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Hořínková J, Kozlík P, Křížek T, Michaličková D, Šíma M, Slanař O. Post-mortem Redistribution of Alprazolam in Rats. Prague Med Rep 2020; 121:244-253. [PMID: 33270012 DOI: 10.14712/23362936.2020.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The post-mortem toxicological findings may be misinterpreted, if the drug undergoes substantial post-mortem redistribution. As alprazolam is one of the most frequently evaluated drug for legal/forensic reasons in drug-related fatalities, we studied possible changes in alprazolam distribution after death in a rat model. Rats were sacrificed 30 minutes after alprazolam administration. Blood and tissue samples from 8 animals per sampling time were collected at 0, 2, 6, and 24 h after death. The experimental samples were assayed for alprazolam using validated UHPLC-PDA method. Median blood alprazolam concentrations increased approximately 2 times compared with ante-mortem levels due to the redistribution during early post-mortem phase and then slowly decreased with a half-life of 60.7 h. The highest alprazolam tissue concentrations were found in fat and liver and the lowest levels were observed in lungs and brain. The median amount of alprazolam deposited in the lungs was relatively stable over the 24-h post-mortem period, while in heart, liver and kidney the deposited proportion of administered dose increased by 43-48% in comparison with ante-mortem values indicating continuous accumulation of alprazolam into these tissues. These results provide evidence needed for the interpretation of toxicological results in alprazolam-related fatalities and demonstrate modest alprazolam post-mortem redistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Hořínková
- Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kozlík
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Křížek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Danica Michaličková
- Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Šíma
- Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondřej Slanař
- Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Swiner DJ, Jackson S, Durisek GR, Walsh BK, Kouatli Y, Badu-Tawiah AK. Microsampling with cotton thread: Storage and ultra-sensitive analysis by thread spray mass Spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1082:98-105. [PMID: 31472717 PMCID: PMC6814156 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Storage and quantitative analysis of small volumes of biofluids are challenging, especially when low concentrations of analytes are to be detected in the presence of complex matrices. In this study, we describe an integrated thread-based approach for stabilizing small blood volumes in the dry-state at room temperature, while also offering direct analysis capabilities via thread spray mass spectrometry. The analytical merits of this novel microsampling platform was demonstrated via the direct analysis of diazepam and cocaine in dried blood samples stored for 42 days. In-situ in-capillary blood processing from hydrophobic threads enabled limits of detection as low as parts-per-quadrillion to be reached. We validated this ultra-sensitivity by analyzing small tissue-like residues collected after pushing a thread through the sample once. The implications of this sample collection, storage, and analysis platform can be extensive with direct applications in forensics and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin J Swiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43110, USA
| | - Sierra Jackson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43110, USA
| | - George R Durisek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43110, USA
| | - Bridget K Walsh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43110, USA
| | - Yaman Kouatli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43110, USA
| | - Abraham K Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43110, USA.
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Goren IE, Gokce Daglioglu N, Daglioglu YK, Gülmen MK. Determination of drug distributions in decomposed and buried postmortem tissues and bones of pigs administered of drugs. Forensic Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-019-00497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Martinez-Quiroz J, Melendez-Camargo E, Lopez-Meraz L. Course of exogenous ethanol in the first hours after death – two experimental approaches. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2016.1231839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Martinez-Quiroz
- Departamento de Farmacia, ENCB-Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- Dirección General de los Servicios Periciales FGE, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | | | - Leonor Lopez-Meraz
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
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Nagasawa S, Katagiri N, Nara A, Chiba F, Kubo Y, Torimitsu S, Yajima D, Akutsu M, Iwase H. Postmortem redistribution mechanism of donepezil in the rat. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 266:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Arora B, Velpandian T, Lalwani S, Saxena R, Ghose S. Ocular disposition of diazepam in rabbits: understanding its level in vitreous humour for forensic applications. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2016.1205661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beauty Arora
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Department of Forensic Science, Institute of Forensic Science, Mumbai, India
| | - Thirumurthy Velpandian
- Department of Ocular Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Lalwani
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohit Saxena
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Supriyo Ghose
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Wenholz DS, Luong S, Philp M, Forbes SL, Stuart BH, Drummer OH, Fu S. A study to model the post-mortem stability of 4-MMC, MDMA and BZP in putrefying remains. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 265:54-60. [PMID: 26829335 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is currently limited data available on the stabilities of the three stimulants 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and N-benzylpiperazine (BZP) in a putrefying matrix. A Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method to determine the concentration of the three drugs in putrefying porcine liver over a three month period was developed and validated. Both 4-MMC and BZP were found to be unstable, becoming undetectable and having an average recovery of 52% respectively after one month at ambient room temperature (20°C). MDMA was found to be moderately stable, with an average recovery of 74% after three months at room temperature. This study indicated that the putrefaction process could have a significant impact on concentrations of 4-MMC and BZP in post-mortem cases involving putrefied remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Wenholz
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Susan Luong
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Morgan Philp
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Shari L Forbes
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Barbara H Stuart
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Olaf H Drummer
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University and Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, 65 Kavanagh Street, Southbank, VIC, 3006, Australia
| | - Shanlin Fu
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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Gerace E, Salomone A, Di Corcia D, Mazzucco P, Vincenti M. Postmortem redistribution of triazolam, alprazolam, delorazepam (chlordesmethyldiazepam) and zolpidem in a suicide case. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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A suicide involving intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital. Int J Legal Med 2015; 130:1217-22. [PMID: 26174446 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-015-1231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We present an unusual case of suicide by intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital, an overdose of zolpidem and the intake of diazepam, ethanol and other psychoactive substances. The autopsy and specimen collection were conducted in a 10 to 18 h postmortem interval. The toxicological analysis revealed a significantly higher pentobarbital concentration in femoral blood compared to cardiac blood (36 vs. 15 mg/L). On the contrary, zolpidem and diazepam concentrations in cardiac blood (2700 and 590 µg/L) were found to be significantly higher than in femoral blood (1500 and 230 µg/L). These findings point to a postmortem redistribution with a distinct gradient from areas of high drug concentrations in the gastrointestinal tract (zolpidem and diazepam) and the injection site (pentobarbital) to peripheral tissue. Ethanol concentration was 0.95 ‰ which amplified the CNS depression. The choice of this unusual suicide method was associated with the deceased's former job as a veterinarian's assistant. In veterinary medicine, the intraperitoneal injection of a lethal dose of pentobarbital is quite commonly performed to euthanise small animals. Intraperitoneal injection is rare as route of administration in humans.
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Gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay for the quantification of four benzodiazepines and citalopram in eleven postmortem rabbit fluids and tissues, with application to animal and human samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:2909-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wyman JF, Dean DE, Yinger R, Simmons A, Brobst D, Bissell M, Silveira F, Kelly N, Shott R, Ohr J, Howard R, Lewis B. The Temporal Fate of Drugs in Decomposing Porcine Tissue*. J Forensic Sci 2011; 56:694-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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