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Miah MS, Sherer PP, Sumpradit N, Sringernyuang L. The reality of embedded drug purchasing practices: Understanding the sociocultural and economic aspects of the use of medicines in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287009. [PMID: 37379283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Purchasing drugs with or without prescription from retail drug shops is common practice in Bangladesh. However, what actually takes place between the drug seller and customer during the transaction is under-researched. This study explores the drug purchasing practices which underlie the socio-cultural and economic aspects of a Bangladeshi city. METHODS Adopting ethnographic methods, we conducted thirty in-depth interviews (IDIs) with customers, patients, and sales assistants, and ten key informant interviews (KIIs) with drug sellers, experienced sales assistants and pharmaceutical company representatives. Thirty hours were spent observing drug sellers' and buyers' conversations and interactions for medicine. A total of 40 heterogeneous participants were purposively selected from three drug stores. Transcribed data were coded, and analyzed thematically. RESULTS We found through thematic analysis that some individuals visited the drug store with fixed ideas about the name, brand, and dose of the drugs they wanted. Among the 30 IDIs participants, most individuals come without any preconceived ideas, describe their symptoms, and negotiate purchases with the expectation of quick remedies. Cultural practices of buying medicines in full or partial course of doses, with or without prescription, trust in sellers, and positive previous experiences of medications shape the drug purchasing behavior, regardless of any preconceived ideas concerning brand name, and dose. Few customers (n = 7) sought drugs by trade name, but most drug sellers often offered a generic substitute because selling non-brand drugs is more profitable. Notably, many of the clients (n = 13) bought drugs through installment payments and with loans. CONCLUSION Community people choose and purchase the most necessary medicines in a self-medicated way from shortly trained drug sellers that can harm individuals' health and reduce the effectiveness of medication. In addition, the results of buying medicine through installments and loans suggest further research on the financial burden of consumers' purchasing behavior. Policymakers, regulators, and healthcare professionals might implicate the study findings to deliver practical information on the rational use of medicines to sellers and customers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahgahan Miah
- Department of Anthropology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | | | - Nithima Sumpradit
- Medicines Regulation Division, Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Public Health, Yasothon, Thailand
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Ojha A, Bista D, KC B. Patients' Perceptions on Community Pharmacy Services of a Ward (10) of Kathmandu Metropolitan. Patient Prefer Adherence 2023; 17:1487-1499. [PMID: 37361031 PMCID: PMC10287512 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s395774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Community pharmacists' role is shifting from product-oriented function towards patient-centered care. The patient-centered role of pharmacists is undervalued, as the public is unaware of pharmacists' role. This study aims to identify patients' perceptions and satisfaction with pharmaceutical care services and factors affecting their preferences for community pharmacy services. Patients and Methods A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted for three months on patients visiting registered community pharmacies in Kathmandu metropolitan ward number 10. Results Out of 406 participants, 30.5% perceive pharmacists to have a balance between business and health aspects of pharmacy practices; 29.1% view them as drug experts; and 11.8% consider pharmacists to be more concerned with business. 43.8% of participants were found to discuss their drug-related queries with pharmacists, possibly due to low treatment costs. Approximately 77% of respondents had no hesitancy when contacting pharmacists for health-related information because they believed pharmacists were sufficiently qualified to address drug-related questions. Around 88% of respondents agreed that the role of pharmacists is to counsel the patient about the directions for the use of medications. The level of satisfaction indicated that 72.4% are highly satisfied with pharmacy services. In addition, patients feel comfortable discussing their health with pharmacists due to their ability to protect the privacy of their medical records. In contrast, more trust in doctors seems to be the most common barrier for patients visiting pharmacists. Conclusion Overall, pharmacists were regarded as the most trusted health care personnel to contact. However, to facilitate the expansion of pharmaceutical care services, the public should be aware of their distinctive professional talents. It is recommended for future researchers to understand the subjective perspective of pharmacy staff, managers, and pharmaceutical policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Ojha
