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Eswari S, Lakshmanan P, Thirumaran S. Synthesis, spectral, crystal structure, DFT and Hirshfeld surface analysis of Zn(II) complexes involving dithiocarbamate and imine ligands and usage as precursor to prepare ZnS for photodegradation of dyes. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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A comprehensive review on zinc(II) complexes as anti-diabetic agents: The advances, scientific gaps and prospects. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104744. [PMID: 32156651 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Zinc has gained notable attention in the development of potent anti-diabetic agents, due to its role in insulin storage and secretion, as well as its reported insulin mimetic properties. Consequently, zinc(II) has been complexed with numerous organic ligands as an adjuvant to develop anti-diabetic agents with improved and/or broader scope of pharmacological properties. This review focuses on the research advances thus far to identify the major scientific gaps and prospects. Peer-reviewed published data on the anti-diabetic effects of zinc(II) complexes were sourced from different scientific search engines, including, but not limited to "PubMed", "Google Scholar", "Scopus" and ScienceDirect to identify potent anti-diabetic zinc(II) complexes. The complexes were subcategorized according to their precursor ligands. A critical analysis of the outcomes from published studies shows promising leads, with Zn(II) complexes having a "tri-facet" mode of exerting pharmacological effects. However, the promising leads have been flawed by some major scientific gaps. While zinc(II) complexes of synthetic ligands with little or no anti-diabetic pharmacological history remain the most studied (about 72 %), their toxicity profile was not reported, which raises safety concerns for clinical relevance. The zinc(II) complexes of plant polyphenols; natural ligands, such as maltol and hinokitiol; and supplements, such as ascorbic acid (a natural antioxidant), l-threonine and l-carnitine, showed promising insulin mimetic and glycemic control properties but remain understudied and lack clinical validation, in spite of their minimal safety concerns and health benefits. A paradigm shift toward probing (including clinical studies) supplements, plant polyphenol and natural ligands as anti-diabetic zinc(II) complex is, therefore, recommended. Also, promising anti-diabetic Zn(II) complexes of synthetic ligands should undergo critical toxicity evaluation to address possible safety concerns.
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Ajayi TJ, Shapi M. Hirshfeld surface analysis and DFT studies on molecular structure, vibrational spectra, NMR chemical shifts and NBO analysis of Bis(2-hydroxyethyl(phenyl)carbamodithioate) nickel (II). J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Asghari S, Hosseinzadeh-Attar MJ, Alipoor E, Sehat M, Mohajeri-Tehrani MR. Effects of zinc supplementation on serum adiponectin concentration and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 55:20-25. [PMID: 31345359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that zinc is involved in insulin homeostasis. Adiponectin is a well-known adipokine with anti-diabetic, anti-atherogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of zinc supplementation on glycemic control, and the potential mediating role of adiponectin, in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, 60 patients with diabetes, 30-60 years, were randomized to receive either 30 mg/d zinc (as zinc gluconate) or placebo for 12 weeks. Circulating levels of adiponectin, zinc, glucose homeostasis parameters, and lipid profiles, as well as anthropometric parameters and dietary intakes, were assessed. RESULTS About 53.3% of the patients had zinc insufficiency at baseline. Serum zinc levels improved significantly in the intervention than control group following 12 weeks supplementation (P < 0.001). Adiponectin (1.23 ± 2.23 μg/ml, P = 0.006) and insulin (3.6 ± 4.66 μIU/ml, P = 0.001) levels increased significantly compared to baseline in the zinc group; but this change was not significant compared with the control group. Following supplementation, there were no significant differences in glycemic control and anthropometric parameters between the two groups. Serum HDL levels increased significantly in the zinc (5.37 ± 14.8 mg/dl) compared to control (-1.53 ± 6.9 mg/dl) group following supplementation (P = 0.039). CONCLUSION Despite a significant increase in serum zinc level, no improvement was observed in glycemic control, following 12 weeks supplementation with 30 mg/d zinc (as zinc gluconate). Zinc supplementation restored adiponectin concentrations partly within the intervention group, and increased HDL levels compared to the control group. The current findings did not support improvement in glucose homeostasis following zinc supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes under the present study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Asghari
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Hosseinzadeh-Attar
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center (CPPRC), Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Elham Alipoor
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Sehat
- Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Kawano S, Yoshikawa Y, Kato A, Higashi S, Mitani K, Yasui H, Habata Y, Kuwahara S, Sasaki K, Saito R. Potential antidiabetic zinc(II) complexes of novel 5-oxo-2-thioxopyrrolidine derivatives synthesized via an unprecedented reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ahmadi F, Shabrandi N, Hosseinzadeh L, Azizian H. Two DNA binding modes of a zinc-metronidazole and biological evaluation as a potent anti-cancer agent. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 38:449-480. [PMID: 30689502 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2018.1562073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A complex of metronidazole (MTZ) with zinc ion was synthesized and characterized by UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), 1H-NMR, X-ray crystallography and thermal gravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA). The cytotoxicity effect of the synthesized complex investigated over SKNMC, A549, MCF-7, and MCDK cell lines and the results have shown that it has high cytotoxic potential over cancer cell lines. In order to clarify the mechanism of cell cytotoxicity, the oxidative stress and binding of the complex to the calf thymus-DNA studied by evaluating the intrinsic binding constant and defining thermodynamic parameters of complex over the DNA accompanying with in silico molecular modeling method. For this purpose, the complex optimized at the B3LYP/LANL2DZ level and docked over the DNA structure. The results revealed that the metronidazole-zinc complex interacted with DNA via hydrogen binding and electrostatic interaction to the minor groove region and phosphate backbone of DNA, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Ahmadi
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran.,b Physiology Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,c Department of Medicinal Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy-International Campus , Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Nosaibeh Shabrandi
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Leilah Hosseinzadeh
- d Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Homa Azizian
