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Cui J, Liang Z, Liu Y, Hao Z, Tang Y, Zhou L, Teng X. Environmental endocrine disrupting chemical 4-tert-butylphenol induced calcium overload and subsequent autophagy impairment via miRNA-363/CACNA1D Axis in epithelioma papulosum cyprini cells. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 283:109968. [PMID: 38945384 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Environmental endocrine disrupting chemical 4-tert-butylphenol (4-tBP), a widely-utilized surfactant in various industries, poses potential risks to aquatic organisms. Our previous sequencing results suggested that 4-tBP-induced common carp liver injury might be associated with Ca2+ signaling and autophagy. However, the intricate involvement of these pathways in 4-tBP-induced cytotoxic mechanisms remained unexplored. To bridge these knowledge gaps, this study focused on epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells, a significant cell type in fish biology. Initial observations showed that 4-tBP induced a dose-dependent perturbation in Ca2+ levels. Further investigations, with siRNA and L-type Ca2+ channel agonist (BAYK8644), identified L-type calcium channel gene CACNA1D as a critical regulator of 4-tBP-induced Ca2+ overload. Predictive analysis using miRanda platform suggested a potential interaction between miR-363 and CACNA1D, which was subsequently verified through dual-luciferase reporter gene assays. We then established miR-363 mimic/inhibitor models, along with miR-363 and CACNA1D co-suppression models in EPC cells. Through TEM observation, immunofluorescence assay, Ca2+ staining, and qRT-PCR analysis, we evaluated the role of miR-363/CACNA1D axis in modulating the effects of 4-tBP on Ca2+ signaling and autophagy. Results showed that miR-363 inhibitor exacerbated 4-tBP-induced increase in CALM2, CAMKII, Calpain2, and p62 expression and also led to decrease in ATG5, ATG7, and LC3b expression. In contrast, miR-363 mimic notably alleviated these changes. Notably, siRNA CACNA1D effectively modulating miR-363 inhibitor's effect. Our study revealed that 4-tBP induced Ca2+ overload and subsequent autophagy impairment via miR-363/CACNA1D axis. These findings illuminated a profound understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying 4-tBP-induced cytotoxicity and spotlighted a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Cui
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhenda Liang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yuhao Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Zhiyu Hao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - You Tang
- Electrical and Information Engineering College, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology College, Jilin 132101, PR China
| | - Li Zhou
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Xiaohua Teng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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Ye Q, Ren M, Fan D, Mao Y, Zhu YZ. Identification and Validation of the miR/RAS/RUNX2 Autophagy Regulatory Network in AngII-Induced Hypertensive Nephropathy in MPC5 Cells Treated with Hydrogen Sulfide Donors. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:958. [PMID: 39199205 PMCID: PMC11351630 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13080958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The balanced crosstalk between miRNAs and autophagy is essential in hypertensive nephropathy. Hydrogen sulfide donors have been reported to attenuate renal injury, but the mechanism is unclear. We aimed to identify and verify the miRNAs and autophagy regulatory networks in hypertensive nephropathy treated with hydrogen sulfide donors through bioinformatics analysis and experimental verification. From the miRNA dataset, autophagy was considerably enriched in mice kidney after angiotensin II (AngII) and combined hydrogen sulfide treatment (H2S_AngII), among which there were 109 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) and 21 hub ADEGs (autophagy-related differentially expressed genes) in the AngII group and 70 DEMs and 13 ADEGs in the H2S_AngII group. A miRNA-mRNA-transcription factors (TFs) autophagy regulatory network was then constructed and verified in human hypertensive nephropathy samples and podocyte models. In the network, two DEMs (miR-98-5p, miR-669b-5p), some hub ADEGs (KRAS, NRAS), and one TF (RUNX2) were altered, accompanied by a reduction in autophagy flux. However, significant recovery occurred after treatment with endogenous or exogenous H2S donors, as well as an overexpression of miR-98-5p and miR-669b-5p. The miR/RAS/RUNX2 autophagy network driven by H2S donors was related to hypertensive nephropathy. H2S donors or miRNAs increased autophagic flux and reduced renal cell injury, which could be a potentially effective medical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mi Ren
- The Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Di Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yicheng Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi-Zhun Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, (R & D Center) Lab. for Drug Discovery from Natural Resource, School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
