Constructing the scale to measure entrepreneurial traits by using the modified delphi method

Higher entrepreneurial traits significantly increase the likelihood of graduate students venturing into entrepreneurship. This study intended to develop a scale for assessing the entrepreneurial traits of graduate students, recognizing a gap in existing literature and measurement tools predominantly developed for countries with conducive entrepreneurial climates. Aligned with Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, the study employed a modified Delphi method, including prototype development, two Delphi surveys, and subsequent statistical analyses. The robustness of the final items and scale in effectively capturing the entrepreneurial traits of graduate students is supported by descriptive statistical analyses (SD ≤ 1.5, Interquartile Range ≤1, and Level of Agreement ≥70%), content validity analysis (I-CVI≥ 0.8, S-CVI/Ave = 0.92; S-CVI/UA = 0.4), and Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance analysis (X2 (37, N = 30) = 700.504, W = 0.631, p < 0.01). Ultimately, the scale comprises 38 items organized into three overarching thematic areas: life philosophy, creating and utilizing mindset, and supportive and motivating environment. Consistent with existing literature, entrepreneurial traits are intricately linked to individuals' life perspectives, often characterized by a desire for self-autonomy. Additionally, the ability to create or leverage available resources and the presence of a conducive external environment emerge as pivotal dimensions in entrepreneurial traits. Notably, the study highlights the critical influence of a country's environment and policies, mainly through university courses and short-term programs, in shaping the development of entrepreneurial traits.

An online communication skills education program for midwifery students: A quasi-experimental study

BACKGROUND

Communication and entrepreneurship skills, which have a very important place among the 21st century skills, are among the basic skills that a midwife should have.

OBJECTIVE

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the Communication Skills Education Program on the communication and entrepreneurship skills of the midwifery students.

DESIGN

This study was designed a quasi-experimental study.

SETTINGS

Online.

PARTICIPANTS

First grade Bachelor of Midwifery Science students (n = 117).

METHODS

In this study, the Communication Skills Education Program was given to midwifery students. The Communication Skills Assessment Scale and University Students Entrepreneurship Scale were administered before the education program was implemented (pre-test), when the training program was completed (post-test), and six months after the education program was completed (post-test). Classified data were given in numbers and percentage distribution. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the variables. In order to test the significance of the difference between pre-test, post-test and follow-test the repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed.

RESULTS

The mean age of the participating students was 19.46 ± 1.74 (min. 18.0, max: 31.0) years. While 8.5 % of the students received training on communication previously, 7.7 % of the students received education on entrepreneurship previously. Statistically significant differences were determined between the scores the students obtained at the pre-test, post-test and follow-up test [F = 224.38, p = .00/F = 325.13, p = .00]. The Bonferroni test performed to find out from which tests the difference stemmed demonstrated that there was a significant difference between the mean scores obtained at all the tests. According to the analysis of the relationship between the mean scores the students obtained from the scales, there was a moderately significant positive correlation only between their pre-test mean scores.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, we determined that the Communication Skills Education Program improved the students' communication and entrepreneurship skills.

Promoting advanced medical services in the framework of 3PM-a proof-of-concept by the "Centro" Region of Portugal

Multidisciplinary team from three universities based in the "Centro" Region of Portugal developed diverse approaches as parts of a project dedicated to enhancing and expanding Predictive, Preventive, and Personalized Medicine (3PM) in the Region. In a sense, outcomes acted as a proof-of-concept, in that they demonstrated the feasibility, but also the relevance of the approaches. The accomplishments comprise defining a new regional strategy for implementing 3PM within the Region, training of human resources in genomic sequencing, and generating good practices handbooks dedicated to diagnostic testing via next-generation sequencing, to legal and ethical concerns, and to knowledge transfer and entrepreneurship, aimed at increasing literacy on 3PM approaches. Further approaches also included support for entrepreneurship development and start-ups, and diverse and relevant initiatives aimed at increasing literacy relevant to 3PM. Efforts to enhance literacy encompassed citizens across the board, from patients and high school students to health professionals and health students. This focus on empowerment through literacy involved a variety of initiatives, including the creation of an illustrated book on genomics and the production of two theater plays centered on genetics. Additionally, authors stressed that genomic tools are relevant, but they are not the only resources 3PM is based on. Thus, they defend that other initiatives intended to enable citizens to take 3PM should include multi-omics and, having in mind the socio-economic burden of chronic diseases, suboptimal health status approaches in the 3PM framework should also be considered, in order to anticipate medical intervention in the subclinical phase.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13167-024-00353-9.

Support factors contributing to successful start-up businesses by young entrepreneurs in South Africa

BACKGROUND

Unemployment and restricted work opportunities for youth are enduring social challenges that affect health, well-being, and quality of life, especially in low- to middle-income countries. When considering the advantages associated with work as a determinant of health, unemployment is understood to contribute to occupational injustice. However, self-employment, hailed the solution to youth unemployment, is often necessity-driven, precarious in nature and restricted by the low success rate of business start-ups.

OBJECTIVE

Research was undertaken to explore factors perceived to contribute to the success of start-up businesses in an informal settlement in the Western Cape of South Africa. The importance of support in the success of business start-ups will be the focus of this article.

METHODS

A collective case study, using narrative interviewing and - analysis, was undertaken in South Africa. Two narrative interviews were conducted with each of the five participants who were youth entrepreneurs and founders of start-up businesses. Data analysis comprised the use of narrative analysis and paradigmatic type narrative analysis.

RESULTS

Three themes captured factors deemed to have contributed to the success of start-up businesses. The vital role of support systems and networks in business success was demonstrated.

CONCLUSIONS

Support systems included family, friends, role models, mentors, team members and business partners. Identification, utilization, and ongoing development of support structures available in the social networks of young entrepreneurs were perceived to have contributed to the success of start-ups.

Scoping review on the link between economic growth, decent work, and early childhood caries

BACKGROUND

Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is a prevalent chronic non-communicable disease that affects millions of young children globally, with profound implications for their well-being and oral health. This paper explores the associations between ECC and the targets of the Sustainable Development Goal 8 (SDG 8).

METHODS

The scoping review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. In July 2023, a search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus using tailored search terms related to economic growth, decent work sustained economic growth, higher levels of productivity and technological innovation, entrepreneurship, job creation, and efforts to eradicate forced labor, slavery, and human trafficking and ECC all of which are the targets of the SDG8. Only English language publications, and publications that were analytical in design were included. Studies that solely examined ECC prevalence without reference to SDG8 goals were excluded.

RESULTS

The initial search yielded 761 articles. After removing duplicates and ineligible manuscripts, 84 were screened. However, none of the identified studies provided data on the association between decent work, economic growth-related factors, and ECC.

CONCLUSIONS

This scoping review found no English publication on the associations between SDG8 and ECC despite the plausibility for this link. This data gap can hinder policymaking and resource allocation for oral health programs. Further research should explore the complex relationship between economic growth, decent work and ECC to provide additional evidence for better policy formulation and ECC control globally.

Effects of 3S business intelligence systems for nursing students: a repeated-measures randomized control trial

BACKGROUND

The growing need for healthcare services as a result of a consistently rising prevalence of chronic diseases and rapid population aging calls for a new set of activities and practices. Therefore, we developed a program-3S (Simple, Smart, and Speed) Business Intelligence Systems (3S-BIS), which is an ERP software system that helps nursing business to support nursing entrepreneurship -and analyzed its effects on nursing students.