- c Department of Medicinal Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy-International Campus , Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Azam A, Raza MA, Sumrra SH. Therapeutic Application of Zinc and Vanadium Complexes against Diabetes Mellitus a Coronary Disease: A review. OPEN CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2018-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractDuring the last two decades, number of peoples suffering from diabetes has increased from 30-230 million globally. Today, seven out of the ten top countries are suffering from diabetes, are emergent countries. Due to alarming situations of diabetes, chemists and pharmacist are continuously searching and synthesizing new potent therapeutics to treat this disease. Now a days, considerable attention is being paid to the chemistry of the metal-drug interactions. Metals and their organic based complexes are being used clinically for various ailments. In this review, a comprehensive discussion about synthesis and diabetic evaluation of zinc and vanadium complex is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Azam
- Department of Chemistry, Hafiz Hayat Campus, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asam Raza
- Department of Chemistry, Hafiz Hayat Campus, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
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Nishiguchi T, Yoshikawa Y, Yasui H. Investigating the target organs of novel anti-diabetic zinc complexes with organo‑selenium ligands. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 185:103-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Himoto T, Masaki T. Associations between Zinc Deficiency and Metabolic Abnormalities in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10010088. [PMID: 29342898 PMCID: PMC5793316 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element which has favorable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and apoptotic effects. The liver mainly plays a crucial role in maintaining systemic Zn homeostasis. Therefore, the occurrence of chronic liver diseases, such as chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, or fatty liver, results in the impairment of Zn metabolism, and subsequently Zn deficiency. Zn deficiency causes plenty of metabolic abnormalities, including insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis and hepatic encephalopathy. Inversely, metabolic abnormalities like hypoalbuminemia in patients with liver cirrhosis often result in Zn deficiency. Recent studies have revealed the putative mechanisms by which Zn deficiency evokes a variety of metabolic abnormalities in chronic liver disease. Zn supplementation has shown beneficial effects on such metabolic abnormalities in experimental models and actual patients with chronic liver disease. This review summarizes the pathogenesis of metabolic abnormalities deriving from Zn deficiency and the favorable effects of Zn administration in patients with chronic liver disease. In addition, we also highlight the interactions between Zn and other trace elements, vitamins, amino acids, or hormones in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Himoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 281-1, Hara, Mure-Cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0123, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0123, Japan.
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Koleša-Dobravc T, Maejima K, Yoshikawa Y, Meden A, Yasui H, Perdih F. Bis(picolinato) complexes of vanadium and zinc as potential antidiabetic agents: synthesis, structural elucidation and in vitro insulin-mimetic activity study. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj04189f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The studied vanadium(iv), vanadium(v) and zinc(ii) complexes show inhibition of the free fatty acid release from rat adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Koleša-Dobravc
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
- University of Ljubljana
- Večna pot 113
- SI-1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
| | - Keiichi Maejima
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry
- Division of Analytical and Physical Chemistry
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
- Kyoto 607-8414
- Japan
| | - Yutaka Yoshikawa
- Department of Health, Sports, and Nutrition
- Faculty of Health and Welfare
- Kobe Women's University
- Kobe
- Japan
| | - Anton Meden
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
- University of Ljubljana
- Večna pot 113
- SI-1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
| | - Hiroyuki Yasui
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry
- Division of Analytical and Physical Chemistry
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
- Kyoto 607-8414
- Japan
| | - Franc Perdih
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
- University of Ljubljana
- Večna pot 113
- SI-1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
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Naito Y, Yoshikawa Y, Yoshizawa K, Takenouchi A, Yasui H. Beneficial Effect of Bis(Hinokitiolato)Zn Complex on High-fat Diet-induced Lipid Accumulation in Mouse Liver and Kidney. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 31:1145-1151. [PMID: 29102937 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Metabolic syndrome-induced lifestyle-related diseases include diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension, and Zn-based compounds have effects on DM. We aimed to investigate the ameliorating effects of bis(hinokitiolato)Zn, [Zn(hkt)2] on lipid metabolism in the liver and kidney, histopathologically. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mouse model and administered a diet containing 10-20 mg Zn/kg body weight (BW) or 20 mg pioglitazone/kg BW as the positive control. After the treatments, we collected blood, liver, and kidney samples and morphologically evaluated the mouse organs for fat accumulation. RESULTS After a 4-month HFD administration, ectopic fat deposition was detected in the liver and kidney. Furthermore, Zn accumulation in the liver and kidney increased following [Zn(hkt)2] treatment, that reduced lipid accumulations and lipid toxicity in these tissues. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that [Zn(hkt)2] could be a novel anti-dyslipidaemia compound for treating diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Naito
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Division of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yoshikawa
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Division of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Health, Sports, and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Kobe Women's University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yoshizawa
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, School of Human Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Akiko Takenouchi
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, School of Human Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yasui
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Division of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
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12
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Crystal structure of bis(2-hydroxyethyl(phenyl)carbamodithioate)nickel(II), C 18H 20N 2NiO 2S 4. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2017-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C18H20N2NiO2S4, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 7.6548(1) Å, b = 6.8528(1) Å, c = 19.2214(4) Å, β = 93.776(1)°, V = 1006.10(3) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0189, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0461, T = 100(2) K.