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Wang W, Li Y, Zhu F, Huang Y. STAT3-induced upregulation of lncRNA TTN-AS1 aggravates podocyte injury in diabetic nephropathy by promoting oxidative stress. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfae079. [PMID: 38828128 PMCID: PMC11142850 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfae079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), being the second cause of end-stage renal disease globally. Podocyte injury is closely associated with DN developmen. Our study aimed to investigate the role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) TTN-AS1 in DN-associated podocyte injury. Methods The mouse podocyte cell line (MPC5) and human primary podocytes were stimulated by high glucose (HG; 30 nM glucose) to establish the cellular model of DN. Before HG stimulation, both podocytes were transfected with sh-TTN-AS1#1/2 or pcDNA3.1/STAT3 to evaluate the influence of TTN-AS1 knockdown or STAT3 overexpression on HG-induced podocyte injury. TTN-AS1 and STAT3 expression in both podocytes was examined by RT-qPCR. Cell viability and death were assessed by CCK-8 and LDH release assay. ELISA was adopted for testing IL-6 and TNF-α contents in cell supernatants. The levels of oxidative stress markers (ROS, MDA, SOD, and GSH) in cell supernatants were determined by commercial kits. Western blotting was used for measuring the expression of fibrosis markers (fibronectin and α-SMA and podocyte function markers (podocin and nephrin) in podocytes. Results HG stimulation led to decreased cell viability, increased cell death, fibrosis, inflammation, cell dysfunction and oxidative stress in podocytes. However, knockdown of TTN-AS1 ameliorated HG-induced podocyte injury. Mechanically, the transcription factor STAT3 interacted with TTN-AS1 promoter and upregulated TTN-AS1 expression. STAT3 overexpression offset the protective effect of TTN-AS1 silencing on HG-induced podocyte damage. Conclusion Overall, STAT3-mediated upregulation of lncRNA TTN-AS1 could exacerbate podocyte injury in DN through suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhe Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 26, Shengli Street, Jiang'an District, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, China
| | - Yongxia Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 26, Shengli Street, Jiang'an District, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, China
| | - Fan Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 26, Shengli Street, Jiang'an District, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, China
| | - Yunfang Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 26, Shengli Street, Jiang'an District, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, China
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Salemkour Y, Yildiz D, Dionet L, ‘t Hart DC, Verheijden KA, Saito R, Mahtal N, Delbet JD, Letavernier E, Rabant M, Karras A, van der Vlag J, Nijenhuis T, Tharaux PL, Lenoir O. Podocyte Injury in Diabetic Kidney Disease in Mouse Models Involves TRPC6-mediated Calpain Activation Impairing Autophagy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:1823-1842. [PMID: 37678257 PMCID: PMC10631601 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Autophagy protects podocytes from injury in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Restoring glomerular autophagy is a promising approach to limit DKD. This study demonstrates a novel regulatory mechanism of autophagy that blocks this critical protection of the glomerular filtration barrier. We demonstrated that TRPC6 induced in podocytes in mouse models of diabetes mediates calpain activation, thereby impairing podocyte autophagy, causing injury and accelerating DKD. Furthermore, this study provides proof of principle for druggable targets for DKD because restoration of podocyte autophagy by calpain inhibitors effectively limits glomerular destruction. BACKGROUND Diabetic kidney disease is associated with impaired podocyte autophagy and subsequent podocyte injury. The regulation of podocyte autophagy is unique because it minimally uses the mTOR and AMPK pathways. Thus, the molecular mechanisms underlying the impaired autophagy in podocytes in diabetic kidney disease remain largely elusive. METHODS This study investigated how the calcium channel TRPC6 and the cysteine protease calpains deleteriously affect podocyte autophagy in diabetic kidney disease in mice. We demonstrated that TRPC6 knockdown in podocytes increased the autophagic flux because of decreased cysteine protease calpain activity. Diabetic kidney disease was induced in vivo using streptozotocin with unilateral nephrectomy and the BTBR ob/ob mouse models. RESULTS Diabetes increased TRPC6 expression in podocytes in vivo with decreased podocyte autophagic flux. Transgenic overexpression of the endogenous calpain inhibitor calpastatin, as well as pharmacologic inhibition of calpain activity, normalized podocyte autophagic flux, reduced nephrin loss, and prevented the development of albuminuria in diabetic mice. In kidney biopsies from patients with diabetes, we further confirmed that TRPC6 overexpression in podocytes correlates with decreased calpastatin expression, autophagy blockade, and podocyte injury. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we discovered a new mechanism that connects TRPC6 and calpain activity to impaired podocyte autophagy, increased podocyte injury, and development of proteinuria in the context of diabetic kidney disease. Therefore, targeting TRPC6 and/or calpain to restore podocyte autophagy might be a promising therapeutic strategy for diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dilemin Yildiz
- Department of Nephrology, Research Institute of Medical Innovations, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Léa Dionet