METHODS

A repeated-measures randomized controlled trial was performed with two groups: experimental (n = 29) and control (n = 30) groups. The former group underwent the five-day 3S-BIS education program. Each session comprised four components: lectures 1 and 2, simulation case study, and debriefing. Post-tests were performed immediately post-intervention and four and eight weeks later. The effectiveness was measured using the following variables: simulation design assessment, evaluation of educational practices in simulation, education satisfaction, self-efficacy for learning, and entrepreneurship. The differences before and after intervention between the experimental and control groups were analyzed using the Friedman test. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparisons between groups at each time point, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for comparisons within groups at each time point.

RESULTS

Post-intervention (8 weeks after intervention), the experimental group demonstrated higher simulation design assessment (z = -3.88, p =  < .001), evaluation of educational practices in simulation (z = -3.34, p = .001), education satisfaction (z = -3.11, p = .002), self-efficacy for learning (z = -3.04, p = .002), and entrepreneurship (z = -2.15, p = .031) compared to controls. Furthermore, simulation design assessment score in the experimental group significantly differed between T1 (immediately after intervention) and T0 (baseline), and between T3 (8 weeks after intervention) and T0. Evaluation of educational practices in the simulation, education satisfaction, and self-efficacy also significantly differed between T1 and T0, and between T3 and T0. Entrepreneurship significantly differed between T3 and T2 (4 weeks after intervention), and between T3 and T0.

CONCLUSIONS

The 3S-BIS program contributes to enhancing nursing start-up competency. Subsequent studies should evaluate the effects of the program on nurses who work in home healthcare services.

Is entrepreneurship a key factor in the development of European countries? A proposal for an innovation readiness environment (IRE) index

This study investigates the complex interplay among innovation, research and development (R&D), and entrepreneurship within the context of European nations. The focus of the study is also on the contributory role of tertiary educational institutions in nurturing entrepreneurial activities. To deepen the understanding of these multifaceted relationships and their subsequent impact on regional economies, the research introduces a novel metric termed the Innovation Readiness Environment (IRE) index. This index combines various indicators such as R&D expenditure, patenting rates, firm size, and educational levels, thereby providing a framework for evaluating the innovative capabilities and entrepreneurial success of firms in a given region. Utilization of this index offers policymakers and stakeholders a nuanced understanding of the regional innovation ecosystem, facilitating the identification of both strengths and deficiencies. This, in turn, enables the formulation of targeted policy interventions to enhance both innovation and entrepreneurship. One salient conclusion drawn from this study is the pivotal role of tertiary education in catalysing entrepreneurial ventures. The findings posit that higher levels of entrepreneurial education significantly supplement an individual's likelihood of entrepreneurial success by imparting the requisite skills and knowledge indispensable in a competitive business milieu. Higher education institutions, by fostering an environment conducive to innovation, emerge as critical agents in the cultivation of entrepreneurial acumen and the stimulation of economic expansion. The study further incorporates a spatial analytical framework to elucidate the regional specificities of innovation at the pan-European scale.

Bridging the Gap Between Academia and Chemical Industry through Entrepreneurship: An Account on the Case of Hydrogen-assisted Catalytic Plastic Waste Valorisation

Herein, we provide an account on the multi-faceted approach to scaling up a low-carbon chemical technology that originates from academia. First, we discuss technical considerations that must be met prior to industrialisation of a process. Then, we discuss the non-technical considerations such as financing, regulatory and IP rights that are required to obtain support for the project. We use our experience in plastic waste hydrocracking to reflect on strategies that can aid to improve go-to-market time in the field.

Entrepreneurship in care for elderly people with dementias: situated responses to NPM-based healthcare reforms in the Netherlands

BACKGROUND

Despite the great confidence of Western governments in the principles of New Public Management (NPM) and its ability to stimulate "healthcare entrepreneurship", it is unclear how policies seeking to reform healthcare services provoke such entrepreneurship in individual institutions providing long-term healthcare. This study examines such situated responses in a Dutch nursing home for elderly people suffering from dementias such as Alzheimer's disease.

METHODS

A four-year inductive longitudinal single-case study has been conducted. During this time period, the Dutch government imposed various NPM-based healthcare reforms and this study examines how local responses unfolded in the nursing home. Through interviews conducted with managers, administrators and supporting staff, as well as the examination of a large volume of government instructions and internal documents, the paper documents how these reforms resulted in several types of entrepreneurship, which were not all conducive to the healthcare innovations the government aspired to have.

RESULTS

The study records three subsequent strategies deployed at the local level: elimination of healthcare services; non-healthcare related collaboration with neighboring institutions; and specialization in specific healthcare niches. These strategies were brought about by specific types of entrepreneurship - two of which were oriented towards the administrative organization rather than healthcare innovations. The study discusses the implications of having multiple variations of entrepreneurship at the local level.

CONCLUSION

Governmental policies for healthcare reforms may be more effective, if policymakers change output-based funding systems in recognition of the limited control by providers of long-term healthcare over the progression of clients' mental disease and ultimate passing.

Social entrepreneurship in medical education: Model to establish SinnoLABs (social innovation labs) for health sciences universities

Social entrepreneurship is a cross-cutting competency. It draws on knowledge from various disciplines and personal experiences. Health, social sciences and humanities are usually technically sound but lack specific business knowledge and skills. Entrepreneurial education makes it possible to establish training environments where students join as 'novices', develop skills and undergo experiences that help them build capable profiles and prepare for their professional careers in today's economy. It is important to note that the development of skills for social entrepreneurship is increasingly demanded in all disciplinary fields. Interest from the academic, business and civil society in social innovation and social entrepreneurship is growing rapidly since social value creation and social innovation are considered vital to the social entrepreneurship phenomenon. The innovation process aims to fill the gap between working life and educational framework so that students can develop innovation capabilities they will need during their careers. Taking cognizance of the importance of social innovation and entrepreneurship, the Government of India formulated a policy for Biomedical Innovation and Entrepreneurship in 2022. Our University established a first of its kind Social Innovation Lab (SinnoLAB) under a Collaborative European Union Project. Our University is one of the collaborating partners and the only health sciences university to set up a SinnoLAB in India. We discuss in this article how a SinnoLaB can be set up, its functions, need for such labs in medical institutes, its role in medical education and its beneficiaries and propose that other health sciences institutes can also take up social innovation and entrepreneurship considering the benefits to all stakeholders.

A Qualitative Exploration of ACPE Standard 4 Key Elements From the Perspective of Student Pharmacists

OBJECTIVE

Attitudes and skills reflecting the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education Standard 4 (ACPE-S4) remain an important component of pharmacy education. The objectives of this study were (1) explore student perspectives on the importance of ACPE-S4 key elements, and (2) identify experiences that students described as supporting ACPE-S4 attitude and skill development.

METHODS

This was a qualitative study using focus groups and dyadic interviews with student pharmacists to collect data on ACPE-S4 key element importance and skill acquisition. A general inductive qualitative approach was used to analyze data, with 2 study authors independently reviewing all transcripts and assigning codes to text segments. Authors then met to discuss coding, iteratively organize coded segments into categories and subcategories, and select representative quotes.