- Department of Pharmacy, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - Durga Bista
- Department of Pharmacy, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
| | - Badri KC
- Department of Pharmacy, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal
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Waszyk-Nowaczyk M, Guzenda W, Kamasa K, Zielińska-Tomczak Ł, Cerbin-Koczorowska M, Michalak M, Przymuszała P, Plewka B. Polish Patients' Needs and Opinions about the Implementation of Pharmaceutical Care in Diabetes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:945. [PMID: 36673701 PMCID: PMC9859607 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20020945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to get to know patients' opinions on implementing pharmaceutical care for diabetic patients in a community pharmacy to prevent and effectively and holistically approach the treatment of people with diabetes. It was based on an authorial survey form and conducted from August to October 2021 in a community pharmacy in Poznan, Poland. A total of 131 pharmacy patients over 18 years were included in the study. Results showed that the vast majority of patients confirmed their interest in pharmaceutical care in diabetes conducted by pharmacists. Moreover, 79.4% of respondents would like to benefit from medicines use review, while 87.0% confirmed an interest in the 'New Drug' service, with diabetic patients being particularly interested in this (p = 0.2447). Most respondents were also interested in education on how to use a glucose meter, administer insulin and use a lancing device. In addition, the study showed patients' insufficient knowledge about risk factors and prevention of diabetes with the need for patient education. As the source of funding, 91.7% of diabetic patients indicated the National Health Fund. Given that such a service has not been implemented in Poland yet, this study may support established teams at the Supreme Pharmaceutical Chamber or the Ministry of Health in introducing such new services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Waszyk-Nowaczyk
- Pharmacy Practice Division, Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka Street, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Weronika Guzenda
- Pharmacy Practice Division, Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka Street, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Karolina Kamasa
- Student’s Pharmaceutical Care Group, Pharmacy Practice Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka Street, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Łucja Zielińska-Tomczak
- Department of Medical Education, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 7 Rokietnicka Street., 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Cerbin-Koczorowska
- Department of Medical Education, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 7 Rokietnicka Street., 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał Michalak
- Chair and Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 7 Rokietnicka Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Przymuszała
- Department of Medical Education, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 7 Rokietnicka Street., 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Beata Plewka
- Pharmacy Practice Division, Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka Street, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
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Alanazi AS, Shah S, Abbas G, Hussain M, Saleem A, Khurram H, Chand UR, Mallhi TH, Khan YH, Ilyas K, Tariq S, Jamil A, Alzarea AI, Alzarea SI. Assessing Patient Satisfaction with Community Pharmacy Services: A Large Regional Study at Punjab, Pakistan. Patient Prefer Adherence 2023; 17:13-22. [PMID: 36636289 PMCID: PMC9830057 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s389053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Patient satisfaction can be used to assess the quality of services provided at pharmacies. Our aim was to determine the level of patient satisfaction with pharmacy services and related factors at community pharmacies located in Punjab, Pakistan. METHODS A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2021 to July 2021 by administering the questionnaire to the patients using stratified random sampling method. Survey instrument comprised 4 sections including demographics, satisfaction towards provision of facilities, the provision of information, their accessibility to patients, the relationship between pharmacists and patients and the continuity of care provided. Categorical data were represented by percentages. Descriptive statistics were calculated for satisfaction scores. Simple and multiple logistic regression models were used to find the odds ratios. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Response rate of the survey was 92%. Only 30% of patients agreed that the pharmacist was available for counseling on their visit. About 52% agreed that the counseling time provided by pharmacist was enough. Most of the pharmacy patients (61%) trusted the pharmacist regarding any query about medicine and were satisfied with the way the pharmacist resolved issues. Mean satisfaction score of the pharmacy patients was 45.75 with a range of 25 (highly satisfied) to 66 (highly dissatisfied). CONCLUSION The provision of community pharmacy services to patients was not satisfactory. Furthermore, the absence of pharmacist in the pharmacy and the lack of provision for counseling time raised concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Salah Alanazi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahid Shah
