1
|
Hona TWPT, Stephan CN. Global facial soft tissue thicknesses for craniofacial identification (2023): a review of 140 years of data since Welcker's first study. Int J Legal Med 2024; 138:519-535. [PMID: 37804332 PMCID: PMC10861615 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-03087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
This year (2023) marks 140 years since the first publication of a facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) study. Since 1883, a total of 139 studies have been published, collectively tallying > 220,000 tissue thickness measurements of > 19,500 adults. In just the last 5-years, 33 FSTT studies have been conducted. Herein, we add these data (plus an additional 20 studies) to the 2018 T-Table to provide an update of > 81,000 new datapoints to the global tallied facial soft tissue depths table. In contrast to the original 2008 T-Table, some notable changes are as follows: increased FSTTs by 3 mm at infra second molar (ecm2-iM2'), 2.5 mm at gonion (go-go'), 2 mm at mid-ramus (mr-mr'), and 1.5 mm at zygion (zy-zy'). Rolling grand means indicate that stable values have been attained for all nine median FSTT landmarks, while six out of nine bilateral landmarks continue to show ongoing fluctuations, indicating further data collection at these landmarks holds value. When used as point estimators for individuals with known values across 24 landmarks (i.e., C-Table data), the updated grand means produce slightly less estimation error than the 2018 T-Table means (3.5 mm versus 3.6 mm, respectively). Future efforts to produce less noisy datasets (i.e., reduce measurement and sampling errors as much as possible between studies) would be useful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Te Wai Pounamu T Hona
- Laboratory for Human Craniofacial and Skeletal Identification (HuCS-ID Lab), School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
| | - Carl N Stephan
- Laboratory for Human Craniofacial and Skeletal Identification (HuCS-ID Lab), School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Piombino P, Esposito E, Committeri U, Barone S, Arena A, Cataldo R, Carraturo E, Vaira LA, De Riu G, Mariniello D, Califano L. Facial soft tissue thickness measurement method and relationship with BMI, age and sex. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2023; 124:101420. [PMID: 36758899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2023.101420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Facial aesthetics results from the harmony of various components of the craniofacial region, a structure whose physiognomy and topography are determined by a set of hard and soft tissues. Few works in the literature have investigated the relationship between the variables of sex, age, BMI and soft tissue thickness and have considered how these variables may influence operative outcomes. The purpose of this study is to increase the pre-operative knowledge of the thickness of the soft tissues of the face through an analysis of their measurement conducted on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to investigate the impact that the variables of gender, age and BMI have on their determination. MATERIALS AND METHODS For this study 82 patients were recruited between January 2020 and January 2021 in the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery of the University of Naples "Federico II". A descriptive analysis of the sample was carried out on the selected sample, calculating averages and standard deviations for the individual variables analyzed. RESULTS BMI has a predominant role on some craniometric points while age and sex have a more marginal role. Our analysis shows that some points are affected by only one variable, BMI (G' N' PR' ID' SM' GN' PG' MIO' ACP' GO' ZY' SC' IC' ECMS' and MMB'); some points are affected by both BMI and gender (MP' and MR'); while only two (RHI' and MSO') are influenced by all the three variables. CONCLUSION A priori knowledge through CBCT of the thickness of the soft tissues of the face and a comparison with the data we propose could provide the surgeon with advance notice of the characteristics of the tissues which she/he will encounter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Piombino
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Eliana Esposito
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Umberto Committeri
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Barone
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonio Arena
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosanna Cataldo
- Department of Social Science, Federico II University of Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuele Carraturo
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Angelo Vaira
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giacomo De Riu
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Domenico Mariniello
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic Surgery, Section of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic Surgery, Department of Public Health, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Califano
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hona TWPT, Stephan CN. Cephalometric landmark standards and recent trends in craniofacial identification (2018-22): Avoiding imposters by describing variant landmarks as supplemental. FORENSIC IMAGING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2022.200525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
4
|
Moritsugui DS, Fugiwara FVG, Vassallo FNS, Mazzilli LEN, Beaini TL, Melani RFH. Facial soft tissue thickness in forensic facial reconstruction: Impact of regional differences in Brazil. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270980. [PMID: 35839226 PMCID: PMC9286276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Forensic facial reconstruction aims to assemble and provide the appearance of a face over a skull, in order to lead to recognition of that individual, making possible the application of primary identification methods. The scientific literature presents facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) tables for reference from a range of different geographic regions. However, the consensus on its importance or on how to use specific population data related to FSTT is not unanimous. Brazil is formed by geographic regions with diverse populations, which are reflected in facial features. This paper aimed to measure and compare FSTT of distinct Brazilian samples to ascertain the need for specific data sets for different regions. A specific protocol for cone beam computed tomography was used to standardize measurement, and it was applied in a sample of 101 subjects. The FSTT measurements of a Brazilian population from the Midwest Region was compared to a previous sample from Southeast, which was collected using the same protocol. High compatibility was observed when comparing the averages of FSTT among samples of these two different geographic regions. Regarding age groups, notable differences on the medium and inferior face were observed in females. Minor variances found are unlikely to affect the practice of forensic facial reconstruction. Facial features, such as eyes, lips, nose, and skin may also be relevant in the differentiation of people from these two areas in Brazil. Therefore, concerning the Southeast and Midwest Brazilian regions, the need to apply different data sets is unnecessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deisy Satie Moritsugui