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, Paris, France
| | - Daan C. ‘t Hart
- Department of Nephrology, Research Institute of Medical Innovations, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kim A.T. Verheijden
- Department of Nephrology, Research Institute of Medical Innovations, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ryuta Saito
- Discovery Technology Laboratories, Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Jean-Daniel Delbet
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, Paris, France
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Armand Trousseau Hospital, DMU Origyne, APHP, Paris and French Reference Center for Rare Diseases MARHEA, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Letavernier
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR S 1155, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
- Explorations Fonctionnelles Multidisciplinaires, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
| | - Marion Rabant
- Pathology Department, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital - Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Karras
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, Paris, France
- Nephrology Unit, Georges Pompidou European Hospital - Paris, Paris, France
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Research Institute of Medical Innovations, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Nijenhuis
- Department of Nephrology, Research Institute of Medical Innovations, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Saiki R, Katayama K, Dohi K. Recent Advances in Proteinuric Kidney Disease/Nephrotic Syndrome: Lessons from Knockout/Transgenic Mouse Models. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1803. [PMID: 37509442 PMCID: PMC10376620 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinuria is known to be associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and nephrotic syndrome is defined by the level of proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia. With advances in medicine, new causative genes for genetic kidney diseases are being discovered increasingly frequently. We reviewed articles on proteinuria/nephrotic syndrome, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous nephropathy, diabetic kidney disease/nephropathy, hypertension/nephrosclerosis, Alport syndrome, and rare diseases, which have been studied in mouse models. Significant progress has been made in understanding the genetics and pathophysiology of kidney diseases thanks to advances in science, but research in this area is ongoing. In the future, genetic analyses of patients with proteinuric kidney disease/nephrotic syndrome may ultimately lead to personalized treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Saiki
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kan Katayama
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kaoru Dohi
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
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Yang Q, Yang S, Liang Y, Sun Q, Fang Y, Jiang L, Wen P, Yang J. UCP2 deficiency impairs podocyte autophagy in diabetic nephropathy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166705. [PMID: 37023910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Podocytes have been indicated to be a critical factor for the development of diabetic kidney disease. Podocyte loss leads to irreversible glomerular injury and proteinuria in animal models. As terminal differentiated cells, autophagy is crucial for maintaining podocyte homeostasis. Previous studies have shown that Uncoupling proteins 2 (UCP2) regulate fatty acid metabolism, mitochondrial calcium uptake and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. This study aimed to investigate whether UCP2 promote autophagy in podocyte and further explore the regulation mechanism of UCP2. METHODS For podocyte-specific UCP2-KO mice, we cross bred UCP2fl/fl mouse strain with the podocin-Cre mice. Diabetic mice were obtained by daily intraperitoneally injections of 40 mg/kg streptozotocin for 3 days. After 6 weeks, mice were scarified, and kidney tissues were analyzed by histological stain, Western blot, Immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. Also, urine samples were collected for protein quantification. For in vitro study, podocytes were primary cultured from UCP2fl/fl mouse or transfected with adeno-associated virus (AAV)-UCP2. RESULTS Diabetic kidney showed elevated expression of UCP2 and specific ablation of UCP2 in podocyte aggravates diabetes-induced albuminuria and glomerulopathy. UCP2 protects hyperglycemia-induced podocyte injury by promoting autophagy in vivo and in vitro. Rapamycin treatment significantly ameliorates streptozotocin (STZ)-induced podocyte injury in UCP2-/- mice. CONCLUSION UCP2 expression in podocyte increased under diabetic condition and appeared to be an initial compensatory response. UCP2 deficiency in podocyte impaired autophagy and exacerbates podocyte injury and proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Yang
- The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu 223001, China
| | - Shuqing Yang
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Yuehong Liang
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Technology Department, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China.
| | - Ping Wen
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China.
| | - Junwei Yang
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China.