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Correspondence: Shahid Shah; Ghulam Abbas, Email ;
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Musaddique Hussain
- Faculty of Pharmacy, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Ammara Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Haris Khurram
- National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Chiniot-Faisalabad Campus, Chiniot, Pakistan
| | - Usman Rashid Chand
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yusra Habib Khan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kainat Ilyas
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Savaira Tariq
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Jamil
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdulaziz Ibrahim Alzarea
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami Ibrahim Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
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Public Perception of Pharmacists in Poland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052515. [PMID: 35270206 PMCID: PMC8909892 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background. Pharmacists constitute one of the largest groups of medical professionals and play a significant role in public health. Pharmaceutical care in community pharmacies is one of the key elements that impact the clinical outcomes of patients. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the public perception of pharmacists in Poland, as well as the knowledge of and willingness of Polish people to use pharmaceutical care services. Methods. This study was carried out in 2017 on 1435 people. The research tool was an anonymous online questionnaire. Results. Of the participants, 61% considered pharmacists to have a position of public trust, and 25% trusted pharmacists to a lesser extent than representatives of other medical professions. The participants stated that pharmacists were kind (74%) and helpful (69%). For 52% of the participants, pharmacists were fully competent to provide information on medications. Twenty-eight percent of the participants ask pharmacists for advice related to medicinal products. Poles’ knowledge on pharmaceutical care was low (44% of the respondents knew this notion). Sixty-six percent of the participants were willing to use pharmaceutical consultations (43% free of charge, and 23% for a nominal fee). Conclusions. Although the overall perception of patients towards pharmacists was positive in Poland, it is essential to educate patients on the possibilities of using pharmaceutical services, and to promote the role of pharmacists in healthcare systems.
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Barghouth D, Al-Abdallah GM, Abdallah AB. Pharmacy service factors and pharmacy performance: the role of patient satisfaction in community pharmacies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND HEALTHCARE MARKETING 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/ijphm-03-2020-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to examine the effects of pharmacy service factors (namely, medication teaching, service promptness, pharmacist attitudes, medication supply and pharmacy location) on patient satisfaction with community pharmacies in Jordan and to explore the effect of patient satisfaction on pharmacy performance.
Design/methodology/approach
Descriptive analytical methodology, with a quantitative approach using survey strategy was applied. The study population represented the whole population of Jordan (2.033 million households). Data were collected using an online questionnaire. A convenient quota sample of 1,000 respondents was targeted; 502 valid questionnaires were returned, representing an effective response rate of 50.2%. The study hypotheses were tested using path analysis.
Findings
The results showed that the service factors contributing most significantly to patient satisfaction in Jordan are medication supply, pharmacist attitudes, medication teaching and service promptness, in descending order of influence. Meanwhile, the effect of pharmacy location on patient satisfaction proved to be insignificant. In addition, patient satisfaction proved to have a highly positive impact on pharmacy performance.
Originality/value
This study addresses a debatable issue in the literature regarding the influence that pharmacy service factors can have on patient satisfaction. In addition, to the best of the researchers’ knowledge, this is the first study to explore the proposed effects in Jordan. It is also one of the first to investigate the effect of patient satisfaction on community pharmacy performance.