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology and Odontology (OFLAB), Department of Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Flavia Vanessa Greb Fugiwara
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology and Odontology (OFLAB), Department of Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Nicolle Stefani Vassallo
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology and Odontology (OFLAB), Department of Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eugênio Nigro Mazzilli
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology and Odontology (OFLAB), Department of Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Leite Beaini
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Francisco Haltenhoff Melani
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology and Odontology (OFLAB), Department of Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Navic P, Palee P, Prapayasatok S, Prasitwattanaseree S, Sinthubua A, Mahakkanukrauh P. The development and testing of Thai facial soft tissue thickness data in three-dimensional computerized forensic facial reconstruction. MEDICINE, SCIENCE, AND THE LAW 2022; 62:113-123. [PMID: 34825605 DOI: 10.1177/00258024211057689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Forensic facial reconstruction is a useful tool to assist the public in recognizing human remains, leading to positive forensic investigation outcomes. To reproduce a virtual face, facial soft tissue thickness is one of the major guidelines to reach the accuracy and reliability for three-dimensional computerized facial reconstruction, a method that is making a significant contribution to improving forensic investigation and identification. This study aimed to develop a facial soft tissue thickness dataset for a Thai population, and test its reliability in the context of facial reconstruction. Three-dimensional facial reconstruction was conducted on four skulls (2 males and 2 females, with ages ranging between 51 to 60 years). Two main tools of three-dimensional computer animation and modeling software-Blender and Autodesk Maya-were used to rebuild the three-dimensional virtual face. The three-dimensional coordinate (x, y, z) cutaneous landmarks on the mesh templates were aligned homologous to the facial soft tissue thickness markers on the three-dimensional skull model. The final three-dimensional virtual face was compared to the target frontal photograph using face pool comparison. Four three-dimensional virtual faces were matched at low to moderate levels, ranging from 30% to 70% accuracy. These results demonstrate that the facial soft tissue thickness database of a Thai population applied in this study could be useful for three-dimensional computerized facial reconstruction purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pagorn Navic
- PhD Program in Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, 26682Chiang Mai University, Thailand
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, 26682Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Patison Palee
- College of Arts, Media and Technology, 26682Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Sangsom Prapayasatok
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, 26682Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | | | - Apichat Sinthubua
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, 26682Chiang Mai University, Thailand
- Excellence Center in Osteology Research and Training Center, 26682Chiang Mai University, Thailand
- Forensic Osteology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, 26682Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Pasuk Mahakkanukrauh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, 26682Chiang Mai University, Thailand
- Excellence Center in Osteology Research and Training Center, 26682Chiang Mai University, Thailand
- Forensic Osteology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, 26682Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Midsagittal and bilateral facial soft tissue thickness: A cone-beam computed tomography assessment of Brazilian living adults. FORENSIC IMAGING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2021.200444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
7
|
Lip morphology estimation models based on three-dimensional images in a modern adult population from China. Int J Legal Med 2021; 135:1887-1901. [PMID: 33760976 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02559-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lips are the main part of the lower facial soft tissue and are vital to forensic facial approximation (FFA). Facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) and linear measurements in three dimensions are used in the quantitative analysis of lip morphology. With most FSTT analysis methods, the surface of soft tissue is unexplicit. Our study aimed to determine FSTT and explore the relationship between the hard and soft tissues of lips in different skeletal occlusions based on cone-beam CT (CBCT) and 3dMD images in a Chinese population. The FSTT of 11 landmarks in CBCT and 29 lip measurements in CBCT and 3dMD of 180 healthy Chinese individuals (90 males, 90 females) between 18 and 30 years were analyzed. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups with different skeletal occlusions distributed equally: 156 subjects in the experimental group to establish the prediction regression formulae of lip morphology and 24 subjects in the test group to assess the accuracy of the formulae. The results indicated that FSTT in the lower lip region varied among different skeletal occlusions. Furthermore, sex discrepancy was noted in the FSTT in midline landmarks and linear measurements. Measurements showing the highest correlation between soft and hard tissues were between total upper lip height and Ns-Pr (0.563 in males, 0.651 in females). The stepwise multiple regression equations were verified to be reliable with an average error of 1.246 mm. The method of combining CBCT with 3dMD provides a new perspective in predicting lip morphology and expands the database for FFA.
