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Novel WT1 Target Genes: IL-2, IL-2RB, and IL-2RG Discovered during WT1 Silencing Using Lentiviral-Based RNAi in Myeloid Leukemia Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7851414. [PMID: 33110919 PMCID: PMC7582064 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7851414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) is a transcription factor which plays a major role in cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. WT1 was first identified as a tumor suppressor gene in Wilms' tumor. However, overexpression of WT1 has been detected in several types of malignancy including some types of leukemia. To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying WT1-mediated leukemogenesis, lentiviral-based siRNA was employed as a tool to suppress WT1 expression in the myeloid leukemia cell line, K562. Successfully, both WT1 RNA and protein levels were downregulated in the leukemia cells. The silencing of WT1 resulted in significant growth inhibition in WT1-siRNA-treated cells for 40 ± 7.0%, 44 ± 9.5%, and 88 ± 9.1% at 48, 72, and 96 hours posttransduction as compared with the control cells, respectively. By using apoptosis detection assays (caspase-3/7 activity and Annexin V-FITC/PI assays), WT1 silencing induced a higher degree of early and late apoptosis in siRNA-treated K562 as compared with the control cells. Interestingly, the expression of survival signaling genes, IL-2, IL-2RB, and IL-2RG, was also suppressed after WT1-siRNA treatment. In addition, the WT1 silencing also inhibited the S phase of the cell cycle and induced cell death. Our results indicated that WT1 silencing by siRNA can suppress cellular proliferation, induce apoptosis, and reduce S phase fraction of K562 cells. Moreover, transcriptional modulation of IL-2, IL-2RB, and IL2-2RG expression by WT1 was likely involved in this phenotypic change. Overall, this study confirmed the oncogenic role of WT1 in myeloid leukemia and discovered the new target genes of WT1 which are likely involved in WT1-mediated leukemogenesis.
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Anuchapreeda S, Chueahongthong F, Viriyaadhammaa N, Panyajai P, Anzawa R, Tima S, Ampasavate C, Saiai A, Rungrojsakul M, Usuki T, Okonogi S. Antileukemic Cell Proliferation of Active Compounds from Kaffir Lime ( Citrus hystrix) Leaves. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061300. [PMID: 32178481 PMCID: PMC7144100 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) is a plant member of family Rutaceae, and its leaves are commonly used in folk medicine. The present study explores antileukemic effects of the extracts and purified active compounds from the leaves. The antileukemic activity was investigated via inhibition of Wilms’ tumor 1 (WT1), which is a protein that involves in leukemic cell proliferation. In addition, the compounds were investigated for their effects on WT1 gene expression using real time RT-PCR and Western blotting. Cell cycle arrest and total cell number were investigated using flow cytometry and trypan blue exclusion method, respectively. The results demonstrated that the hexane fractionated extract had the greatest inhibitory effect on WT1 gene expression of many leukemic cell lines and significantly decreased WT1 protein levels of K562 cells (representative of the leukemic cells), in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Subfraction No. 9 (F9) after partial purification of hexane fractioned extract showed the highest suppression on WT1 protein and suppressed cell cycle at G2/M. The organic compounds were isolated from F9 and identified as phytol and lupeol. The bioassays confirmed antiproliferative activities of natural products phytol and lupeol. The results demonstrated anticancer activity of the isolated phytol and lupeol to decrease leukemic cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyot Anuchapreeda
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (F.C.); (N.V.); (P.P.); (S.T.)
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan;
- Cancer Research Unit of Associated Medical Sciences (AMS CRU), Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (T.U.); (S.O.); Tel.: +66-5394-9237 (S.A.); +81-3-3238-3446 (T.U.); +66-5394-1512 (S.O.)
| | - Fah Chueahongthong
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (F.C.); (N.V.); (P.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Natsima Viriyaadhammaa
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (F.C.); (N.V.); (P.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Pawaret Panyajai
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (F.C.); (N.V.); (P.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Riki Anzawa
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan;
| | - Singkome Tima
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (F.C.); (N.V.); (P.P.); (S.T.)
- Cancer Research Unit of Associated Medical Sciences (AMS CRU), Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chadarat Ampasavate
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Aroonchai Saiai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Methee Rungrojsakul
- College of Alternative Medicine, Chandrakasem Rajabhat University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Toyonobu Usuki
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan;
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (T.U.); (S.O.); Tel.: +66-5394-9237 (S.A.); +81-3-3238-3446 (T.U.); +66-5394-1512 (S.O.)
| | - Siriporn Okonogi
- Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (T.U.); (S.O.); Tel.: +66-5394-9237 (S.A.); +81-3-3238-3446 (T.U.); +66-5394-1512 (S.O.)