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Chen Z, Zhu Z, Liang W, Luo Z, Hu J, Feng J, Zhang Z, Luo Q, Yang H, Ding G. Reduction of anaerobic glycolysis contributes to angiotensin II-induced podocyte injury with foot process effacement. Kidney Int 2023; 103:735-748. [PMID: 36731609 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the renin-angiotensin system is associated with podocyte injury and has been well demonstrated as a pivotal factor in the progression of chronic kidney disease. Podocyte energy metabolism is crucial for maintaining their physiological functions. However, whether renin-angiotensin system activation promotes chronic kidney disease progression by disturbing the energy metabolism of podocytes has not been elucidated. Angiotensin II, the main active molecule of the renin-angiotensin system, plays a crucial role in chronic kidney disease initiation and progression, but its impact on podocyte metabolism remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate a rapid decrease in the expression of pyruvate kinase M2, a key glycolytic enzyme, and reduced glycolytic flux in podocytes exposed to angiotensin II in vivo and in vitro. Podocyte-specific deletion of pyruvate kinase M2 in mice aggravated angiotensin II-induced glomerular and podocyte injury with foot process effacement and proteinuria. The inhibition of glycolysis was accompanied by adenosine triphosphate deficiency, cytoskeletal remodeling and podocyte apoptosis. Mechanistically, we found that angiotensin II-induced glycolysis impairment contributed to an insufficient energy supply to the foot process, leading to podocyte injury. Additionally, pyruvate kinase M2 expression was found to be reduced in podocytes from kidney biopsies of patients with hypertensive nephropathy and diabetic kidney disease. Thus, our findings suggest that glycolysis activation is a potential therapeutic strategy for podocyte injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zijing Zhu
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zilv Luo
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jijia Hu
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zongwei Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Luo
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongxia Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guohua Ding
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Guo Y, Wang M, Liu Y, Pang Y, Tian L, Zhao J, Liu M, Shen C, Meng Y, Wang Y, Cai Z, Zhao W. BaoShenTongLuo formula protects against podocyte injury by regulating AMPK-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis in diabetic kidney disease. Chin Med 2023; 18:32. [PMID: 36967383 PMCID: PMC10040124 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00738-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered to be an important contributor in podocyte injury under diabetic conditions. The BaoShenTongLuo (BSTL) formula has been shown to reduce podocyte damage and postpone the progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). The potential mechanisms underlying the effects of BSTL, however, have yet to be elucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether the effects of BSTL are related to the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis via the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. METHODS High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometer (HPLC-ESI-MS) analysis was performed to investigate the characteristics of pure compounds in BSTL. db/db mice and mouse podocyte clone-5 (MPC5) cells were exposed to high glucose (HG) to induce DKD and podocyte damage. Body weight, random blood glucose, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR), indicators of renal function and renal histological lesions were measured. Markers of podocyte injury, mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) content, mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes activities, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) levels were assessed. Protein expressions of AMPK, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), transcription factor A (TFAM), mitochondrial fusion protein 2 (MFN2) and dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) were also detected. MPC5 cells were transfected with AMPKα small interfering RNA (AMPKα siRNA) to determine the underlying mechanisms of BSTL improvement of mitochondrial function under diabetic conditions. RESULTS In vivo, treatment with BSTL reduced the UACR levels, reversed the histopathological changes in renal tissues, and alleviated the podocyte injury observed in db/db mice. After BSTL treatment, the decreased mtDNA content and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, III, and IV activities were significantly improved, and these effects were accompanied by maintenance of the protein expression of p-AMPKαT172, PGC-1α, TFAM and MFN2. The in vitro experiments also showed that BSTL reduced podocyte apoptosis, suppressed excessive cellular ROS production, and reversed the decreased in MMP that were observed under HG conditions. More importantly, the effects of BSTL in enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis and reducing podocyte apoptosis were inhibited in AMPKα siRNA-treated podocytes. CONCLUSION BSTL plays a crucial role in protecting against podocyte injury by regulating the AMPK-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Mengdi Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Yufei Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yanyu Pang
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Jingwen Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Mengchao Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Cun Shen
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Yuan Meng
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Yuefen Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Zhen Cai
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China.
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China.