RESULTS

Overall, 3 focus groups and 3 dyadic interviews were conducted with a total of 20 students. Students ranked professionalism and self-awareness as the 2 most important key elements. From qualitative analysis, 4 categories and 10 subcategories of educational activities, programs, and experiences were identified as follows: Mentorship (Identifying a Mentor, Formal Mentorship Programs), Curriculum (Practice Lab, Professional Development Course, Interprofessional Education, Experiential Education), Cocurriculum (Organizational Involvement, Volunteer Hours), and Opportunities Outside Academic Setting (Work, Conferences, and Innovative Pharmacy Practices).

CONCLUSION

Participants articulated several opportunities for developing the skills and attitudes reflecting ACPE-S4 key elements. Incorporating student input into ACPE-S4 attitude and skill development may help pharmacy programs consider how to design, refine, and implement initiatives and experiences to help students develop skills across ACPE-S4 focus areas.

Content Analysis of Entrepreneurship and Employment Development Policies in Iran's Health Sector: Is It a Health Wealth Promoter?

Context

Growing needs mandates economic growth. Entrepreneurship policies play a significant role in achieving productive employment and sustainable development for the health and wealth of society.

Aims

This study is conducted to find the accordance of this document with the basic theory of the global alphabet model of entrepreneurship on the one hand and a comparison to the real entrepreneurial and economic achievements as social determinants of health (SDOH) on the other hand.

Methods and Material

This research is a quantitative and qualitative content analysis of entrepreneurship documents in the health sector of Iran, using the basic theory of the global alphabet model as our target. We reviewed the Work Bank and Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) reports as world indicators to compare whether our entrepreneurship policies have been successful.

Statistical Analysis

MAXQDA is a software program designed for computer-assisted qualitative and mixed methods data, text and multimedia analysis in academic, scientific, and business institutions.

Results

The findings showed that the retelling of the word employment is more dominant than entrepreneurship. Imbalanced attention is paid to the components of the standard global alphabet model, and a downhill regression is seen in almost all aspects of entrepreneurial results.

Conclusions

The written health policies have not been effective in promoting the development of health by wealth.

Evaluating the implementation of a pharmacy hackathon pilot

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The need for disruptive innovation within the pharmacy profession is well documented in the literature. However, there is a lack of proper training on innovation and creative thinking for student pharmacists and limited time or incentive for health care practitioners to be innovative. Hosting an innovation event, such as a hackathon, can teach innovative strategies and incentivize innovation by student pharmacists. Thus, the aim of this study was to to assess the feasibility and student perception of an inaugural school of pharmacy hackathon pilot.

EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING

A hackathon pilot was planned on a distant site campus. Over the course of four months, a planning team, consisting of a faculty member and a student leader in the American Pharmacy Association-Academy of Student Pharmacists, met every other week to plan the event. Outcomes included: change in student excitement and interest related to the hackathon, number of participants, and change in student confidence in the ability to perform steps in the innovation process.

FINDINGS

The average level of excitement prior to the event increased, and student confidence related to the ability to perform each step in the innovation process improved. Additionally, students agreed that they would be interested in attending a similar event in the future and would recommend the event to a friend.

SUMMARY

Hosting a healthcare hackathon at a school of pharmacy is an enjoyable way for pharmacy students to practice and gain confidence with innovation skills while addressing Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education Standard 4.3.

Perspectives of Professionalism, Self-Awareness, Leadership, and Innovation and Entrepreneurship From Experiential Education Preceptors

OBJECTIVE

The objectives of this study were to (1) quantify the perceived importance of and comfort with the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education Standard 4 (ACPE-S4) key elements, (2) describe how preceptors promote and assess key elements, and (3) describe preceptor perceptions of student key element skill demonstration.

METHODS

This study used a cross-sectional electronic survey to assess experiential education preceptors' perceptions of ACPE-S4 key elements. The survey consisted of 2 item categories, with 5 and 15 items included to collect information on preceptor demographics and ACPE-S4 key elements, respectively. Surveys were distributed to 451 introductory and advanced rotation preceptors. Frequencies and means were reported for quantitative survey items, open-ended survey responses were analyzed using a general interpretivist approach.

RESULTS

In total, 242 surveys were completed for a response rate of 54%. Most respondents identified as female (54.5%) and precepted community pharmacy rotations (28.5%). ACPE-S4 key elements, in order of most to least important, were professionalism, self-awareness, leadership, and innovation and entrepreneurship. Respondents varied in their conceptualization of key elements, with multiple activities used for skill demonstration and assessments. Qualitative analysis identified 2 themes: "Variation in preceptor fluency with S4 key elements" and "Communication as a means to demonstrate and evaluate ACPE-S4 key element skills."

CONCLUSION

Variation among preceptors in conceptualization, learning activities, and comfort in assessment for ACPE-S4 key elements highlights the need for support and resources to assist preceptors in developing activities and assessments for skills reflective of ACPE-S4 key elements. Preceptors commonly relied on vulnerable communication with students to assess key element skills, identifying a potential target for assessment and preceptor development. Pharmacy programs, in addition to the Academy, could benefit from using assessments already offered by preceptors. Finally, explicit evaluation criteria may help to guide skill acquisition and facilitate consistent assessment of key element skills.

Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Promotion and Tenure in Biomedical Engineering: Communication from the Biomedical Engineering Society Long Range Planning Committee

Promotion and tenure (P&T) remain the central tenets of academia. The criteria for P&T both create and reflect the mission of an institution. The discipline of biomedical engineering is built upon the invention and translation of tools to address unmet clinical needs. 'Broadening the bar' for P&T to include efforts in innovation, entrepreneurship, and technology-based transfer (I/E/T) will require establishing the criteria and communication of methodology for their evaluation. We surveyed the department chairs across the fields of biomedical and bioengineering to understand the state-of-the-art in incorporation, evaluation, and definition of I/E/T as applied to the P&T process. The survey results reflected a commitment to increasing and respecting I/E/T activities as part of the P&T criteria. This was balanced by an equally strong desire for improving the education and policy for evaluating I/E/T internally as well as externally. The potential for 'broadening the bar' for P&T to include I/E/T activities in biomedical engineering may serve as an example for other fields in engineering and applied sciences, and a template for potential inclusion of additional efforts such as diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) into the pillars of scholarship, education, and service.

How Did Reskilling During the COVID-19 Pandemic Relate to Entrepreneurship and Optimism? Barriers, Opportunities, and Implications for Equity

With shorter durations and fewer barriers to entry, reskilling programs may serve as vehicles for social mobility and equity, as well as tools for creating a more adaptive workforce and inclusive economy. Nevertheless, much of the limited large-scale research on these types of programs was conducted prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, given the social and economic disruptions spurred by the pandemic, our ability to understand the impact of these types of programs in recent labor market conditions is limited. We fill this gap by leveraging three waves of a longitudinal household financial survey collected across all 50 US states during the pandemic. Through descriptive and inferential methods, we explore the sociodemographic characteristics related to reskilling and associated motivations, facilitators, and barriers, as well as the relationships between reskilling and measures of social mobility. We find that reskilling is positively related to entrepreneurship and, for Black respondents, to optimism. Moreover, we find that reskilling is not merely a tool for upward social mobility, but also economic stability. However, our results demonstrate that reskilling opportunities are stratified across race/ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status through both formal and informal mechanisms. We close with a discussion of implications for policy and practice.