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Koleša-Dobravc T, Maejima K, Yoshikawa Y, Meden A, Yasui H, Perdih F. Vanadium and zinc complexes of 5-cyanopicolinate and pyrazine derivatives: synthesis, structural elucidation and in vitro insulino-mimetic activity study. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj02961b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of free fatty acid release from rat adipocytes was observed for vanadium(iv), vanadium(v) and zinc(ii) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Koleša-Dobravc
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
- University of Ljubljana
- SI-1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
| | - Keiichi Maejima
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry
- Division of Analytical and Physical Chemistry
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
- Kyoto 607-8414
- Japan
| | - Yutaka Yoshikawa
- Department of Health, Sports, and Nutrition
- Faculty of Health and Welfare
- Kobe Women's University
- Kobe
- Japan
| | - Anton Meden
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
- University of Ljubljana
- SI-1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
| | - Hiroyuki Yasui
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry
- Division of Analytical and Physical Chemistry
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
- Kyoto 607-8414
- Japan
| | - Franc Perdih
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
- University of Ljubljana
- SI-1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
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14
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Frontier of Development for Metallodrugs on the Basis of Metallomic Pharmacology and Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry. Metallomics 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-56463-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Asani SC, Umrani RD, Paknikar KM. In vitro studies on the pleotropic antidiabetic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:1671-87. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Our earlier study demonstrated antidiabetic activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZON) in diabetic rats. The present study was performed to elucidate its mechanism of antidiabetic action. Methods: Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, protein kinase B and hormone sensitive lipase phosphorylation; glucose transporter 4 translocation and glucose uptake; glucose 6 phosphatase, phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase and glucokinase expression; and pancreatic beta cell proliferation were evaluated after ZON treatment to cells. Result: ZON treatment resulted in PKB activation, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inactivation, increased glucose transporter 4 translocation and enhanced glucose uptake, decreased glucose 6 phosphatase and phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase expression, hormone sensitive lipase inactivation and pancreatic beta cell proliferation. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, we report for the first time, pleiotropic antidiabetic effects of ZON viz. improved insulin signaling, enhanced glucose uptake, decreased hepatic glucose output, decreased lipolysis and enhanced pancreatic beta cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati C Asani
- Department of Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, G G Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rinku D Umrani
- Department of Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, G G Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kishore M Paknikar
- Department of Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, G G Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India
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Rodina TA, Loseva OV, Smolentsev AI, Ivanov AV. Preparation, structural organization, and thermal behavior of the ion-polymeric gold(III)–zinc(II)–dibutylammonium complex ([NH2(C4H9)2][Au{S2CN(C4H9)2}2][ZnCl4)] n. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476616010182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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17
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Zia-ur-Rehman, Ibrahim S, Khan A, Imran M, Naseer MM, Khan I, Shah A, Tahir MN, Muneeb-ur-Rahman, Awan IZ. Homobimetallic zinc(II) dithiocarbamates: synthesis, characterization and in vivo antihyperglycemic activity. J COORD CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2015.1136737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zia-ur-Rehman
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shaista Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Azam Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Imran Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Afzal Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Iqra Zubair Awan
- Department of Chemistry, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
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Ekennia AC, Onwudiwe DC, Olasunkanmi LO, Osowole AA, Ebenso EE. Synthesis, DFT Calculation, and Antimicrobial Studies of Novel Zn(II), Co(II), Cu(II), and Mn(II) Heteroleptic Complexes Containing Benzoylacetone and Dithiocarbamate. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2015; 2015:789063. [PMID: 26681931 PMCID: PMC4670642 DOI: 10.1155/2015/789063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heteroleptic complexes of zinc(II), copper(II), manganese(II), and cobalt(II) of the types [MLL'(H2O)2]·nH2O and [MLL']·nH2O have been synthesized using sodium N-methyl-N-phenyldithiocarbamate (L) and benzoylacetone (L'). The metal complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, electrical conductance, magnetic susceptibility, infrared (IR), and UV-visible spectroscopic studies. The electrical conductance measurements revealed the nonelectrolytic nature of the synthesized complexes. The results of the elemental analyses, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and electronic spectra inferred that the Zn(II) complex adopted a four-coordinate geometry while the Co(II), Cu(II), and Mn(II) complexes assumed octahedral geometries. The IR spectra showed that the metal ions coordinated with the ligands via the S- and O-donor atoms. The geometry, electronic, and thermodynamic parameters of the complexes were obtained from density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The spin density distributions, relative strength of H-bonds, and thermodynamic parameters revealed that the order of stability of the metal complexes is Mn < Co < Cu > Zn. The agar diffusion methods were used to study the antimicrobial activity of the complexes against two Gram positive bacteria (S. aureus and S. pneumoniae), one Gram negative bacterium (E. coli), and two fungi organisms (A. niger and A. candida) and the complexes showed a broad spectrum of activities against the microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C. Ekennia
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, PMB 1010, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria
| | - Damian C. Onwudiwe
- Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Lukman O. Olasunkanmi
- Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220005, Nigeria
| | - Aderoju A. Osowole
- Inorganic Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Eno E. Ebenso
- Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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Ranasinghe P, Pigera S, Galappatthy P, Katulanda P, Constantine GR. Zinc and diabetes mellitus: understanding molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 23:44. [PMID: 26381880 PMCID: PMC4573932 DOI: 10.1186/s40199-015-0127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Studies have shown that Zinc has numerous beneficial effects in both type-1 and type-2 diabetes. We aim to evaluate the literature on the mechanisms and molecular level effects of Zinc on glycaemic control, β-cell function, pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. Methods A review of published studies reporting mechanisms of action of Zinc in diabetes was undertaken in PubMed and SciVerse Scopus medical databases using the following search terms in article title, abstract or keywords; (“Zinc” or “Zn”) and (“mechanism” or “mechanism of action” or “action” or “effect” or “pathogenesis” or “pathology” or “physiology” or “metabolism”) and (“diabetes” or “prediabetes” or “sugar” or “glucose” or “insulin”). Results The literature search identified the following number of articles in the two databases; PubMed (n = 1799) and SciVerse Scopus (n = 1879). After removing duplicates the total number of articles included in the present review is 111. Our results show that Zinc plays an important role in β-cell function, insulin action, glucose homeostasis and the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. Conclusion Numerous in-vitro and in-vivo studies have shown that Zinc has beneficial effects in both type-1 and type-2 diabetes. However further randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trials conducted for an adequate duration, are required to establish therapeutic safety in humans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40199-015-0127-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanga Ranasinghe
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
| | - Shehani Pigera
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Prasad Katulanda
- Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Godwin R Constantine
- Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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20
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Umrani RD, Paknikar KM. Jasada bhasma, a Zinc-Based Ayurvedic Preparation: Contemporary Evidence of Antidiabetic Activity Inspires Development of a Nanomedicine. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:193156. [PMID: 25866533 PMCID: PMC4381720 DOI: 10.1155/2015/193156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The roles of metals in human physiology are well established. It is also known that many metals are required in trace amounts for normal metabolism and their deficiency leads to diseases. In Ayurveda, metal-based preparations, that is, bhasmas, are indicated for the treatment of several diseases. Standard textbooks of Ayurveda recommend Jasada bhasma (zinc based bhasma) as the treatment of choice for diabetes. Modern medicine also recognizes the important role of zinc in glucose homeostasis. Yet, studies that validate the use of Jasada bhasma are few and uncomprehensive. There is an imminent need for a systematic study on physicochemical characterization, pharmacological efficacy, and toxicity assessment of several bhasma preparations to generate scientific evidence of their utility and safety. Interestingly, recent studies suggest that bhasmas comprise submicronic particles or nanoparticles. Thus a bhasma-inspired new drug discovery approach could emerge in which several metal based nanomedicines could be developed. This would help in utilizing the age old, time-tested wisdom of Ayurveda in modern medicine. One such study on antidiabetic activity of Jasada bhasma and the corresponding new drug, namely, zinc oxide nanoparticles, is briefly discussed, as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinku D. Umrani
- Centre for Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune Maharashtra 411004, India
| | - Kishore M. Paknikar
- Centre for Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune Maharashtra 411004, India
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21
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Verma SK, Singh VK. [M{κ2S,S-S2C-piperazine-C2H4N=C(R)}n] {Co(III), Ni(II), Cu(II) or Zn(II)} complexes bearing pendant Schiff base moieties: spectral characterization, fluorescence, cyclic voltammetric and TGA/DTA study. J COORD CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2014.1003550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K. Verma
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Vinay K. Singh
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
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22
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Kadu R, Pillai V, V. A, Singh VK. Synthesis and spectral characterization of bimetallic metallomacrocyclic structures [MII2-μ2-bis-{(κ2S,S-S2CN(R)C6H4)2O}] (M = Ni/Zn/Cd): density functional theory and host–guest reactivity studies. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22175g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Compounds displayed the ability to form 1 : 1 host–guest inclusion complexes with bidentate guests and to form metal sulphides on thermal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kadu
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- The M. S. University of Baroda
- Vadodara-390 002
- India
| | - Vineeta Pillai
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- The M. S. University of Baroda
- Vadodara-390 002
- India
| | - Amrit V.
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- The M. S. University of Baroda
- Vadodara-390 002
- India
| | - Vinay K. Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- The M. S. University of Baroda
- Vadodara-390 002
- India
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23
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Loseva OV, Rodina TA, Smolentsev AI, Ivanov AV. Synthesis, supramolecular self-organization, and thermal behavior of the heteropolynuclear complex ([H3O][Au{S2CN(CH2)6}2][Au2{S2CN(CH2)6}4][ZnCl4]2) n. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476614050151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Chauhan HPS, Carpenter J, Joshi S. Synthetic aspects, spectral, thermal studies and antimicrobial screening on bis(N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamato-S,S')antimony(III) complexes with oxo or thio donor ligands. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 130:230-237. [PMID: 24792196 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The bis(N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamato-S,S')antimony(III) complexes have been obtained by the reaction of chloro bis(N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamato-S,S')antimony(III) with corresponding oxo or thio donor ligands such as sodium benzoate 1, sodium thioglycolate 2, phenol 3, sodium 1-propanethiolate 4, potassium thioacetate 5, sodium salicylate 6, ethane-1,2-dithiolate 7 and disodium oxalate 8. These complexes have been characterized by the physicochemical [melting point, molecular weight determination and elemental analysis (C, H, N, S and Sb)], spectral [UV-Visible, FT-IR, far IR, NMR (1H and 13C)], thermogravimetric (TG & DTA) analysis, ESI-Mass and powder X-ray diffraction studies. Thermogravimetric analysis of the complexes confirmed the final decomposition product as highly pure antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) and powder X-ray diffraction studies show that the complexes are in lower symmetry with monoclinic crystal lattice and nano-ranged particle size (11.51-20.82 nm). The complexes have also been screened against some bacterial and fungal strains for their antibacterial and antifungal activities and compared with standard drugs. These show that the complexes have greater activities against some human pathogenic bacteria and fungi than the activities of standard drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P S Chauhan
- School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Takshashila Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore 452001, India.