Collapse
|
8
|
Beaini TL, Miamoto P, Duailibi-Neto EF, Tedeschi-Oliveira SV, Chilvarquer I, Melani RFH. Facial soft tissue depth measurements in cone-beam computed tomography: A study of a Brazilian sample. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2021; 50:101866. [PMID: 33667933 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2021.101866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Forensic facial reconstruction (approximation) (FFR) is an aid to human identification when no presumed identity is available. It is based on average soft tissue thickness (STT) applied onto a skull. These averages vary at each landmark according to sex, ancestry, and Facial Growth Patterns (FGP). To obtain the reference, there are different protocols and conditions, such as needles in cadavers, ultrasound, magnetic resonance, and computer tomography. Using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), landmark placement and direction of measurement are critical. The purpose of this article is to detailly describe a method for STT measurement in CBCT DICOM files and to test it in the analysis of a multi-ancestral Brazilian sample, subdivided into sex, age and FGP. A sample of 100 (50 male and 50 female) CBCT exams were selected and the volume was primarily been repositioned to cephalometric standards. A detailed description of the location and measurement direction of 32 landmarks was provided and granted good reproducibility of the measurements. The averages were assessed by sex, age, and FGP. There were significant differences between males and females. The CBCT measuring protocol provided standardization of measurements and is a method to be used in future researches. Advantages of CBCT, such as the subject's upright position and adjustable volume positioning, also justify its usage. Limited differences of STT were related to age and FGP. The updated Brazilian soft tissue thickness chart is a reliable source of data for forensic and clinical purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago L Beaini
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Uberlândia Federal University, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Miamoto
- Instituto Geral de Perícias de Santa Catarina (IGP/SC), Brazil
| | | | | | - Israel Chilvarquer
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo F Haltenhoff Melani
- Department of Social Dentistry, Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology and Odontology (OFLAB), University of São Paulo Dental School - FOUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mele F, Santoro V, Lauretti C, Favia M, Angrisani C, Introna F, De Donno A. Soft-tissue thickness values using cone beam computed tomography: A literature review. MEDICINE, SCIENCE, AND THE LAW 2021; 61:136-140. [PMID: 33591867 DOI: 10.1177/0025802420919537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
When human remains are found, with no evidence of identity, facial approximation can be a useful technique to employ. The reconstruction of the ante-mortem appearance can reproduce the likely features of the face, starting from the skull, based on the overlying soft-tissue thickness. Over the years, many techniques have been developed to achieve soft-tissue thickness measurements, one of which is based on the use of cone beam computed tomography. This study aimed to review the status of this technique and to evaluate heterogeneity among studies undertaken in this field, with particular regard to determination of landmarks, sex and body mass index.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Mele
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, Policlinico di Bari Hospital, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Valeria Santoro
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, Policlinico di Bari Hospital, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Chiara Lauretti
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, Policlinico di Bari Hospital, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Matteo Favia
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, Policlinico di Bari Hospital, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Carmelinda Angrisani
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, Policlinico di Bari Hospital, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Introna
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, Policlinico di Bari Hospital, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio De Donno
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, Policlinico di Bari Hospital, University of Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Çavuş Özkan M, Yeşil F, Bayramiçli İ, Bayramiçli M. Soft Tissue Thickness Variations of the Nose: A Radiological Study. Aesthet Surg J 2020; 40:711-718. [PMID: 32003429 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjz320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soft tissue thickness (STT) is a major factor affecting the outcome in rhinoplasty. However, limited information is found in the literature on the age- and gender-related variations of the nasal STT. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to measure STT at various landmarks over the nasal framework and compare the age- and gender-related differences. METHODS STT measurements were made at 11 landmarks in 325 patients by employing magnetic resonance imaging. Patients were divided into subgroups to compare the STT differences between female and male and between the age groups as young, middle age, and elderly. RESULTS Soft tissue was thickest at the nasion and thinnest at the rhinion. The soft tissue coverage was significantly thicker in the male population at the supratip, tip, nasal bones, upper lateral cartilages, and alar lobules, whereas it is thicker in females at the rhinion. Average thickness of the soft tissues over the entire nasal framework increases with age except the rhinion. CONCLUSIONS The STT is variable over different parts of the osteocartilaginous framework. Gender and age influence the STT. The soft tissue is thicker at the distal half of the nose in male patients, and these areas become gradually thicker with age, whereas the soft tissue over the midvault becomes thinner. Increasing age presents a particular challenge to achieve predictable results in rhinoplasty, and an understanding of the soft tissue envelope allows for improved aesthetic outcome. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melekber Çavuş Özkan
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Yeşil
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İnci Bayramiçli
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bayramiçli
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| |
Collapse
|