The impact of entrepreneurship research on other academic fields

The remarkable ascent of entrepreneurship witnessed as a scientific field over the last 4 decades has been made possible by entrepreneurship's ability to absorb theories, paradigms, and methods from other fields such as economics, psychology, sociology, geography, and even biology. The respectability of entrepreneurship as an academic discipline is now evidenced by many other fields starting to borrow from the entrepreneurship view. In the present paper, seven examples are given from this "pay back" development. These examples were first presented during a seminar at the Erasmus Entrepreneurship Event called what has the entrepreneurship view to offer to other academic fields? This article elaborates on the core ideas of these presentations and focuses on the overarching question of how entrepreneurship research impacts the development of other academic fields. We found that entrepreneurship research questions the core assumptions of other academic fields and provides new insights into the antecedents, mechanisms, and consequences of their respective core phenomena. Moreover, entrepreneurship research helps to legitimize other academic fields both practically and academically.

The relationship between succession and intellectual capital with entrepreneurship in hospitals

BACKGROUND

The hospital environment is very dynamic and faces many internal and external changes. Healthcare knowledge and technology are developing at a swift pace. This study investigated the relationship between succession and intellectual capital with entrepreneurship at the Qazvin University of Medical Sciences hospital, Iran.

METHODS

The number of employees working in six hospitals was 2256, and according to Morgan's table, the required number of samples was 331. We distributed three hundred sixty-five questionnaires considering 10% of sample loss. We used a multi-stage stratified sampling method. In the first stage, each hospital was considered a stratum. After that, occupational groups were considered the next stratum within each hospital, and based on the ratio, the required number of samples for each occupational group was randomly selected. We used the Sobel test to investigate the mediating role of intellectual capital and the structural equation model to fit the research model.

RESULTS

Succession aspects, including culturalization, meritocracy, job promotion path, and the role of senior managers, have a positive and significant effect on intellectual capital. Succession is only effective on intellectual capital and does not affect the personnel's entrepreneurship directly or through intellectual capital.

CONCLUSION

Conducting training classes and intervention programs and using localized succession models can create a suitable platform for increasing organizational creativity and entrepreneurship, motivating the hospitals' personnel, and increasing intellectual capital.

Model-Selection Inference for Causal Impact of Clusters and Collaboration on MSMEs in India

Do firms benefit more from agglomeration-based spillovers than the technical know-how obtained through inter-firm collaboration? Quantifying the relative value of the industrial policy of cluster development vis-à-vis firm's internal decision of collaboration can be valuable for policy-makers and entrepreneurs. I observe the universe of Indian MSMEs inside an industrial cluster (Treatment Group 1), those in collaboration for technical know-how (Treatment Group 2) and those outside clusters with no collaboration (Control Group). Conventional econometric methods to identify the treatment effects would suffer from selection bias and misspecification of the model. I use two data-driven, model-selection methods, developed by (Belloni, A., Chernozhukov, V., and Hansen, C. (2013). Inference on treatment e ects after selection among high-dimensional controls. Review of Economic Studies, 81(2):608 650.) and (Chernozhukov, V., Hansen, C., and Spindler, M. (2015). Post selection and post regulariza- tion inference in linear models with many controls and instruments. American Economic Review, 105(5):486 490.), to estimate the causal impact of the treatments on GVA of firms. The results suggest that ATE of cluster and collaboration is nearly equal at 30%. I conclude by offering policy implications.

Research on quality evaluation of innovation and entrepreneurship education for college students based on random forest algorithm and logistic regression model

The quality evaluation of innovation and entrepreneurship (I&E) in the education sector is achieving worldwide attention as empowering nations with high quality talents is quintessential for economic progress. China, a pioneer in the world market in almost all sectors have transformed its educational policies and incorporated entrepreneurial skills as a part of their education models to further catalyst the country's economic progress. This research focuses on building a novel hybrid Machine Learning (ML) model by integrating two powerful algorithms namely Random Forest (RF) and Logistic Regression (LR) to assess the intensity of the I&E in education from the data acquired from 25 leading Higher Educational Institution's (HEI) in different provinces. The major contributions to the work are, (1) construction of quality index for each topic of interest using individual RF, (2) ranking the indicators based on the quality index to assess the strength and weaknesses, (3) and finally use the LR algorithm study the quality of each indicator. The efficacy of the proposed hybrid model is validated using the benchmark classification metrics to assess its learning and prediction performance in evaluating the quality of I&E education. The result of the research portrays that the universities have now started to integrate entrepreneurship skills as a part of the curriculum, which is evident from the better ranking of the topic curriculum development which is followed by the enrichment of skills. This comprehensive research will help the institutions to identify the potential areas of growth to boost the economic development and improve the skill set necessary for I&E education among college students.

Between ambitions and actions: how citizens navigate the entrepreneurial process of co-producing sustainable urban food futures

Cities increasingly envision sustainable future food systems. The realization of such futures is often understood from a planning perspective, leaving the role of entrepreneurship out of scope. The city of Almere in the Netherlands provides a telling example. In the neighborhood Almere Oosterwold, residents must use 50% of their plot for urban agriculture. The municipality formulated an ambition that over time, 10% off all food consumed in Almere must be produced in Oosterwold. In this study, we assume the development of urban agriculture in Oosterwold is an entrepreneurial process, i.e. a creative (re)organization that is ongoing and intervenes in daily life. To understand how this entrepreneurial process helps to realize sustainable food futures, this paper explores what futures for urban agriculture residents of Oosterwold prefer and deem possible and how these futures are organized in the present. We use futuring to explore possible and preferable images of the future, and to backcast those images to the present day. Our findings show residents have different perspectives of the future. Furthermore, they are capable in formulating specific actions to obtain the futures they prefer, but have trouble committing to the actions themselves. We argue this is the result of a temporal dissonance, a myopia where residents have trouble looking beyond their own situation. It shows imagined futures must fit with the lived experiences of citizens in order to be realized. We conclude that urban food futures need planning and entrepreneurship to be realized since they are complementary social processes.

How digitalization reinvented entrepreneurial resilience during COVID-19

The emergence of new digital technologies has transformed entrepreneurship and, very likely, enabled many new and established ventures to avoid bankruptcy throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Digital technologies are key to identifying, evaluating and exploiting opportunities, scaling a venture's competitiveness, improving efficiency and innovating, especially during uncertain times. We explore how digital technologies reinvented entrepreneurial resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic and distill the digital artifacts, platforms and infrastructures used by entrepreneurs to demonstrate entrepreneurial resilience. We analyzed 42 reflective interviews featuring successful entrepreneurs from How I Built This "Resilience Series" podcast that explore how entrepreneurs responded to the COVID-19 crisis. We adopted a systematic approach to identify and describe the behaviors, actions and strategies related to digitalization to reinvent the business in the uncertain and resource-constrained context of COVID-19. The data analysis yielded thirteen first-order codes categorized into five second-order themes: creative digital pivoting, digital infrastructures, social impact through digital technology, burdens to digital adoption, and growth through digitalization. These second-order themes reveal to function as both enablers and barriers to entrepreneurial resilience in this adverse context. Our exploratory analysis suggests how digitalization influences entrepreneurial resilience.

