvement in quality of life and symptoms with a good safety profile. As expected for minimally invasive surgery, postoperative pain is minor with short medical leave.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION AND DATE

Clinical trial NCT04229784 (18/01/2020).

The role of the Rafaelo procedure in the management of hemorrhoidal disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to summarize the current evidence regarding the role of the Rafaelo procedure in the management of hemorrhoidal disease (HD).

METHODS

This study was based on the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A literature search was performed (Medline, Scopus, CENTRAL, and Web of Science) from inception to 25/09/2022. Grey literature databases were also reviewed. The primary endpoint was the pooled complications rate of the Rafaelo procedure in patients with HD. Secondary endpoints included short- (bleeding, pain, thrombosis, necrosis, urinary retention, fever, oedema, anal fissure, and readmission) and long-term (stenosis, meteorism, constipation, anal tags, anal hyposensibility, reoperation, and recurrence) postoperative complication rates. Both prospective and retrospective studies were considered. Quality evaluation was performed via the ROBINS-I tool. Certainty of Evidence was based on the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology.

RESULTS

Overall, 6 non-randomized studies and 327 patients were included. The overall complication rate was 17.6% (95% CI 8.8-26.3%). Short-term complications were bleeding (7.5%, 95% CI 2.5-12.5%), thrombosis (2.2%, 95% CI 0.4-4.8%), and pain (1.6%, 95% CI 0.2-3.3%). Reoperation and recurrence rates were 1.8% (95% CI 0.3-3.4%) and 4.8% (95% CI 1.2-8.4%), respectively. A significant improvement in the presenting symptoms was noted. Method approval and patient satisfaction rates were 89.1% (95% CI 81.7-96.6%) and 95% (95% CI 89.8-100%), correspondingly. Overall CoE was "Very Low".

CONCLUSIONS

Further randomized controlled trials are required to delineate the exact role of the Rafaelo procedure in HD.

Early and midterm results of radiofrequency ablation (Rafaelo® procedure) for third-degree haemorrhoids: a prospective, two-centre study

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for treating third degree haemorrhoids, with a follow-up over 2 years.

Methods

We conducted a prospective, two-centre study to assess RFA of third-degree haemorrhoids in an outpatient setting. Treatment was performed under local anaesthesia, optionally in combination with sedation. The primary endpoint was analysis of a proctological symptom score ([PSS] bleeding, itching, pain, soiling) and proctological examination to detect recurrence at 1, 6, 12 and 24 months after surgery. The secondary endpoints were postoperative complications, incidence of postoperative pain, including administration of analgesics and time to return to daily routine.

Results

Ninety-eight patients were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 49.1 ± 10.9 (mean ± SD). 83 patients (84.7%) were male and 15 patients (15.3%) were female. The follow-up involved 100% (1 month), 95% (6 months), 86% (12 months) and 74% after 24 months. The individual symptom scores and overall PSS score decreased significantly in comparison to the initial score at each time point assessed. Prolapsed haemorrhoids decreased in comparison to the initial situation (100%) to 7.2% (1 month), 3.5% (6 months), 13.1% (12 months) and 13.7% (after 24 months). Thirteen patients (12.7%) required repeat haemorrhoid therapy during the 2-year follow-up period. The mean maximum pain score after the procedure was 2.5 ± 2.7 (determined with the visual analogue scale), while 33 (33.7%) patients reported having no pain. 59 (60.2%) patients did not take analgesics after the procedure. Eleven patients (11.2%) experienced minor complications (bleeding, fever, cramps, diarrhoea, anal venous thrombosis) but did not require additional treatment. Eight cases (8.2%) of major complications (infection, bleeding, severe pain) required treatment with antibiotics, a second intervention, analgesics or hospitalization.

Conclusions

RFA is safe and effective for treatment of third-degree haemorrhoids. The main advantages of this new method are its use on an outpatient basis under local anaesthesia, a very low level of postoperative pain and significant control of haemorrhoid symptoms over 2 years.