| | - Jaswant Carpenter
- School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Takshashila Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore 452001, India
| | - Sapana Joshi
- School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Takshashila Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore 452001, India
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25
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Leka Z, Vojta D, Kosović M, Latinović N, Đaković M, Višnjevac A. Syntheses, structures and antifungal activities of novel Co, Mo and Pt complexes with triammonium N,N-diacetatedithiocarbamate. Polyhedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2014.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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Ivanov AV, Loseva OV, Rodina TA, Gerasimenko AV, Sergienko VI. Structural organization and thermal behavior of the heteropolynuclear complex [Au2{S2CN(CH3)2}4][ZnCl4] and the heterovalent complex ([Au{S2CN(CH3)2}2][AuCl2]) n obtained in the chemisorption system [Zn2{S2CN(CH3)2}4]-Au3+/2 M HCl. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023614080105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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27
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Verma SK, Singh VK. One pot three component synthesis of mononuclear [M(1,1-dithiolato)2] {Mn(II), Co(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II)} complexes, spectral characterization, fluorescence, optical and thermogravimetric study. Polyhedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2014.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Yoshikawa Y. [Development research of new Zn complexes with anti-diabetic effect--structure-activity-related studies by displacement of coordination atom]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2014; 132:1051-5. [PMID: 23023423 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.132.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The number of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus in 2007 was reported to be approximately 200 million people worldwide. Since the finding of insulinomimetic activity of Zn ion, several insulinomimetic Zn complexes have been reported. Zn complexes are expected to be useful in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. We reported that Zn complexes with coordinating sulfur atom exhibit higher insulin-mimetic activity. In this study, we investigated the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic differences between Zn(O₄) and Zn(S₂O₂) coordination environments of tropolonate-Zn complexes with antidiabetic effect. Among the tropolonate-Zn complexes with various coordination environments, di(2-mercaptotropolonato)Zn with the Zn(S₂O₂) coordination environments was found to exhibit the highest in vitro insulinomimetic activity with respect to glucose uptake in isolated rat adipocytes treated with adrenaline. In vivo experiments, di(2-mercaptotropolonato)Zn was found to exhibit potent hypoglycemic activity and improve insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic KKA(y) mice at a low orally administered daily dose. On the other hand, di(tropolonato)Zn, which has the Zn(O₄) coordination mode, had a lesser effect at the same dose. In a pharmacokinetic analysis based on the tracer method, di(2-mercaptotropolonato)Zn was found to be absorbed at a significantly slower rate with a longer half-life than di(tropolonato)Zn. These results suggest that the potent hypoglycemic activity of di(2-mercaptotropolonato)Zn with Zn(S₂O₂) coordination environments might be attributed to its long half-life.
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Umrani RD, Paknikar KM. Zinc oxide nanoparticles show antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced Type 1 and 2 diabetic rats. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:89-104. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The correlation of diabetes and an imbalance in zinc homeostasis makes zinc-based therapy an attractive proposition. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles were evaluated for antidiabetic effects and safety. Materials & methods: Zinc oxide nanoparticles (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg) were tested for antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced Type 1 and 2 diabetic rats. A single-dose pharmacokinetic study, cytotoxicity, hemolysis, acute and subacute toxicity tests, and mechanism-of-action studies were performed. Results: Oral administration of zinc oxide nanoparticles resulted in significant antidiabetic effects – that is, improved glucose tolerance, higher serum insulin (70%), reduced blood glucose (29%), reduced nonesterified fatty acids (40%) and reduced triglycerides (48%). Nanoparticles were systemically absorbed resulting in elevated zinc levels in the liver, adipose tissue and pancreas. Increased insulin secretion and superoxide dismutase activity were also seen in rat insulinoma (RIN-5F) cells. Nanoparticles were safe up to a 300 mg/kg dose in rats. Conclusion: Zinc oxide nanoparticles are a promising antidiabetic agent warranting further studies. Original submitted 9 July 2012; Revised submitted 27 November 2012; Published online 21 February 2013
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinku D Umrani
- Centre for Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, G G Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kishore M Paknikar
- Centre for Nanobioscience, Agharkar Research Institute, G G Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India
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30
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Moroki T, Yoshikawa Y, Yoshizawa K, Tsubura A, Yasui H. Morphological analysis of the pancreas and liver in diabetic KK-Aymice treated with zinc and oxovanadium complexes. Metallomics 2014; 6:1632-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00087k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pathological conditions for type 2 diabetes mellitus in mice are recovered after treatment with a Zn2+complex in terms of histology of organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayasu Moroki
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry
- Division of Analytical and Physical Chemistry
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
- Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yoshikawa
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry
- Division of Analytical and Physical Chemistry
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
- Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
- Department of Health
| | | | - Airo Tsubura
- Department of Pathology II
- Kansai Medical University
- Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yasui
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry
- Division of Analytical and Physical Chemistry
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
- Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
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31
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Kadowaki S, Munekane M, Kitamura Y, Hiromura M, Kamino S, Yoshikawa Y, Saji H, Enomoto S. Development of new zinc dithiosemicarbazone complex for use as oral antidiabetic agent. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 154:111-9. [PMID: 23712834 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) worldwide has underscored the urgency of developing an efficient therapeutic agent. Recently, Zn complexes have been attracting attention due to their antidiabetic activity. In this study, we designed and synthesized a new Zn complex, Zn-3,4-heptanedione-bis(N (4)-methylthiosemicarbazonato) (Zn-HTSM), characterized its physicochemical properties, and examined its antidiabetic activity in KK-A(y) type 2 DM model mice. It was demonstrated that Zn-HTSM has adequate lipophilicity for the cellular permeability, shows potent hypoglycemic activity, and improves glucose intolerance in KK-A(y) mice. We also analyzed the levels of serum adipokines after continuous oral administration of Zn-HTSM. The level of serum leptin of KK-A(y) mice is significantly reduced by the treatment of Zn-HTSM. Nevertheless, the levels of serum insulin and adiponectin were not improved. These data suggested that the Zn-HTSM acts on the leptin metabolism. Our present studies indicate that Zn-HTSM is a candidate oral antidiabetic agent for the treatment of type 2 DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Kadowaki
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Development of a novel antidiabetic zinc complex with an organoselenium ligand at the lowest dosage in KK-Ay mice. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 121:10-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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33