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Soubra R, Hlais S, Houmani N, Ghandour L, El Haj Hassan R, Joujou M, Shaarani I. Health seeking behaviour among Lebanese population: A highlight on seeking care from pharmacists. Eur J Gen Pract 2021; 27:51-59. [PMID: 33944640 PMCID: PMC8816400 DOI: 10.1080/13814788.2021.1917541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding health-seeking behaviour could significantly reduce the impact of illness on patients’ lives. Fragmentation of the Lebanese healthcare system and presence of variability in socio-economic factors have affected some aspects of the Lebanese population’s overall health seeking behaviour. One of these aspects is seeking diagnosis from pharmacists, which is prohibited by the Lebanese law but reinforced by the absence of supervision of concerned authorities. Objectives This study aimed to assess the Lebanese population’s knowledge, attitude, and practice towards seeking health care from pharmacists, exploring particularly the practice of seeking diagnosis from pharmacists. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted by surveying a convenient sample of 493 participants across the eight governorates of Lebanon between July and October 2016. A self-administered questionnaire was used. Questions assessed the health care seeking behaviour of the participants. Results Two-thirds of the study participants (63.9%) did not have a general practitioner whom they visit regularly. Nearly half of the participants (48.9%) reported seeking diagnosis from pharmacists. Noteworthy, seeking diagnosis from pharmacists’ behaviour declined significantly with having a general practitioner visited regularly. More than half of participants (59.5%) believed that dealing with emergencies is among the pharmacists’ duties. In addition, 62.8% perceived that pharmacists are ‘often/always’ capable of managing common complaints. Conclusion Our study showed that a significant proportion of the Lebanese population seek a diagnosis from pharmacists and a significant proportion of them have a misconception about the role of pharmacists in the Lebanese healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabih Soubra
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sani Hlais
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nadine Houmani
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lina Ghandour
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Mohammed Joujou
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Issam Shaarani
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Yong FR, Hor SY, Bajorek BV. A participatory research approach in community pharmacy research: The case for video-reflexive ethnography. Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 18:2157-2163. [PMID: 33903066 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Video-reflexive ethnography (VRE) is a qualitative methodology that explores the complex nature of healthcare 'as it really is'. Its collaborative and reflexive process invites stakeholders (e.g. pharmacists and pharmacy support staff) to participate in analysing their everyday work practices as captured on video footage. Through close collaboration with practitioners and attention to their work contexts, VRE may be a useful methodology to engage a time-poor pharmacy workforce in research about themselves, encouraging more practitioner involvement in practice-based research. Aside from research, VRE has also been used effectively as an intervention to facilitate learning and change in healthcare settings, and could be effective in provoking change in otherwise resistant pharmacy environments. Much like traditional ethnographic approaches, VRE researchers have relied on being present 'in the field' to observe, record and make sense of practices with participants. The COVID-19 pandemic however, has introduced restrictions around travel and physical distancing, which has required researchers to contemplate the conduct of VRE 'at a distance', and to imagine new ways in which the methodological 'closeness' to stakeholders and their workplace contexts can be maintained when researchers cannot be on site. In this commentary, we outline the rationale for participatory methods, in the form of VRE, in pharmacy research. We describe the underlying principles of this innovative methodology, and offer examples of how VRE can be used in pharmacy research. Finally, we offer a reflexive account of how we have adapted the method for use in community pharmacy research, to adapt to physical distancing, without sacrificing its methodological principles. This paper offers not only a new methodology to examine the complexity of pharmacy work, but demonstrates also the responsiveness of VRE itself to complexity, and the potential breadth of future research applications in pharmacy both during and beyond the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith R Yong
- Pharmacy Department, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, 100 Broadway, Chippendale, Sydney, NSW, 2008, Australia.
| | - Su-Yin Hor
- Centre for Health Services Management, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Building 10, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Beata V Bajorek
- Pharmacy Department, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, 100 Broadway, Chippendale, Sydney, NSW, 2008, Australia.