Income inequality and entrepreneurship: Lessons from the 2020 COVID-19 recession

We study entry into entrepreneurship during the COVID-19 recession of 2020 using new data from an extensive survey of more than 24,000 Spanish households, conducted between June and November 2020. We find that while the overall decline in the startup rate in 2020 was large, and of a similar magnitude as that during the Great Recession, the differential impact depending on ex ante income was starkly different. During 2020, the drop in firm entry was entirely concentrated among low- and medium-income households. We show that the entrepreneurship gap between these households and their high-income counterparts is not directly explained by social distancing, since it is mostly driven by the sectors not directly affected by lockdown measures, and it is larger among households that did not suffer a negative income shock during the pandemic. Our results instead indicate that high-income households performed relatively better during the COVID-19 recession because they had the means to exploit new business opportunities, thanks to their larger wealth and better access to external finance.

Administrative reform and the disposal of zombie enterprises: evidence from China

The study investigates the effects of drastic institutional changes on the reduction of zombie enterprises in China and the underlying mechanisms of this relationship. We employed data from the ASIF from 1998 to 2007 and adapted the difference-in-difference approach to analyze the effects based on China's investment approval system reform. We find that the reform can reduce the proportion of zombie enterprises by 13.3%. This result is driven by competition and scale effects. The former reduces institutional transaction costs by 12.8% and increases innovation capacity by 6.1%. The latter significantly improves the total factor productivity of enterprises; the reform promoted the expansion of enterprise size by 7.1% and the enhancement of market accommodation capacity by 13.2%. The reform had a weak effect on state-owned and non-competitive industrial zombie enterprises. This paper contributes to debates concerning the effect of institutions on entrepreneurship and the disposal of small zombie enterprises.

Entrepreneurial intentions of Gen Z university students and entrepreneurial constraints in Bangladesh

This research examines a variety of restrictions preventing Bangladeshi youth, particularly Generation Z university students, from becoming involved in entrepreneurship. Moreover, the study examines the influence of Entrepreneurial Attitude (EA), Subjective Entrepreneurial Norms (SEN), Entrepreneurial Perceived Behavioural Control (EPBC), and Entrepreneurial Resilience (ER) on Entrepreneurial Intention (EI) of Bangladeshi Gen Z university students. A systematic literature review methodology following PRISMA procedure was performed to identify the relevant articles. A quantitative method with a positivism philosophy, cross-sectional time horizon and deductive approach was applied to the study. The data of 206 university students from the BBA department of ten universities were collected using convenience sampling and a self-administrated structured questionnaire survey. SPSS 26.0 and Smart PLS 3.0 were used to analyse the data. The output shows a positive and significant association amongst EA, SEN, EPBC, ER, and EI. Various constraints were identified from the literature and ranked based on the respondents' feedback. This research will help entrepreneurs, scholars, policymakers and practitioners to build the entrepreneurial ecosystem and develop young people's understanding of the entrepreneurial decision process and the importance of ER. This paper contributes through empirical investigation to an understanding of the actions that prevent Gen Z students from entrepreneurial activities; decisions are affected by socio-psychological constructions integrating ER with the Theory of Planned behaviour (TPB) model. Triple, Quadruple and Quintuple Helix models are considered supporting theories in this study to shed light on tackling the constraints. To the best knowledge of the researcher, integrating ER with TPB model's constructs is a pioneer scholarly contribution in the context of South-East Asian, specifically Bangladeshi Gen Z students.

Adult education and entrepreneurship: getting young adults involved

This paper reflects on adult education and the fostering of an entrepreneurial mindset. It solicits roles adult education, especially the non-formal education (NFE), could play in fostering entrepreneurial mindset of young adults. It examines short-to-medium, and long-term plans of young adults in nurturing growth and enterprising mindsets through involvement in NFE endeavours. It probes into entrepreneurial opportunities and challenges in the communities that young adults could recognise and create enterprises for themselves. This is a narrative case study which purposively selected, as the unit of analysis, an adult learner who was operating a micro-enterprise and pursuing a degree programme at Accra Learning Centre. An in-depth telephone interview was conducted to garner stories and experiences young adult have had innovating with an entrepreneurial mindset. Thematic, analytical, narrative and interpretivist approaches were adapted in presenting the results. The participant had a good experience in his start up, he learned lessons, and worked hard to grow his micro-enterprises. The savings culture he built allowed him to cope with difficulties posed by Covid-19 pandemic to his micro-enterprises. Governments and stakeholders in entrepreneurship should via policy, advisory and financial support motivate young adults to invest in entrepreneurship and create sustainable jobs for themselves.

Causal association of entrepreneurship ecosystem and financial inclusion

Economic development fosters a favorable ecosystem for entrepreneurs. Economic development and entrepreneurship ecosystem have positive causality with each other. Subsequently, economic development is also a useful determinant of the entrepreneurship ecosystem and vice-versa. The entrepreneurship ecosystem cannot be nurtured without financial development. However, limited studies have observed the causal association between an entrepreneurship ecosystem and financial inclusion. As financial development has a vital contribution to increasing the entrepreneurship ecosystem, this study examines the cause-and-effect relationship between entrepreneurship ecosystem and financial inclusion across countries. The regression coefficients of selected independent variables are estimated through robust empirical models. For said investigation, the global financial inclusion index and global entrepreneurship ecosystem index score were used as proxy variables for financial inclusion and entrepreneurship ecosystem, respectively in regression analysis. The empirical findings revealed that financial inclusion can be improved with an increase in entrepreneurship ecosystem, economic development, ease of doing business, employers, foreign direct investment net inflow, use of internet facilities, and wage and salaried workers. In the same way, entrepreneurship ecosystem can also be nurtured with financial inclusion, economic development, trade openness, ease of doing business, total employers, use of internet facilities and wage and salaried workers increase. The empirical results also inferred that entrepreneurship ecosystem, gross domestic per capita, foreign direct investment net inflow, ease of doing business, employer's start-up procedures to register a business and wages and salaries are important indicators to expand financial inclusion. Further, the results claimed that entrepreneurship ecosystem and financial inclusion are complementary to each other.

entrepreneurship

We study the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on U.S. entrepreneurial activities, as measured by the overall number of new business applications, high-propensity business applications, business applications from corporations, and business applications with paid wages. However, the number of business applications increased significantly after the lockdown. Also, the portion of high-propensity business applications as a share of total business applications declined considerably during and after the lockdown. Our findings could partially explain the tight labor market in the U.S. during the pandemic.

Agripreneurship as a panacea for food security in Tanzania: A systematic review

Agripreneurship as one of the means to ensure food security in Tanzania has received scant attention. This study bridges the knowledge gap by showing the state of the art on agripreneurship and food security in Tanzania, research themes and new developments on the two concepts, showing literature gaps and practise on the concepts, and showing how agripreneurship is a solution to food insecurity in Tanzania. Herein, a total of 61 articles retrieved from Scopus, Google Scholar, and the Web of Science databases on the themes of agripreneurship and food security were reviewed. This study has demonstrated agripreneurship techniques can be a solution to food security by ensuring food availability, accessibility, and affordability. Thus, it is recommended to the policymakers that they formulate a policy that focuses on both supply-side and demand-side factors. Furthermore, agripreneurs are urged to update their knowledge and skills so that they can access timely information through ICT tools, mostly TV, radio, and phone.