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Sakurai H. The discovery of vanadyl and zinc complexes for treating diabetes and metabolic syndromes. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 2:873-87. [PMID: 23489004 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.6.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of diabetes mellitus has increased over the decades because of lifestyle changes. The number of people with diabetes mellitus worldwide is expected to increase from 150 million to 220 million by 2010 and to 300 million by 2025. There are two main types of diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is due to the autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, resulting in absolute insulin deficiency; the patients require exogenous insulin injections. Type 2 is characterized by insulin resistance and abnormal insulin secretion and the patients require exercise, diet control and/or oral hypoglycemics. However, each treatment has some adverse effects, including physical burden, formation of self-antibodies for insulin injections, the severe side effects of hypoglycemics and the discontinuation of insulin synthesis in the pancreas. To overcome these adverse effects and replace the use of these agents, the author attempted to develop new antidiabetic agents with novel structures and mechanisms. This review focuses on the authors' recent development of vanadium and zinc complexes for antidiabetic and antimetabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Sakurai
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
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34
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Insulino-mimetic and anti-diabetic effects of zinc. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 120:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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35
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Nagy EM, Sitran S, Montopoli M, Favaro M, Marchiò L, Caparrotta L, Fregona D. Zinc(II) complexes with dithiocarbamato derivatives: Structural characterisation and biological assays on cancerous cell lines. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 117:131-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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36
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Sathiyaraj E, Thirumaran S. Synthesis and spectral studies on Pb(II) dithiocarbamate complexes containing benzyl and furfuryl groups and their use as precursors for PbS nanoparticles. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 97:575-581. [PMID: 22842352 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nine lead bis(dithiocarbamate) complexes based on benzyl and furfuryl groups have been prepared. The complexes were characterized using IR and NMR spectroscopy. All the complexes showed the expected signals in (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra associated with the dithiocarbamate ligands. IR and (13)C NMR spectral studies indicate that the S(2)CN double bond character increases with increase in length of alkyl chain bonded to nitrogen atom. Bis(N-benzyl-N-(2-phenylethyl)dithiocarbamato-S,S')lead(II) (3) and bis(N-furfuryl-N-(2-phenylethyl)dithiocarbamato-S,S')lead(II) (4) have been used as single source precursors for the synthesis of ethylenediamine capped PbS nanoparticles. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR, UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy have been used to characterize the as-prepared lead sulfide nanoparticles. The PXRD measurements suggest that PbS nanoparticles are single phase with face-centered-cubic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethiraj Sathiyaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalinagar, 608 002 Tamil Nadu, India
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37
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Kimura T, Yoshida K, Yamamoto C, Suzuki M, Uno T, Isobe M, Naka H, Yasuike S, Satoh M, Kaji T, Uchiyama M. Bis(L-cysteinato)zincate(lI) as a coordination compound that induces metallothionein gene transcription without inducing cell-stress-related gene transcription. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 117:140-6. [PMID: 23085594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential micronutrient, deficiency of which results in growth retardation, immunodeficiency, and neurological diseases such as dysgeusia. Several zinc coordination compounds are used for zinc supplementation; however, supplemented zinc ions have no specificity and interact with various groups of molecules. Here, we found that, from a library of 30 zinc coordination compounds, bis(L-cysteinato)zincate(II), designated Z01, functioned as a metallothionein (MT) inducer. Z01 induced MT expression mediated by the transcription factor MTF-1, without inducing cell-stress-related heme oxygenase-1 gene expression at specific concentration. The zinc ion was necessary for the MT induction. (65)Zn incorporation following treatment with (65)Zn-labeled Z01 suggested that Z01 did not act as zinc ionophore despite its hydrophilicity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that Z01 facilitates MTF-1-MRE complex formation, and, by inference, transfer of zinc from Z01 to MTF-1. Phosphorylated ERK levels were increased by ZnSO(4) treatment but not by Z01. Although our data do not definitely prove that Z01 is an MTF-1-specific activator, our observations suggest that zinc coordination compounds can regulate zinc distribution and act as zinc donors for specific molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Kimura
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1, Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan.
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Lecina J, Carrer A, Álvarez-Larena A, Mazzi U, Melendez-Alafort L, Suades J. New Bioconjugated Rhenium Carbonyls by Transmetalation Reaction with Zinc Derivatives. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300394v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Lecina
- Departament de Quı́mica, Edifici
C, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Carrer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova,
Italy
| | - A. Álvarez-Larena
- X-ray Diffraction Service, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - U. Mazzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova,
Italy
| | | | - J. Suades
- Departament de Quı́mica, Edifici
C, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Hou J, Lu R, Sun M, Baig SA, Tang T, Cheng L, Xu X. Effect of heavy metals on the stabilization of mercury(II) by DTCR in desulfurization solutions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 217-218:224-230. [PMID: 22469431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Several heavy metals, including Cu(2+), Ni(2+), Pb(2+), and Zn(2+), were investigated in simulated desulfurization solutions to evaluate their interferences with Hg(2+) during the reaction with dithiocarbamate type chelating resin (DTCR). Appropriate DTCR dosage and the effect of pH were also explored with respect to restoration of high Hg(2+) precipitation efficiency and reduction of mercury concentrations. The experimental results suggested that increasing heavy metal concentration inhibited Hg(2+) precipitation efficiency to a considerable extent and the inhibition order of the four heavy metals was Cu(2+)>Ni(2+)>Pb(2+)>Zn(2+). However, the coordination ability was closely related to the configuration and the orbital hybridization of each metal. In the cases of Cu(2+) and Pb(2+), increased DTCR dosage was beneficial to Hg(2+) precipitation, which could lay the foundation of practical applications of DTCR dosage for industrial wastewater treatment. The enhanced Hg(2+) precipitation performance seen for increasing pH might have come from the deprotonation of sulfur atoms on the DTCR functional groups and the formation of metal hydroxides (M(OH)(2), M=Cu, Pb, Hg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaai Hou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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Yoshikawa Y, Sakurai H, Yasui H. [Challenge of studies on the development of new Zn complexes to treat diabetes mellitus]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2012; 131:925-30. [PMID: 21628979 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.131.925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, people all over the world have suffered from various diseases such as cancer, myocardial infarction, osteoporosis, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus (DM). Especially, DM, well-known as one of lifestyle-related diseases, has been regarded as a serious problem, because it is difficult to fully recover. The number of patients suffering from DM in 2007 was reported to be approximately 200 million people worldwide. However, insulin preparations and synthetic therapeutics, which are clinically used treatment of DM, have been associated with problems such as physical and mental pain due to daily injections and certain severe side effects, respectively. Zn, which is an essential trace element in animals and humans and plays an important role in maintenance of their lives, has been indicated to exhibit insulin-like activity. Since the finding of insulin-like effects of Zn, several Zn complexes have been proposed as a new type of anti-diabetic therapeutics which is differ from existing medicines. In this symposium, we introduce the anti-diabetic effect, complication relieving effect, and action mechanism of bis(2-mercaptopyridine-N-oxidato)Zn complex with Zn(S(2)O(2)) coordination mode.
