Wilms' tumor 1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes can be expanded from adult donors and cord blood

Multifaceted functions of the Wilms tumor 1 protein: From its expression in various malignancies to targeted therapy

Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) is a multifaceted protein with dual functions, acting both as a tumor suppressor and as a transcriptional activator of oncogenes. WT1 is highly expressed in various types of solid tumors and leukemia, and its elevated expression is associated with a poor prognosis for patients. High WT1 expression also indicates a greater risk of refractory disease or relapse. Consequently, targeting WT1 is an effective strategy for disease prevention and relapse mitigation. Substantial information is available on the pathogenesis of WT1 in various diseases, and several WT1-targeted therapies, including chemical drugs, natural products, and targeted vaccines, are available. We provide a comprehensive review of the mechanisms by which WT1 influences malignancies and summarize the resulting therapeutic approaches thoroughly. This article provides information on the roles of WT1 in the pathogenesis of different cancers and provides insights into drugs and immunotherapies targeting WT1. The goal of this work is to provide a systematic understanding of the current research landscape and of future directions for WT1-related studies.

Wilms tumor gent 1 (WT1)-specific adoptive immunotherapy in hematologic diseases

As an attractive tumor-associated antigen (TAA), Wilms tumor gene 1 (WT1) is usually overexpressed in malignant hematological diseases. In recent years, WT1-specific adoptive immunotherapy has been the "hot spot" for tumor treatment. The main immunotherapeutic techniques associated with WT1 include WT1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), vaccine, and T cell receptor (TCR) gene therapy. WT1-based adoptive immunotherapy exhibited promising anti-tumorous effect with tolerable safety. There are still many limitations needed to be improved including the weak immunogenetics of WT1, immune tolerance, and short persistence of the immune response. In this review, we summarized the progress of productive technologies and the clinical or preclinical investigations of WT1-specific immunotherapy in hematological diseases.

Expansion of cancer germline antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes for immunotherapy

The cancer germline antigens MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3, and NY-ESO-1 can be used to target relapsed or therapy-resistant malignant solid tumors, and previous studies have demonstrated that these antigens can be epigenetically upregulated on the surface of tumor cells following exposure to low-dose demethylating chemotherapy agents, such as decitabine. The extent to which cancer germline antigen cytotoxic T lymphocytes can be reliably expanded from healthy donors has not been well characterized, specifically in terms of whether these T cells consistently kill antigen-bearing targets or simply produce interferon-γ in the presence of the antigen. Cancer germline antigen cytotoxic T lymphocytes were generated using conventional method and high-density lymphocyte culture method. We demonstrate that there is no difference in the extent of antigen-specific killing with or without CD25 depletion when interleukin-21 is added to the cultures. Cancer germline antigen-specific killer cells could be expanded from 8/12 healthy donors using overlapping peptide mixes derived from MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3, and NY-ESO-1 and from 7/9 healthy donors using HLA-restricted epitopes. Furthermore, cytotoxic T lymphocyte derived from 4/5 patients displayed specific cytotoxicity of target cells expressing respective cancer germline antigen and HLA partially matched tumor lines. High-density lymphocyte culture prior to stimulation with cancer germline antigen peptides resulted in antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte from healthy donors and patients from whom cancer germline antigen cytotoxic T lymphocyte culture with conventional methods was not feasible. These data demonstrate that MAGE-A1-, MAGE-A3-, and NY-ESO-1-specific T cells with antigen-specific cytotoxicity can be cultured from healthy donors and patient-derived cells making adoptive immunotherapy with these cytotoxic T lymphocyte feasible.

Dendritic Cell Therapy in an Allogeneic-Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Setting: An Effective Strategy toward Better Disease Control?

Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is a last treatment resort and only potentially curative treatment option for several hematological malignancies resistant to chemotherapy. The induction of profound immune regulation after allogeneic HCT is imperative to prevent graft-versus-host reactions and, at the same time, allow protective immune responses against pathogens and against tumor cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly specialized antigen-presenting cells that are essential in regulating this balance and are of major interest as a tool to modulate immune responses in the complex and challenging phase of immune reconstitution early after allo-HCT. This review focuses on the use of DC vaccination to prevent cancer relapses early after allo-HCT. It describes the role of host and donor-DCs, various vaccination strategies, different DC subsets, antigen loading, DC maturation/activation, and injection sites and dose. At last, clinical trials using DC vaccination post-allo-HCT and the future perspectives of DC vaccination in combination with other cancer immunotherapies are discussed.

Decitabine facilitates immune recognition of sarcoma cells by upregulating CT antigens, MHC molecules, and ICAM-1

Rhabdomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma, and Ewing's sarcoma are the most common types of sarcoma in children. Despite standard therapy, nearly one third of the patients with Ewing's sarcoma relapse, and there are limited options with curative potential. Immunotherapy is a promising approach as it can target tumor-specific antigens that are specifically expressed on tumors while sparing non-malignant cells. We have demonstrated that a demethylating chemotherapeutic drug, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (decitabine, DAC) can upregulate the expression of cancer-testis (CT) antigens, MHC molecules, and intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1 on pediatric sarcoma cell lines, resulting in enhanced killing of tumor cells by CT antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes derived from pediatric sarcoma patients. A significant increase in the mRNA expression levels of MAGE-A1 and MAGE-A3 were found in 70 %, and NY-ESO-1 in 80 % of the sarcoma lines following exposure to pharmacological levels of DAC. The high expression levels of MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3, and NY-ESO-1 were sustained in sarcoma lines and primary tumor lines over 30 days after the cessation of DAC. Furthermore, DAC treatment induced upregulation of MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3, or NY-ESO-1 protein expression in seven of nine lines studied. These studies show that demethylating chemotherapy could be combined with CT antigen-directed immunotherapy for treating pediatric sarcoma.