Responding to unexpected crises: The roles of slack resources and entrepreneurial attitude to build resilience

This study explores how entrepreneurial firms responded to - and displayed resilience in - coping with the uncertainty generated by an unexpected crisis. We examine how entrepreneurs leveraged slack resources to build organizational resilience and, thanks to their entrepreneurial attitude, could eventually turn adversities into opportunities. Through a multiple case study, four key entrepreneurial responses emerge about the type of slack resources (business or family) and extent of entrepreneurial attitude (favourable or unfavourable) leveraged: "waiting while seeding", "keeping business as usual", "striving to resist" and "surfing the pandemic". Slack resources, both business and family, can enable the absorption of a shock, contributing to building absorptive resilience, or the adaptation to the shock, contributing to building adaptive resilience. Yet, they are not sufficient to turn adversities into opportunities because firms also require a favourable entrepreneurial attitude to activate slack. Plain English Summary How entrepreneurial firms respond to - and display resilience in - coping with a crisis's uncertainty varies according to the entrepreneurial attitude of the entrepreneur and the typology of slack resource leveraged. We find that these firms responded to the Covid 19 crisis either through: "waiting while seeding", "keeping business as usual", "striving to resist" or "surfing the pandemic". The four responses differ in the type of slack resources - business or family - and extent of entrepreneurial attitude - favourable or unfavourable - leveraged. Slack resources, both business and family, are not sufficient to turn adversities into opportunities because firms require a favourable entrepreneurial attitude to activate slack. The study contributes to business practice by showing that both family and non-family businesses to thrive in the "new normal" era will have to develop the entrepreneurial resources of the team. Policymakers must be attentive to how firms' accumulated resources are deployed during times of crisis and foster the capture of opportunities out of the storm.

Beyond ambidexterity: universities and their changing roles in driving regional development in challenging times

Around the world today, universities are expected to play a unique role as creators of regional growth and innovation. While there appears to be a consensus that the role of universities has been expanded, critiques show that the contribution of universities to their regions is still not well defined. There have been some developments in the literature on the concept of modern universities such as the triple helix, entrepreneurial university and engaged university. However, those concepts focus on enforcing universities' roles in a single domain such as entrepreneurship, innovation, or civic engagement. Little is known about how universities can facilitate regional growth that goes beyond knowledge transfer activities such as spin-off creation, licensing, and patenting. This paper contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of universities' role in regional growth through the theoretical lens of ambidexterity. Using ambidexterity, universities with a regional focus were distinguished from those engaged in research commercialization and traditional third-mission roles. Through two case studies, this study found that teaching, research, and engagement should not be separated, since they can serve both economic and social missions. As a result, a new model of multidextrous universities is proposed where universities meet both economic and social missions through teaching, research, and engagement. Contrary to previous contributions which presented universities as ambidextrous organizations where tension appears only between research commercialization and research publication or between teaching and research, this study suggests that universities need to overcome tensions and incorporate a sense of place in all activities to successfully contribute to regional growth.

Investigation of management of international education considering sustainable medical tourism and entrepreneurship

Medical tourism leads to development of economic resources for many countries. This method of tourism has become common in most countries of the world which is one of the dimensions of tourism for development like metal industry or sport industry. The stability and dynamism of country's economy help the development of ecotourism. Furthermore, medical tourism with economic consequences can have significant environmental effects. For this purpose, this research was done to study and evaluate the factors affecting the development of medical tourism in developing countries. The approach governing this research is developmental, and the research method is descriptive and analytical. A multivariate regression test was used to analyze the hypotheses of research, and statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 19.0 software. The ecotourism and economic management can have a global or local roles as suitable tools for sustainable tourism. Ecotourism is often not properly oriented and mainly defined in such a way that the practitioners are far from the declared standards to achieve and succeed in the sustainability process. The current research is descriptive-explanatory which compiled using library documents. The analysis of the path of above factors shows that all factors of price, quality, facilities, and information and communication technology directly and indirectly play a significant role to enhance the medical tourism.

Does solar home system promote entrepreneurship in off-grid areas?

In Côte d'Ivoire, only 31.3% of peoples living in rural areas have access to the grid electricity. With the potential of solar energy of the country, the solar home system provides a crucial alternative that is being exploited by households. This paper analyses the effect of the adoption of solar home system on entrepreneurship in off-grid areas using the data from the 2015's Living Standard Measurement Survey of Côte d'Ivoire. The estimates show that access to solar home system increases by 6.5% points the probability of engaging in entrepreneurial activities. This result holds for the trade, industry, and service sectors, while there is no evidence for the agricultural sector. Hence, the expansion of solar home system - as alternative to electricity grid in off-grid areas - has benefits for alleviating poverty via the promotion of entrepreneurship.

The Link Between Geographic Indication, Sustainability, and Multifunctionality: The Case of Table Olive Groves in Western Turkey

As in all branches of agricultural production, it is thought that the concepts of sustainability, geographical indication, and multifunctionality are very important in table olive farming. The main purpose of this study is to examine the holistic and organic link between geographic indication, sustainability, and multifunctionality parameters in table olive cultivation. Table olive production supplied by Manisa has unique attributes. Of the 12 varieties of table olives with geographical indication registration in Turkey, two belong to Akhisar district. These cultivars are named 'Akhisar Domat Zeytini' and 'Akhisar Uslu Zeytini'. Therefore, Akhisar district was chosen as the study area. A survey was conducted with a total of 121 olive farmers between February and July 2020. In the survey questions, besides continuous and discrete data, the answers and data obtained from the questions formed with the yes/no options were evaluated. Basic descriptive statistics such as arithmetic mean and percentage rates were used in the analysis. It can be emphasized that table olive farming in the region has become an important habit and culture that has a long cultivation experience. The effects of parameters such as marketing possibilities and price advantages are very important. The fertilization and plant protection practices are carried out in a coordinated manner in the region and with as little damage to the environment as possible. It is clarified that geographical indications are an important tool in the sustainability of table olive cultivation and that the principle of multifunctionality in agriculture is ensured by keeping the farmers in table olive farming.

Effect of Financial Literacy on Poverty Reduction Across Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda

Financial literacy can be critical to reducing poverty, but limited evidence exists on the mechanisms of change. Guided by the financial capability framework, this study examines the direct effects of financial literacy on poverty and the indirect effect through financial inclusion and entrepreneurship, using data from wave 5 of the InterMedia Financial Inclusion Insights Program for Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. We also examined how the relationships differ by gender and locality. Overall, the endogeneity-corrected results suggest that an increase in financial literacy is associated with a 6.9% decrease in poverty. We found that entrepreneurship and financial inclusion act as mechanisms of change through which financial literacy decreases poverty, with the findings differing by gender and locality. These findings point to the poverty-reducing effect of financial literacy, mainly in Tanzania, followed by Kenya and Uganda. The results contribute to understanding how financial literacy and poverty interact and can inform contextually relevant interventions and policies.

How businesses are working together to deliver NASA/JPL-designed ventilators to the world in the fight against COVID-19

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) engineers had embarked on an ambitious project to design a reliable, easy-to-use, and low-cost ventilator that was made of readily available parts to address the unexpected global shortage of these lifesaving devices. After successfully designing and building the VITAL (Ventilator Intervention Technology Accessible Locally) ventilator in record time, FDA Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) was obtained and then the license to manufacture and sell these ventilators was made available to select companies through a competitive process. STARK Industries, LLC (STARK), located in Columbus, OH, USA, was one of only eight U.S. companies to be selected to receive this worldwide license. Motivated by its mission to improve human health and well-being through innovated medical technologies, STARK accepted the challenge of further developing the VITAL technology and manufacturing the ventilators in large quantities and making them available to those in need around the world. To this end, Spiritus Medical, Inc (Spiritus) was spun off from STARK to focus on the ventilator business. Through collaborative efforts with various corporate, academic, governmental, and non-profit partners, Spiritus was able to successfully begin manufacturing and selling its ventilators. Due to its low-cost nature and its straightforward design, this ventilator is ideal for use in developing countries where ventilators are in short supply and affordability is a major consideration. This is a story of how NASA's ingenuity, based on space-based know-how and experience, was used to rapidly design this innovative ventilator. And by forging partnerships with highly qualified and motivated partners such as STARK and Spiritus, NASA has succeeded in translating this work into technology that could potentially save thousands of lives in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic.