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Zhang Y, Xu L, Chen S, Zha X, Wei W, Li Y. Identification of TCR Vβ11-2- Dβ1- Jβ1-1 T cell clone specific for WT1 peptides using high-throughput TCRβ gene sequencing. Biomark Res 2019; 7:12. [PMID: 31223481 PMCID: PMC6570921 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-019-0163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously identified a TCR Vβ21 T cell clone which was specific to CML patients, and demonstrated that TCR Vα13/β21 gene-modified CD3+ T cells had specific cytotoxicity for HLA-A11+ K562 cells. However, it remains unclear which antigen is specifically recognized by the TCR Vβ21 T cell clone. In this study, CD3+ T cells from healthy donor peripheral blood were stimulated with the WT1 peptide or mixed BCR-ABL peptides in the presence or absence of IL-2 and IL-7. The distribution of the TCR Vβ repertoire was analyzed after different stimulations. We found that the mixed BCR-ABL peptides induced clonally expanded Vβ7-9-Dβ2-Jβ2-7 T cells while the Wilms Tumor 1 peptide induced clonally expanded Vβ11-2-Dβ1-Jβ1-1 T cells by high-throughput TCRβ sequencing and GeneScan. Interestingly, the sequence and CDR3 motif of Vβ11-2 T cell clone are similar to the TCR Vβ21 (a different TCR V region naming system) T cell clone that we previously found in CML patients. Thus, our findings suggest that the TCR Vβ21 T cell clone found in CML patients might be a T cell clone that specifically recognizes WT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikai Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huang Pu Da Dao Xi, 510632 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Ling Xu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huang Pu Da Dao Xi, 510632 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huang Pu Da Dao Xi, 510632 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianfeng Zha
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Wei Wei
- Guangzhou Municipality Tianhe Nuoya Bio-engineering Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510663 China
| | - Yangqiu Li
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huang Pu Da Dao Xi, 510632 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Mahmood N, Rabbani SA. DNA Methylation Readers and Cancer: Mechanistic and Therapeutic Applications. Front Oncol 2019; 9:489. [PMID: 31245293 PMCID: PMC6579900 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is a major epigenetic process that regulates chromatin structure which causes transcriptional activation or repression of genes in a context-dependent manner. In general, DNA methylation takes place when methyl groups are added to the appropriate bases on the genome by the action of "writer" molecules known as DNA methyltransferases. How these methylation marks are read and interpreted into different functionalities represents one of the main mechanisms through which the genes are switched "ON" or "OFF" and typically involves different types of "reader" proteins that can recognize and bind to the methylated regions. A tightly balanced regulation exists between the "writers" and "readers" in order to mediate normal cellular functions. However, alterations in normal methylation pattern is a typical hallmark of cancer which alters the way methylation marks are written, read and interpreted in different disease states. This unique characteristic of DNA methylation "readers" has identified them as attractive therapeutic targets. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge on the different classes of DNA methylation "readers" identified thus far along with their normal biological functions, describe how they are dysregulated in cancer, and discuss the various anti-cancer therapies that are currently being developed and evaluated for targeting these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niaz Mahmood
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Shafaat A Rabbani
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Candoni A, Fanin R. Wilms' tumor 1 gene expression levels in acute promyelocytic leukemia compared to other acute myeloid leukemia subtypes. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 57:498-499. [PMID: 26077364 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1063144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Candoni
- a Division of Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital of Udine , Udine , Italy
| | - Renato Fanin
- a Division of Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital of Udine , Udine , Italy
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Wang CS, Chen YP, He WH, Yin J, Gao CF, Wang P, Li H, Lv XX. Diagnostic value of Wilms tumor 1 and CD44 in Langerhans cell sarcoma: case series of 4 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e636. [PMID: 25837753 PMCID: PMC4554032 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cell sarcoma (LCS) is a rare tumor with markedly malignant cytological features originating from Langerhans cells. LCS diagnosis is difficult and requires differentiation from other malignant tumors and Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). Immunochemical antibodies, such as langerin, S-100 protein, and CD1a, have been used to diagnose LCS, but the results are crossed with LCH. To determine more significant biomarkers of LCS, we studied the expression and distribution pattern of Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) and cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) in LCS. A broad panel of antibodies was used for immunohistochemical technology. Simultaneously, dual immunofluorescence staining examination and fluorescence in situ hybridization staining methods were used to study the location of WT1 and CD44 in LCS tumor cells. The results showed that tumor cells expressed WT1, CD44, and other special Langerhans cell markers (langerin, CD1a, and S-100 protein). LCS cells in all the cases showed normal cytogenetic findings without overexpression of WT1 and CD44. The expression of WT1 and CD44 was observed on langerin tumor cells by dual immunofluorescence staining examination in LCS. Our results suggest that WT1 and CD44 are potential biomarkers for LCS diagnosis. Clear understanding of their functional roles may further explain the pathogenesis of this highly malignant tumor and develop some novel immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-song Wang