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Sharif A, Haque N, Jogezai S, Rahim H, Ghilzai D, Iqbal Q, Haider S, Sadaf N, Anwar M, Saleem F. A cross-sectional assessment of patient satisfaction with pharmacy performance attending a public healthcare institute of Quetta city, Pakistan. J Public Health (Oxf) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-019-01100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Pharmacists' viewpoint towards their professional role in healthcare system: a survey of hospital settings of Pakistan. BMC Health Serv Res 2020; 20:610. [PMID: 32615966 PMCID: PMC7330985 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-020-05459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacy service is an essential part of a healthcare system. The profession of pharmacy is well recognized and is practiced to its full potential in developed countries however, it is underutilized in developing countries such as Pakistan. The recognition of pharmacist's role as healthcare professional is limited. This study aimed to document pharmacists' attitude towards their role in Pakistan's healthcare system, their experience with doctors and their perceptions towards involvement in medicines management. METHODS A 4-month cross-sectional survey (Jan - Apr 18) was conducted targeting pharmacists practising in 26 tertiary care hospitals across Pakistan using a developed and validated questionnaire in both Urdu/English languages. Chi square (χ2) test was used to report any associations between independent variables, i.e., education, type of hospital and work experience and, dependent variables, i.e., pharmacists' attitudes, experience, and perception. A p-value of ≤0.01 with value of Cramer's V ≥ 0.3 was considered cut-off for establishing statistical significance. The study was approved by ethical committee and local hospital committees. RESULTS Three hundred ninety-six questionnaires were returned out of 500, i.e., response rate = 87.9%. Most participants (92.2%) interacted with doctors at least once daily. Most interactions were related to drug availability inquiry (72.5%). Most pharmacists (91.4%) mentioned that pharmacy duties are mostly clinical in nature. 93.4% of the respondents indicated that pharmacists are reliable source of information regarding general medicines. Furthermore, 87.4% reasoned inadequate training for not being able to discuss issues of clinical nature with doctors. CONCLUSION Pharmacists were willing to perform their duties and provide healthcare benefits to patients however, they seemed sceptical of advanced clinical pharmacy roles such as intervening in prescriptions and medication therapy, consultations and prescribing. There is a need to increase awareness regarding pharmacist's role. Therefore, it would be helpful if trainings and seminars are conducted on the importance of clinical pharmacy to improve the pharmacy services in Pakistan's healthcare system.
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Shahzad K, Jianqiu Z, Sardar T, Hafeez M, Shaheen A, Wang L. Hospital information-system (HIS) acceptance: A physician’s stance. HUMAN SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/hsm-180415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khuram Shahzad
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zeng Jianqiu
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, People’s Republic of China
| | - Taiba Sardar
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, People’s Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Hafeez
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aliya Shaheen
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, People’s Republic of China
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Tseng KH, Chang EH, Ko Y. An investigation of the determinants for community pharmacists' positive image and the needs for community pharmacists' services in Taiwan. Int J Health Plann Manage 2019; 34:1354-1363. [PMID: 31025426 DOI: 10.1002/hpm.2796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the specific factors that the general public believes have an effect on the image of community pharmacists and also to identify community pharmacists' services that truly fulfill people's needs. METHODS A convenient sample of 401 community pharmacy customers completed the questionnaire. RESULTS When asked about the factors that help establish a positive image for a community pharmacist, 98.3% of the respondents reported accurate dispensing as the most important factor, followed by cordial attitude (95.5%), and wearing clothes showing pharmacist's license with a photo (94.6%). Among the services provided by community pharmacies, most people think that the most needed service is a consultation explaining drug-drug interactions (93.8%). Furthermore, 312 (77.8%) respondents indicated that there is a need for comprehensive pharmaceutical services. As for the amount that the respondents were willing to pay for such service, many (42.9%) chose 100 NT dollars (≈ 3USD). CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that correct dispensing is the most important factor that helps establish a positive image of community pharmacists and that the most needed services were those that required pharmacists' professional competence. Moreover, nearly 80% of the respondents reported that they needed comprehensive pharmaceutical services and were willing to pay for it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Hsun Tseng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Ever Health Pharmacy, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Elizabeth H Chang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Pharmacoeconomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu Ko