Analyzing the outcomes of a robotics workshop on the self-efficacy, familiarity, and content knowledge of participants and examining their designs for end-of-year robotics contests

Rapid advances in science and engineering, and pervasive adoption of resulting technological products, are influencing every aspect of human living and fueling a growing demand for a workforce that is adequately prepared for the emerging occupations in STEM fields. Educating students for success in the modern technology-rich workplace requires teachers who have the knowledge, comfort, capability, and training to adopt and integrate new technologies for classroom teaching and learning. Thus, to prepare high school teachers for incorporating robotics in their students' education and promoting their understanding of engineering concepts and technology applications, a four-week long robotics workshop was designed and conducted annually for three summers. Examination of changes in the workshop participants' levels of robotics self-efficacy, familiarity, and content knowledge, as well as analysis of outcomes of robotics capstone projects and end-of-year contests, is suggestive of study findings being promising for education researchers and professional development providers interested in leveraging the potential of robotics in STEM education.

Socioeconomic status and entrepreneurial networking responses to the COVID-19 crisis

Networks play a vital role for entrepreneurs in overcoming crises. The most vulnerable to crises are those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. However, we know less about the role of socioeconomic status in entrepreneurial networking. This study investigates whom entrepreneurs call in case of emergency. We develop hypotheses on how entrepreneurs' socioeconomic status influences models of networking agency in situations of economic threat. The results of a pre-registered randomized experiment in the COVID-19 context conducted with 122 entrepreneurs from the US indicate that entrepreneurs in higher socioeconomic status positions activate contacts to serve their own goals (i.e., independent networking agency) when facing an economic threat. In contrast, and counter-intuitively, entrepreneurs of lower socioeconomic status are more likely to support others when facing an economic threat (i.e., interdependent networking agency). Exploring the evolving network structure, our explorative post-hoc analyses suggest that entrepreneurs activate closer networks (i.e., higher density and stronger ties) under threat. The study discusses the implications of these findings for the theory of entrepreneurial networking in general and network responses to crises in particular.

Macroeconomic and distributive effects of increasing taxes in Spain

I assess the macroeconomic and redistributive effects of tax reforms aimed at increasing tax revenue in Spain. To this end, I develop a theory of entrepreneurship that mimics key facts on the wealth and income distribution in Spain. I find two reforms that raise fiscal pressure in Spain to the average value among countries in the Euro area. The first reform involves doubling the average effective tax rate on labor and business income for all individuals whose income is above a threshold level. I find that this reform reduces the inequality in after-tax income, wealth, and consumption. However, it implies a substantial GDP reduction. The second reform increases the flat tax rate on consumption by fifteen percentage points. While this reform does not reduce long-run output, it does not decrease household inequality. All in all, the desirability of the two reforms depends on the government's preferences for reducing inequality at the expense of aggregate output losses.

Analysing cross-cutting competencies learning in an online entrepreneurship context

Research in teaching innovation encourages leveraging the evolution of digital technologies from using the device to learning with the device, which means a change from using information and communicational technologies to learning and knowledge technologies. Nevertheless, although the feasibility of implementing active and interactive methodologies to improve education is widely recognised, more research is needed to obtain evidence on the subjects and contents with the most significant potential for success. In addition, the most recent literature claims greater attention to the improvement of transversal skills, as they are critical in the student's professional future. Thus, the main objective of this study is to contribute to the development of immersive learning aimed at improving the cross-cutting skills of university students. Developing a teaching activity where the student acts as an entrepreneur in electronic distribution channels faces the research question. The student-company-university collaboration is the basis for enhancing the transversal skills of the Degree in Marketing and Market Research at the University of Zaragoza (Spain). The student participates in each step of the program as an active agent. The teacher tutors the work teams in each process step, and the Palbin Company provides the necessary technical support. The students give the information to analyse the success of the experience through two surveys -pre and post-workshop, following the methodology used in previous literature. While the activity planning is complex, the students show an excellent mood during the experience. The comparison between expectations and performance offers significant success from the student's point of view. As a result, the student improves cross-cutting competencies and gains confidence, satisfaction with their learning at university, and professional experience.

Cyber-entrepreneurial intention among students in Public Universities: evidence from an Emerging Country

This paper aims to investigate the factors affecting cyber-entrepreneurial intentions among final-year students of public universities in Malaysia utilizing the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Theory of Self-Efficacy (TSE). The quantitative survey-based research method was adopted to conduct the study using both final-year undergraduate and postgraduate students from business and management schools to test the proposed research framework. A total of 364 useful responses were received to be analyzed for this study. Results showed that attitude toward entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial creativity, entrepreneurial knowledge, entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and opportunity recognition were positively correlated with cyber-entrepreneurial intentions except for personal innovativeness in technology and subjective norm, which was insignificant. This study provides insights into the way individual's intention towards cyber-entrepreneurship could be ameliorated as a career choice, particularly for final-year undergraduate and postgraduate students of business and management schools in Malaysian public universities. It helps determine appropriate approaches to direct the government, educators, and policymakers. The findings from this study invaluably contribute to the existing literature by establishing correlation between TPB and TSE and inquiring into their ultimate influences on cyber-entrepreneurial intentions.

Barrow Innovation Center: A 5-Year Update and Future Direction

OBJECTIVE

The rich history of neurosurgical innovation served as a model for the Barrow Innovation Center's establishment in 2016. The center's accomplishments are summarized in hopes of fostering the development of similar centers and initiatives within the neurosurgical and broader medical community.

METHODS

A retrospective review (January 2016-July 2021) of patent filings, project proposals, and funding history was used to generate the data presented in this operational review.

RESULTS

Through the 5-year period of analysis, 55 prior art searches were conducted on new patentable ideas. A total of 87 provisional patents, 25 Patent Cooperation Treaty applications, and 48 national stage filings were submitted. In partnership with Arizona State University, the University of Arizona, California Polytechnic State University, and Texas A&M University, a total of 27 multidisciplinary projects were conducted with input from multispecialty engineers and scientists. These efforts translated into 1 startup company and 2 licensed patents to commercial companies, with most remaining ideas and project efforts awaiting interest from industry.

CONCLUSIONS

The multidisciplinary collaborative environment embodied by the Barrow Innovation Center has revolutionized the innovative and entrepreneurial environment of its home institution and enabled neurosurgical residents to get a unique educational experience within the realm of innovation. The bottleneck within the workflow of ideas from conception to commercialization appears to be the establishment of commercial partners; therefore, future efforts within the center will be to establish a panel of industry partnerships to enhance the exposure of ideas to interested companies.