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Murakami H, Yasui H, Yoshikawa Y. Pharmacological and Pharmacokinetic Studies of Anti-diabetic Tropolonato–Zn(II) Complexes with Zn(S 2O 2) Coordination Mode. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2012; 60:1096-104. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c12-00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Murakami
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Division of Analytical & Physical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Hiroyuki Yasui
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Division of Analytical & Physical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Yutaka Yoshikawa
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Division of Analytical & Physical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
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Yoshikawa Y, Adachi Y, Yasui H, Hattori M, Sakurai H. Oral administration of Bis(aspirinato)zinc(II) complex ameliorates hyperglycemia and metabolic syndrome-like disorders in spontaneously diabetic KK-A(y) mice: structure-activity relationship on zinc-salicylate complexes. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2011; 59:972-7. [PMID: 21804241 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.59.972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the number of patients suffering from diseases, such as cancer, apoplexy, osteoporosis, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide. Type 2 diabetes, a lifestyle-related disease, is recognized as a serious disease. Various types of pharmaceutics for diabetes have been used. Since the relationship between diabetes and biometals such as vanadium, copper, and zinc ions has been recognized for many years, we have been developing the anti-diabetic metal complexes as new candidates. We found that several zinc(II) (Zn) complexes exhibit glucose-lowering activity for treating type 2 diabetes. High doses of salicylates have been known to reverse hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in type 2 diabetic patients. These findings strongly suggest that the combined use of Zn and salicylates achieves the synergism in treating type 2 diabetes. Because aspirin, acetyl salicylic acid, has a chelating ability, we used it as a ligand to Zn. Several Zn-salicylate complexes were prepared and their biological activities were examined in this study. The complexes with an electron-withdrawing group in the ligand exhibited higher in vitro insulinomimetic activity than those of Zn complexes with an electron-donating group in the ligand. When bis(aspirinato)Zn (Zn(asp)₂) complex was orally administered on KK-A(y) mice with hereditary type 2 diabetes, the diabetic state was improved. In addition, this complex exhibited normalizing effects on serum adiponectin level and high blood pressure in metabolic syndrome. In conclusion, Zn(asp)₂ complex is newly proposed as a potent anti-diabetic and anti-metabolic syndrome agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Yoshikawa
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
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Yoshikawa Y, Murayama A, Adachi Y, Sakurai H, Yasui H. Challenge of studies on the development of new Zn complexes (Zn(opt)₂) to treat diabetes mellitus. Metallomics 2011; 3:686-92. [PMID: 21584335 DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00014d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The number of worldwide patients suffering from diabetes mellitus (DM) is forecasted to increase over time. The development of compounds without severe side effects for type 2 DM is required not only to treat DM but also to improve the quality of life (QOL) of patients. In this paper, we have described the synthesis of novel first transition metal complexes with S2O2 coordination mode and discussed their anti-diabetic activities. Di(1-oxy-2-pyridinethiolato)Zn complex (Zn(opt)2) with Zn(S2O2) coordination mode displayed higher insulin mimetic with anti-diabetic activity, compared to the ZnCl2 or clinically used medicine (pioglitazone). In addition, Zn(opt)2 improved the insulin and adiponectine levels in the plasma. The gastrointestinal absorption of the Zn complex was found to be higher than that of ZnCl(2). Based on these results, we propose that the Zn(opt)2 complex with Zn(S2O2) coordination mode is a novel candidate for the treatment of type 2 DM; through oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Yoshikawa
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauti-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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Naito Y, Yoshikawa Y, Yasui H. Cellular Mechanism of Zinc–Hinokitiol Complexes in Diabetes Mellitus. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20100262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Wiernsperger N, Rapin J. Trace elements in glucometabolic disorders: an update. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2010; 2:70. [PMID: 21167072 PMCID: PMC3023745 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-2-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many trace elements, among which metals, are indispensable for proper functioning of a myriad of biochemical reactions, more particularly as enzyme cofactors. This is particularly true for the vast set of processes involved in regulation of glucose homeostasis, being it in glucose metabolism itself or in hormonal control, especially insulin. The role and importance of trace elements such as chromium, zinc, selenium, lithium and vanadium are much less evident and subjected to chronic debate. This review updates our actual knowledge concerning these five trace elements. A careful survey of the literature shows that while theoretical postulates from some key roles of these elements had led to real hopes for therapy of insulin resistance and diabetes, the limited experience based on available data indicates that beneficial effects and use of most of them are subjected to caution, given the narrow window between safe and unsafe doses. Clear therapeutic benefit in these pathologies is presently doubtful but some data indicate that these metals may have a clinical interest in patients presenting deficiencies in individual metal levels. The same holds true for an association of some trace elements such as chromium or zinc with oral antidiabetics. However, this area is essentially unexplored in adequate clinical trials, which are worth being performed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - JeanRobert Rapin
- Faculté de Médecine/Pharmacie, Université de Bourgogne, 3 Bld jeanne d'Arc, F-21000 Dijon (France