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9
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Salemkour Y, Lenoir O. Endothelial Autophagy Dysregulation in Diabetes. Cells 2023; 12:947. [PMID: 36980288 PMCID: PMC10047205 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a major public health issue that affected 537 million people worldwide in 2021, a number that is only expected to increase in the upcoming decade. Diabetes is a systemic metabolic disease with devastating macro- and microvascular complications. Endothelial dysfunction is a key determinant in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Dysfunctional endothelium leads to vasoconstriction by decreased nitric oxide bioavailability and increased expression of vasoconstrictor factors, vascular inflammation through the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, a loss of microvascular density leading to low organ perfusion, procoagulopathy, and/or arterial stiffening. Autophagy, a lysosomal recycling process, appears to play an important role in endothelial cells, ensuring endothelial homeostasis and functions. Previous reports have provided evidence of autophagic flux impairment in patients with type I or type II diabetes. In this review, we report evidence of endothelial autophagy dysfunction during diabetes. We discuss the mechanisms driving endothelial autophagic flux impairment and summarize therapeutic strategies targeting autophagy in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivia Lenoir
- PARCC, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
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10
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Infante B, Conserva F, Pontrelli P, Leo S, Stasi A, Fiorentino M, Troise D, dello Strologo A, Alfieri C, Gesualdo L, Castellano G, Stallone G. Recent advances in molecular mechanisms of acute kidney injury in patients with diabetes mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13:903970. [PMID: 36686462 PMCID: PMC9849571 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.903970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several insults can lead to acute kidney injury (AKI) in native kidney and transplant patients, with diabetes critically contributing as pivotal risk factor. High glucose per se can disrupt several signaling pathways within the kidney that, if not restored, can favor the instauration of mechanisms of maladaptive repair, altering kidney homeostasis and proper function. Diabetic kidneys frequently show reduced oxygenation, vascular damage and enhanced inflammatory response, features that increase the kidney vulnerability to hypoxia. Importantly, epidemiologic data shows that previous episodes of AKI increase susceptibility to diabetic kidney disease (DKD), and that patients with DKD and history of AKI have a generally worse prognosis compared to DKD patients without AKI; it is therefore crucial to monitor diabetic patients for AKI. In the present review, we will describe the causes that contribute to increased susceptibility to AKI in diabetes, with focus on the molecular mechanisms that occur during hyperglycemia and how these mechanisms expose the different types of resident renal cells to be more vulnerable to maladaptive repair during AKI (contrast- and drug-induced AKI). Finally, we will review the list of the existing candidate biomarkers of diagnosis and prognosis of AKI in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Infante
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesca Conserva
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Pontrelli
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Serena Leo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Stasi
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Fiorentino
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Dario Troise
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Alfieri
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Stallone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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11
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Liao TH, Wu HC, Liao MT, Hu WC, Tsai KW, Lin CC, Lu KC. The Perspective of Vitamin D on suPAR-Related AKI in COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10725. [PMID: 36142634 PMCID: PMC9500944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has claimed the lives of millions of people around the world. Severe vitamin D deficiency can increase the risk of death in people with COVID-19. There is growing evidence that acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in COVID-19 patients and is associated with poorer clinical outcomes. The kidney effects of SARS-CoV-2 are directly mediated by angiotensin 2-converting enzyme (ACE2) receptors. AKI is also caused by indirect causes such as the hypercoagulable state and microvascular thrombosis. The increased release of soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) from immature myeloid cells reduces plasminogen activation by the competitive inhibition of urokinase-type plasminogen activator, which results in low plasmin levels and a fibrinolytic state in COVID-19. Frequent hypercoagulability in critically ill patients with COVID-19 may exacerbate the severity of thrombosis. Versican expression in proximal tubular cells leads to the proliferation of interstitial fibroblasts through the C3a and suPAR pathways. Vitamin D attenuates the local expression of podocyte uPAR and decreases elevated circulating suPAR levels caused by systemic inflammation. This decrease preserves the function and structure of the glomerular barrier, thereby maintaining renal function. The attenuated hyperinflammatory state reduces complement activation, resulting in lower serum C3a levels. Vitamin D can also protect against COVID-19 by modulating innate and adaptive immunity, increasing ACE2 expression, and inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. We hypothesized that by reducing suPAR levels, appropriate vitamin D supplementation could prevent the progression and reduce the severity of AKI in COVID-19 patients, although the data available require further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hsien Liao
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Chang Wu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Min-Tser Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu City 300, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chung Hu
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wang Tsai
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chieh Lin
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu City 300, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
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12
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Tang TT, Wang B, Lv LL, Dong Z, Liu BC. Extracellular vesicles for renal therapeutics: State of the art and future perspective. J Control Release 2022; 349:32-50. [PMID: 35779658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing burden of kidney disease, the need for developing new therapeutics to manage this disease has never been greater. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural membranous nanoparticles present in virtually all organisms. Given their excellent delivery capacity in the body, EVs have emerged as a frontier technology for drug delivery and have the potential to usher in a new era of nanomedicine for kidney disease. This review is focused on why EVs are such compelling drug carriers and how to release their fullest potentiality in renal therapeutics. We discuss the unique features of EVs compared to artificial nanoparticles and outline the engineering technologies and steps in developing EV-based therapeutics, with an emphasis on the emerging approaches to target renal cells and prolong kidney retention. We also explore the applications of EVs as natural therapeutics or as drug carriers in the treatment of renal disorders and present our views on the critical challenges in manufacturing EVs as next-generation renal therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Tao Tang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing, China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin-Li Lv
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Bi-Cheng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing, China.