The antecedents of entrepreneurial behaviour in the creation of platform economy initiatives: An analysis based on the decomposed theory of planned behaviour

The platform economy (PE) has experienced its strongest period of growth since the emergence of the sharing economy (SE). Much work has been put into understanding the effects and antecedents of the PE, with particular emphasis on peers and consumer motivation, yet few studies have analysed the motivations of the service providers and even fewer its impact on individual and collective wellbeing. The aim of this paper is provide a better understanding of the decomposed beliefs that inform the attitudinal, social-normative and control factors that make up pro-PE behavioural intention (the intention to develop a PE initiative) in the context of digitisation and wellbeing, while making the platform the focus of analysis. In this study we adapt and extend the Decomposed Theory of Planned Behaviour (DTPB) and use partial least squares regression (PLS), a structural equation modelling technique, to analyse valid data collected from 127 PE organisations operating in Spain. The empirical results obtained demonstrate that the three antecedents for behavioural intention (perceived control, attitude and the subjective norm) have a positive effect on the intention to develop a PE initiative. The study also shows that PE micro-entrepreneurs are motivated by individual and collective wellbeing and not just financial gain. This contributes substantially to reconciling the PE with its origins, rooted in pro-solidarity and social concerns, and to framing wellbeing in a broader paradigm consisting of psychological and social factors, going beyond the economic considerations and interests contained in previous paradigms.

A Review of Transnational Migrant Entrepreneurship: Perspectives on Unequal Spatialities

The spatialities of migrant entrepreneurship have changed dynamically in recent decades. Movements and exchanges transcend national borders more than ever, and transnational migrant entrepreneurship has become a burgeoning field of research. Yet, knowledge is dispersed across disciplines, and an understanding of contemporary spatialities is limited. We review 155 articles published in English, French, German, and Spanish since 2009, thereby providing an overview of existing knowledge on transnational migrant entrepreneurship and suggesting avenues for future research. We identify five current topical areas of research: (1) the business advantages of transnational migrant entrepreneurship, (2) the determinants of becoming a transnational migrant entrepreneur, (3) the transnational networks of migrants, (4) the economic impacts of transnational migrant entrepreneurship on home and host countries, and (5) whether local environments enable or deter entrepreneurial success. Building on our synthesis of the most recent literature, we propose three crucial dimensions which have been under-researched in past and current work, and which address the diversity of geographical locations, spatial connections, and spatial mobilities involved in transnational migrant entrepreneurship. Moreover, we put forward a set of questions for future research which will advance a comprehension of unequal opportunities among transnational migrant entrepreneurs.

Different response paths to organizational resilience

An essential yet understudied aspect of organizational responses to an environmental shock is how managers interpret and respond to their new environments and address post-shock environmental challenges. The post-shock managerial response process can be intense and highly consequential as actors often must challenge the status quo in a compressed period. Decisions are frequently "life or death" in terms of organizational survival. This study analyzed data on resilient organizations' responses to the COVID-19 crisis and offered a model of organizational response paths to resilience. Our grounded theorizing offers three primary contributions: (1) we add richness to the distinction between organizations that are resilient or not by highlighting different response paths within the organizational-resilience category; (2) we complement the notion of post-adversity growth by explaining how organizations grow during adversity; (3) we move beyond explanations of resilience based on differences in organizations' resource endowments and instead provide new insights into different paths to resilience based on differences in how organizations interpret and respond to the same adverse event.

Nurse Entrepreneurs' Ethical Concerns: A Qualitative Inquiry of the Pursuit of Opportunity

AIM

This study explores how nurse entrepreneurs' ethical concerns influence their pursuit of entrepreneurial opportunities.

BACKGROUND

Nurse entrepreneurs break norms to challenge the status quo in healthcare, and entrepreneurship in healthcare is associated with dubious morals. Thus, nurse entrepreneurs have struggled to gain support and acceptance for their work.

METHOD

This qualitative study relies on in-depth, narrative interviews with eleven nurse entrepreneurs developing nine different ventures. The interviews are analysed using theoretical thematic analysis, leaning on the ethics of care theory.

RESULTS

The analysis reveals two stages of ethical concerns: 1) ethical concerns leading to an entrepreneurial opportunity and 2) ethical concerns while engaged in an opportunity formation.

CONCLUSION

This study shows that nurse entrepreneurs respond to healthcare issues in line with ethics of care and the ICN Code of Ethics. Nurse entrepreneurs are particularly concerned with doing no harm when developing their ideas and this fear could potentially deter nurses from acting entrepreneurially. 'The mantra of caring ethics' is a more suitable ethical guideline for (future) nurse entrepreneurs.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT

This study has implications for the moral image of nurse entrepreneurs. This is important for nursing managers, as several of them are nurse entrepreneurs themselves or employ and lead nurses who wish to pursue entrepreneurial opportunities to improve healthcare.

Resilient entrepreneurs? - revisiting the relationship between the Big Five and self-employment

The Big Five personality traits and their influence on entrepreneurial action have been repeatedly studied using a trait-based approach. The present paper partly deviates from this perspective by analysing the role of personality prototypes in relation to entrepreneurship. This person-centred approach suggests that combinations of Big Five traits form individual personalities. By using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), we show that at least three prototypes can be identified, one of which - the resilient type - can be hypothesized to significantly increase the likelihood of entrepreneurial action. Our regression results provide evidence of a positive impact of this prototype on the likelihood of and transitioning into self-employment but not the likelihood of exit. We also show that the prototyping approach explains individual self-employment decisions over and above what can already be explained by the profiling approach, another person-centred Big Five approach. The paper concludes with implications for policy and research.

Entrepreneurial intention, expectations of success and self-efficacy in undergraduate students of health sciences

BACKGROUND

Entrepreneurial intention is considered to be the best predictor of entrepreneurial behaviour. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) explains the degree of correlation between variables such as entrepreneurial intention, perceived feasibility and perceived desirability. Knowing the entrepreneurial intention of students of Health Sciences will help to guide and promote effective university policies to support entrepreneurship. The authors aimed to analyse the entrepreneurial intention of university students in the field of Health Sciences.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Faculties of Health Sciences of two public universities of Southern Spain. 1518 students of different degrees of Health Sciences (Physiotherapy, Podiatry, Dentistry, Nursing and Occupational Therapy), from first to fourth year. An online structured questionnaire was used, the Entrepreneurial Event Model (EEM) adapted to the Spanish context. This measurement model was completed with 8 items from the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire-MSLQ.

RESULTS

The hypothetical model showed that perceived desirability and perceived feasibility were positive and significant predictors of entrepreneurial intention. Perceived desirability showed an indirect effect on entrepreneurial intention through perceived feasibility. Expectation of success and self-efficacy had no direct effect on entrepreneurial intention.

CONCLUSIONS

Perceived desirability and perceived feasibility are related to entrepreneurial intention in Health Sciences students.

Translational research: from basic research to regional biomedical entrepreneurship

This paper examines the effect of translational research on knowledge production and biomedical entrepreneurship across U.S. regions. Researchers have earlier investigated the outputs of translational research by focusing on academic publications. Little attention has been paid to linking translational research to biomedical entrepreneurship. We construct an analytical model based on the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial ecosystem approach to examine the relationship between translational research, biomedical patents, clinical trials, and biomedical entrepreneurship. We test the model across 381 U.S. metropolitan statistical areas using 10 years of panel data related to the NIH Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) program. CTSA appears to increase the number of biomedical patents and biomedical entrepreneurship as proxied by the NIH Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grants. However, the magnitudes of the effects are relatively small. Path analysis shows that the effect of translational research on regional biomedical entrepreneurship is not strongly conveyed through biomedical patents or clinical trials.