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Pharmacoeconomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Aziz MM, Ji W, Masood I, Farooq M, Malik MZ, Chang J, Jiang M, Atif N, Fang Y. Patient Satisfaction with Community Pharmacies Services: A Cross-Sectional Survey from Punjab; Pakistan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15122914. [PMID: 30572667 PMCID: PMC6313509 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Patient satisfaction can identify specific areas of improvement in community pharmacy services. Currently in Pakistan, no evidence exists in this regard. This study was conducted to determine the needs of patients and the current standards of pharmacies. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2016 and June 2017. A pilot tested questionnaire was used to collected the data from 1088 patients of 544 community pharmacies. Likert scale and one way ANOVA was used to analyze the data. Results: The response rate of community pharmacies was 80% and that of purchasers was 68.1%. The mean age of participants was 35.2 years. The mean overall satisfaction score of participants was 2.78/5.00. Many patients were dissatisfied (1.65/5.00) with parking facilities provided by pharmacies. Pharmacy service time fulfilled the requirements of most patients (4.16/5.00). The counseling person’s good attitude (3.99/5.00) was credited by purchasers. Level of patient satisfaction with the availability of medicines (3.19/5.00), safe storage of medicines in pharmacy stores (3.66/5.00), and quality of medicines (3.41/5.00) were almost moderate. Many patients were very satisfied (4.35/5.00) with readable instructions for their medications. Approximately half of the patients were dissatisfied with the waiting time. Many patients were also dissatisfied (2.28/5.00) with the knowledge of the counseling person. Patients perceived that staff interest in patient recovery (2.24/5.00) was low. No significant difference in level of satisfaction with regard to participant’s characteristics was found. Conclusions: The current study demonstrated a low level of patient satisfaction with regard to community pharmacy services in Pakistan. These services need improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Majid Aziz
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
- The Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
- Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
- Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Wenjing Ji
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
- The Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
- Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
- Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Imran Masood
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, Railway Road Campus, Islamia University, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Faculty of pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Zubair Malik
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, University Road Sargodha, Punjab 40100, Pakistan.
| | - Jie Chang
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
- The Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
- Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
- Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Minghuan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
- The Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
- Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
- Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Naveel Atif
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
- The Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
- Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
- Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi'an 710061, China.
- University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Shahra-i-Quaid-e-Azam, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Yu Fang
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
- The Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
- Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
- Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi'an 710061, China.
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Shrestha S, Poudel RS, Thapa P, Baniya S, KC B. Perception of patients towards the role of pharmacist: a cross-sectional study from selected three hospitals in Central Nepal. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jphs.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shakti Shrestha
- Department of Pharmacy; Shree Medical and Technical College; Chitwan Nepal
| | | | - Priyanka Thapa
- Department of Pharmacy; Shree Medical and Technical College; Chitwan Nepal
| | - Susmita Baniya
- Department of Pharmacy; Shree Medical and Technical College; Chitwan Nepal
| | - Bhuvan KC
- School of Pharmacy; Monash University Malaysia; Subang Jaya Malaysia
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15
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Almansour HA, Chaar B, Saini B. Perspectives and experiences of patients with type 2 diabetes observing the Ramadan fast. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2018; 23:380-396. [PMID: 27998181 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2016.1269156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes is a common chronic disease among Australians. Culturally and linguistically diverse groups are observed to have higher prevalence rates of diabetes. Continuing management needs adherence to medication and diet regimens. Religious practices such as fasting can affect diabetes management and medication use. Pharmacists as medication specialists have a significant role in helping people observing religious practices such as the Ramadan fast, which involves month-long absolute abstinence from food during daylight hours, to maintain good control over their condition. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the perspective of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) who undertake the fast of Ramadan, to understand their experiences, health-related needs and service preferences regarding diabetes management. METHODS A qualitative, exploratory design was used in this study. Data collection comprised the conduct of semi-structured interviews with a purposive convenient sample of patients in areas of ethnic diversity in Sydney, using a standardised interview guide. Interview data were transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed. RESULTS Twenty-five semi-structured interviews (68% males) among a heterogeneous sample of fasting T2D patients were conducted. Themes emerging from analysis of transcripts included issues relating to sociocultural pressure for T2D patients to fast; lack of awareness about the role of pharmacists and, most importantly, the need to train pharmacists in cultural sensitivity and clinical implications thereof. CONCLUSIONS Community awareness about the role of the pharmacists in assisting medication use and adjustment during fasting periods should be enhanced. Furthermore, community pharmacists need to be trained about the unique religious and sociocultural issues of patients with diabetes opting to observe spiritual rituals such as the Ramadan fast. Clinical education in this area should up-skill pharmacists to inculcate self-management behaviours in fasting T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi A Almansour
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Betty Chaar
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Bandana Saini
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia
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16
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Dias-Souza MV. Strategies for Expanding Access and Improving the Quality of Pharmaceutical Services. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1762-7.ch014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical services are among the most accessible healthcare assistance systems worldwide, being provided generally in enterprises like Drugstores and Compounding Pharmacies. Pharmacists are highly accessible healthcare professionals considering also the availability, geographic distribution and location of pharmaceutical enterprises. However, there are several challenges for providing these services for patients with limitations such as low education, difficulties on reaching the Pharmacist, and the need for individualized monitoring (due to the complexity of therapy). Reports of low quality services are growing worldwide, and in order to expand access and improve the quality of pharmaceutical services, Pharmacists must move from being medication dispensers with focus in administrative management to a clinically-oriented practice with a humanistic view. The aim of this chapter is to make an approach on the implementation of effective strategies and ways to improve the quality of Pharmacists' work as specialized healthcare providers.
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17
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Pharmacists' perspectives about their role in care of patients with diabetes observing Ramadan. Res Social Adm Pharm 2017; 13:109-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Al-Tannir M, Alharbi AI, Alfawaz AS, Zahran RI, AlTannir M. Saudi adults satisfaction with community pharmacy services. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:774. [PMID: 27386260 PMCID: PMC4912500 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2442-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Community pharmacists play a significant role in patient health care in Saudi Arabia and are directly responsible for medication-related counseling. Aim To assess Saudi Adults satisfaction with community pharmacy services and the secondary objective is obtaining an insight of their needs in patient counseling service. Methods This cross-sectional survey was conducted via a questionnaire distributed to a representative sample of 650 Saudi adults approached at pharmacists and public places in areas of Riyadh during March 2014. Results 500 Complete questionnaires were collected, and the response rate was 77 %. Around 41 % were satisfied with Saudi pharmacy services. Out of these, 57 % attributed their satisfaction to pharmacist counseling on current medication, 96 % to appropriate dosage regimen explanation and 73 % to appropriate time spent in counseling (p < 0.001). When asked about reasons for dissatisfaction, 82 % of the unsatisfied group stated that pharmacists fail to ask about comorbid diseases and 78 % reported unavailability of dedicated pharmacist for patient counseling (p < 0.001). Conclusion Saudi adults have variable levels of satisfaction with community pharmacy services. To increase levels of satisfaction, it is necessary to provide adequate pharmacist training in community pharmacies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Afnan I Alharbi
- College of Pharmacy, Princess Nora bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa S Alfawaz
- College of Pharmacy, Princess Nora bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Razan I Zahran
- College of Pharmacy, Princess Nora bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Saleem A, Nawaz M, Khan J. Is there a link between the growing drug selling outlets, licensure type, and rising OTC antibiotics utilization in Pakistan? Res Social Adm Pharm 2016; 12:805-6. [PMID: 27117186 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Saleem
- Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
| | - Mehwish Nawaz
- Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Jahangir Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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20