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13
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Tao Y, Chaudhari S, Shotorbani PY, Ding Y, Chen Z, Kasetti R, Zode G, Ma R. Enhanced Orai1-mediated store-operated Ca 2+ channel/calpain signaling contributes to high glucose-induced podocyte injury. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101990. [PMID: 35490782 PMCID: PMC9136128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocyte injury induced by hyperglycemia is the main cause of kidney dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) regulates a diversity of cellular processes in a variety of cell types. Calpain, a Ca2+-dependent cysteine protease, was recently shown to be involved in podocyte injury. In the present study, we sought to determine whether increased SOCE contributed to high glucose (HG)-induced podocyte injury through activation of the calpain pathway. In cultured human podocytes, whole-cell patch clamp indicated the presence of functional store-operated Ca2+ channels, which are composed of Orai1 proteins and mediate SOCE. Western blots showed that HG treatment increased the protein abundance of Orai1 in a dose-dependent manner. Consistently, calcium imaging experiments revealed that SOCE was significantly enhanced in podocytes following HG treatment. Furthermore, HG treatment caused overt podocyte F-actin disorganization as well as a significant decrease in nephrin protein abundance, both of which are indications of podocyte injury. These podocyte injury responses were significantly blunted by both pharmacological inhibition of Orai1 using the small molecule inhibitor BTP2 or by genetic deletion of Orai1 using CRISPR-Cas9 lentivirus. Moreover, activation of SOCE by thapsigargin, an inhibitor of Ca2+ pump on the endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, significantly increased the activity of calpain, which was inhibited by BTP2. Finally, the calpain-1/calpain-2 inhibitor calpeptin significantly blunted the nephrin protein reduction induced by HG treatment. Taken together, our results suggest that enhanced signaling via an Orai1/SOCE/Calpain axis contributes to HG-induced podocyte injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tao
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Sarika Chaudhari
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | | | - Yanfeng Ding
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Zhenglan Chen
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Ramesh Kasetti
- The North Texas Eye Research Institute and Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Gulab Zode
- The North Texas Eye Research Institute and Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA.
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14
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Majumder S, Pushpakumar S, Juin SK, Jala VR, Sen U. Toll-like receptor 4 mutation protects the kidney from Ang-II-induced hypertensive injury. Pharmacol Res 2022; 175:106030. [PMID: 34896544 PMCID: PMC8755630 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellular autophagy is a protective mechanism where cells degrade damaged organelles to maintain intracellular homeostasis. Apoptosis, on the other hand, is considered as programmed cell death. Interestingly, autophagy inhibits apoptosis by degrading apoptosis regulators. In hypertension, an imbalance of autophagy and apoptosis regulators can lead to renal injury and dysfunction. Previously, we have reported that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mutant mice are protective against renal damage, in part, due to reduced oxidative stress and inflammation. However, the detailed mechanism remained elusive. In this study, we tested the hypothesis of whether TLR4 mutation reduces Ang-II-induced renal injury by inciting autophagy and suppressing apoptosis in the hypertensive kidney. Male mice with normal TLR4 expression (TLR4N, C3H/HeOuJ) and mutant TLR4 (TLR4M, C3H/HeJLps-d) aged 10-12 weeks were infused with Ang-II (1000 ng/kg/d) for 4 weeks to create hypertension. Saline infused appropriate control were used. Blood pressure was increased along with increased TLR4 expression in TLR4N mice receiving Ang-II compared to TLR4N control. Autophagy was downregulated, and apoptosis was upregulated in TLR4N mice treated with Ang-II. Also, kidney injury markers plasma lipocalin-2 (LCN2) and kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) were upregulated in TLR4N mice treated with Ang-II. Besides, increased nuclear translocation and activity of NF-kB were measured in Ang-II-treated TLR4N mice. TLR4M mice remained protected against all these insults in hypertension. Together, these results suggest that Ang-II-induced TLR4 activation suppresses autophagy, induces apoptosis and kidney injury through in part by activating NF-kB signaling, and TLR4 mutation protects the kidney from Ang-II-induced hypertensive injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suravi Majumder
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sathnur Pushpakumar
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Subir K Juin
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Venkatakrishna R Jala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Utpal Sen
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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