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Structure, spectral and thermal characteristics of zinc(II) halide complexes with N,N-dimethyl-N′,N′-dimethylthiocarbamoyl sulfenamide. THEOR EXP CHEM+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11237-010-9162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mamba SM, Mishra AK, Mamba BB, Njobeh PB, Dutton MF, Fosso-Kankeu E. Spectral, thermal and in vitro antimicrobial studies of cyclohexylamine-N-dithiocarbamate transition metal complexes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 77:579-587. [PMID: 20655805 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal complexes of the type [M(L)(2)] and those containing monodentate phosphines of the type [M(L)(2)(PPh(3))] {M=Ni, Co, Cu and Zn; L=cyclohexylamine-N-dithiocarbamate; PPh(3)=triphenylphosphine} have been synthesized. The complexes were characterized using IR, UV-vis, NMR spectroscopy, and thermal analysis (TGA). The (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and (31)P NMR showed the expected signals for the dithiocarbamate and triphenylphosphine moieties. The spectral studies in all compounds revealed that the coordination of metals occurs via the sulphur atom of the dithiocarbamate ligand in a bidentate fashion. Thermal behavior of the complexes showed that the complexes were more stable than their parent ligands. The ligand moiety is lost in the first step and the rest of the organic moiety decomposes in the subsequent steps. Furthermore, the ligand and their metal complexes were screened in vitro for their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus and antifungal activities against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus carbonarius, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus. The metal complexes exhibited higher antimicrobial activity than the parent ligands. Generally, the zinc complexes were effective against the growth of bacteria with Zn(L)(2) displaying broad spectrum bacteriocidal activity at concentrations of 50microg/mL; and Ni(L)(2) was more effective against the growth of fungi at concentrations of 100-400microg/mL under laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul M Mamba
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, Gauteng, Doornfontein, South Africa
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Sakurai H, Katoh A, Kiss T, Jakusch T, Hattori M. Metallo-allixinate complexes with anti-diabetic and anti-metabolic syndrome activities. Metallomics 2010; 2:670-82. [PMID: 21072358 DOI: 10.1039/c0mt00025f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome and the accompanied diabetes mellitus are both important diseases worldwide due to changes of lifestyle and eating habits. The number of patients with diabetes worldwide is estimated to increase to 300 million by 2025 from 150-220 million in 2010. There are two main types of diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, caused by destruction of pancreatic β-cells resulting in absolute deficiency of intrinsic insulin secretion, the patients require exogenous insulin injections several times a day. In type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance and abnormal insulin secretion, the patients need exercise, diet control and/or several types of hypoglycemics. The idea of using metal ions for the treatment of diabetes originates from the report in 1899. The research on the role of metal ions that may contribute to the improvement of diabetes began. The orally active metal complexes containing vanadyl (oxidovanadium(iv)) ion and cysteine or other ligands were first proposed in 1990, and a wide class of vanadium, copper and zinc complexes was found to be effective for treating diabetes in experimental animals. We noticed a characteristic compound, allixin, which is a non-sulfur component in dry garlic. Its vanadyl and zinc complexes improved both types of diabetes following oral administration in diabetic animals. We then developed a new zinc complex with thioxoallixin-N-methyl (tanm), which is both a sulfur and N-methyl derivative of allixin, and found that this complex improves not only diabetes but also metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, new zinc complexes inspired from the zinc-tanm were prepared; one of them exceeded the activity of zinc-tanm. The mechanism of such complexes was studied in adipocytes. We describe here the usefulness of the development of metal-based complexes in the context of potential therapeutic application for diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Sakurai
- Department of Pharmaco-analytical and Biocoordination Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minami-Tamagaki-cho, Suzuka, Mie, Japan.
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Sakurai H. Overview and Frontier for the Development of Metallopharmaceutics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.56.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Sakurai
- Laboratory of Pharmacoanalytical Chemistry, Department of Physical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science
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Cummings JE, Kovacic JP. The ubiquitous role of zinc in health and disease. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2009; 19:215-40. [PMID: 19691507 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review zinc physiology and pathophysiology and the importance of zinc toxicity and deficiency in veterinary patients. DATA SOURCES A review of human and veterinary medical literature. HUMAN DATA SYNTHESIS There is a significant amount of original research in humans and animals on the role of zinc in multiple organ systems. There is also significant data available on human patients with zinc abnormalities. VETERINARY DATA SYNTHESIS Zinc deficiency has been studied in dogs with genetic disease and dietary deficiency leading to dermatological disease and immune deficiency. Zinc toxicity has been described after ingestion of metallic foreign bodies containing zinc. CONCLUSIONS Historically, the role of zinc in health and disease has been studied through patients with toxicity or severe deficiency with obvious clinical signs. As the ubiquitous contribution of zinc to structure and function in biological systems was discovered, clinically significant but subtle deficiency states have been revealed. In human medicine, mild zinc deficiencies are currently thought to cause chronic metabolic derangement leading to or exacerbating immune deficiency, gastrointestinal problems, endocrine disorders, neurologic dysfunction, cancer, accelerated aging, degenerative disease, and more. Determining the causal relationships between mild zinc deficiency and concurrent disease is complicated by the lack of sensitive or specific tests for zinc deficiency. The prevalence of zinc deficiency and its contribution to disease in veterinary patients is not well known. Continued research is warranted to develop more sensitive and specific tests to assess zinc status, to determine which patients are at risk for deficiency, and to optimize supplementation in health and disease.
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