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Khan MU, Ahmad A, Fayyaz M, Ashraf N, Bhagavathula A. Exploring the intentions of pharmacy students towards pharmacy ownership by using theory of planned behaviour. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:183. [PMID: 27005815 PMCID: PMC4804628 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-1996-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to assess the association of the constructs of theory of planned behaviour (behavioural beliefs, normative beliefs, control beliefs) and demographic variables with the intentions of pharmacy students to become pharmacy owner. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted between October and November, 2014, using a pretested, self-administered questionnaire delivered to a sample of 350 pharmacy students at a private university of Pakistan. Behavioural beliefs, normative beliefs and control beliefs were assessed on four point Likert scale of agreement. The scores were summed and dichotomized based on an arbitrary 50 % cut-off score to assess positive and negative beliefs. Binary logistic regression was used to analyse the data. Results A total of 313 participants (89.4 %) responded to the questionnaire. Participants’ behavioural beliefs, normative beliefs and control beliefs were negative towards pharmacy ownership with the mean scores of 13.90 ± 0.41 (score range: 6–24), 9.66 ± 0.49 (score range: 4–16) and 16.88 ± 0.40 (score range: 7–28) respectively. Professional year and family business were significantly associated with intentions of pharmacy students to own a pharmacy (p < 0.05). Conclusion Behavioural beliefs, normative beliefs and control beliefs were negative towards pharmacy ownership. Implementation of entrepreneurship course in pharmacy school may transform the beliefs of pharmacy students towards pharmacy ownership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umair Khan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, UCSI University, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Akram Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, UCSI University, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Fayyaz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamadard University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nida Ashraf
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Akshaya Bhagavathula
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Research, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
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Ahmad A, Khan MU, Moorthy J, Kumar BD, Kumar GS, Patel I. Comparison of knowledge, attitudes and perceived barriers towards adverse drug reactions reporting between Bachelor of Pharmacy and Doctor of Pharmacy students in Southern India. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jphs.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akram Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; UCSI University; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Umair Khan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; UCSI University; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Jagadeesan Moorthy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice; Bharat Institute of Technology-Pharmacy; Hyderabad India
| | - Bandari Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice; Vaagdevi College of Pharmacy; Warangal Telangana India
| | - Gogikar Sudhir Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice; Vaagdevi College of Pharmacy; Warangal Telangana India
| | - Isha Patel
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy Shenandoah University; Winchester VA USA
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Umair Khan M, Ahmad A, Ejaz A, Ata Rizvi S, Sardar A, Hussain K, Zaffar T, Q. Jamshed S. Comparison of the knowledge, attitudes, and perception of barriers regarding adverse drug reaction reporting between pharmacy and medical students in Pakistan. JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONS 2015; 12:28. [PMID: 26072906 PMCID: PMC4536349 DOI: 10.3352/jeehp.2015.12.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study was to compare the knowledge and attitudes of pharmacy and medical students regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs), as well as their perceptions of barriers to ADR reporting, in a Higher Education Commission-recognised Pakistani university. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among final-year pharmacy (n=91) and medical (n=108) students in Pakistan from June 1 to July 31, 2014. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. The responses of pharmacy students were compared to those of medical students. RESULTS Pharmacy students had a significantly better knowledge of ADRs than medical students (mean±SD, 5.61±1.78 vs. 3.23±1.60; P<0.001). Gender showed a significant relationship to knowledge about ADRs, and male participants were apparently more knowledgeable than their female counterparts (P<0.001). The attitudes of pharmacy students regarding their capability to handle and report ADRs were significantly more positive than those of medical students (P<0.05). In comparison to pharmacy students, a lack of knowledge of where and how to report ADRs was the main barrier that medical students perceived to ADR reporting (P=0.001). CONCLUSION Final-year pharmacy students exhibited more knowledge about ADRs and showed more positive attitudes regarding their capacity to handle and report ADRs than final-year medical students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umair Khan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Akram Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Corresponding
| | - Areeba Ejaz
- Department of Paediatrics, Civil Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ata Rizvi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Sardar
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kazim Hussain
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Zaffar
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Q. Jamshed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan Campus, Kuantan, Malaysia
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