- From the Department of Pathology (C-sW, Y-pC, W-hH, JY, PW, X-xL); Institute of Anal-Colorectal Surgery (C-fG), 150th Hospital, Luoyang, Henan; and Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery (HL), Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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van den Ancker W, Ruben JM, Westers TM, Wulandari D, Bontkes HJ, Hooijberg E, Stam AGM, Santegoets SJAM, Ossenkoppele GJ, de Gruijl T, van de Loosdrecht A. Priming of PRAME- and WT1-specific CD8 + T cells in healthy donors but not in AML patients in complete remission: Implications for immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e23971. [PMID: 23734332 PMCID: PMC3654602 DOI: 10.4161/onci.23971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Active immunotherapy may prevent the relapse of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by inducing leukemia-specific T cells. Here, we investigated whether Wilms’ tumor 1 (WT1) and preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME)-specific T cells could be induced upon the priming of healthy donor- and AML patient-derived T cells with HLA-A2-matched, peptide-loaded allogeneic dendritic cells. AML-reactive, tetramer (Tm)-binding and interferon-producing, cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for PRAME could readily be isolated from healthy individuals and maintained in culture. In this setting, priming efficacy was significantly higher for PRAME than for WT1. The priming of T cells from patient-derived material proved to be near-to-impossible: No leukemia-associated antigen (LAA)-specific T cell could be primed in 4 patients that had recently achieved a complete response (CR), and in only 1 out of 3 patients exhibiting a sustained CR we did observe WT1-specific T cells, though with a low frequency. These findings suggest that the functionality and/or repertoire of T cells differ in healthy subjects and AML patients in CR, and may have repercussions for the implementation of active vaccination approaches against AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willemijn van den Ancker
- Department of Hematology; VU University Medical Center/Cancer Center Amsterdam; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Real-time PCR quantification of major Wilms’ tumor gene 1 (WT1) isoforms in acute myeloid leukemia, their characteristic expression patterns and possible functional consequences. Leukemia 2012; 26:2086-95. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Gao SM, Xing CY, Chen CQ, Lin SS, Dong PH, Yu FJ. miR-15a and miR-16-1 inhibit the proliferation of leukemic cells by down-regulating WT1 protein level. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2011; 30:110. [PMID: 22133358 PMCID: PMC3245444 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-30-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background miR-15a and miR-16-1(miR-15a/16-1) have been implicated as tumor suppressors in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, and acute myeloid leukemic cells. However the mechanism of inhibiting the proliferation of leukemic cells is poorly understood. Methods K562 and HL-60 cells were transfected with pRS-15/16 or pRS-E, cell growth were measured by CCK-8 assay and direct cell count. Meanwhile WT1 protein and mRNA level were measured by Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR. Results In this study we found that over-expression of miR-15a/16-1 significantly inhibited K562 and HL-60 cells proliferation. Enforced expression of miR-15a/16-1 in K562 and HL-60 cells significantly reduced the protein level of WT1 but not affected the mRNA level. However enforced expression of miR-15a/16-1 can not reduce the activity of a luciferase reporter carrying the 3'-untranslated region(3'UTR) of WT1. Silencing of WT1 by specific siRNA suppressed leukemic cells proliferation resembling that of miR-15a/16-1 over-expression. Anti-miR-15a/16-1 oligonucleotides (AMO) reversed the expression of WT1 in K562 and HL-60 cells. Finally, we found a significant inverse correlation between miR-15a or miR-16-1 expression and WT1 protein levels in primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts and normal controls. Conclusions These data suggest that miR-15a/16-1 may function as a tumor suppressor to regulate leukemic cell proliferation potentially by down-regulating the WT1 oncogene. However WT1 is not directly targeted by miR-15a/16-1 through miRNA-mRNA base pairing, therefore more study are required to understand the mechanism by which miR-15a/16-1 downregulate WT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-meng Gao
- Laboratory of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, China
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