1
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Alam SSM, Samanta A, Uddin F, Ali S, Hoque M. Tanshinone IIA targeting cell signaling pathways: a plausible paradigm for cancer therapy. Pharmacol Rep 2023:10.1007/s43440-023-00507-y. [PMID: 37440106 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural compounds originating from plants offer a wide range of pharmacological potential and have traditionally been used to treat a wide range of diseases including cancer. Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA), a bioactive molecule found in the roots of the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) herb Salvia miltiorrhiza, has been shown to have remarkable anticancer properties through several mechanisms, such as inhibition of tumor cell growth and proliferation, metastasis, invasion, and angiogenesis, as well as induction of apoptosis and autophagy. It has demonstrated excellent anticancer efficacy against cell lines from breast, cervical, colorectal, gastric, lung, and prostate cancer by modulating multiple signaling pathways including PI3K/Akt, JAK/STAT, IGF-1R, and Bcl-2-Caspase pathways. This review focuses on the role of Tan IIA in the treatment of various cancers, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arijit Samanta
- Applied Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Aliah University, Kolkata, 700160, India
| | - Faizan Uddin
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Safdar Ali
- Clinical and Applied Genomics (CAG) Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Aliah University, Kolkata, 700160, India
| | - Mehboob Hoque
- Applied Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Aliah University, Kolkata, 700160, India.
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2
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Acquaviva R, Malfa GA, Loizzo MR, Xiao J, Bianchi S, Tundis R. Advances on Natural Abietane, Labdane and Clerodane Diterpenes as Anti-Cancer Agents: Sources and Mechanisms of Action. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27154791. [PMID: 35897965 PMCID: PMC9330018 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Extensive research over the past decades has identified numerous phytochemicals that could represent an important source of anti-cancer compounds. There is an immediate need for less toxic and more effective preventive and therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancer. Natural compounds are considered suitable candidates for the development of new anti-cancer drugs due to their pleiotropic actions on target events with multiple manners. This comprehensive review highlighted the most relevant findings achieved in the screening of phytochemicals for anticancer drug development, particularly focused on a promising class of phytochemicals such as diterpenes with abietane, clerodane, and labdane skeleton. The chemical structure of these compounds, their main natural sources, and mechanisms of action were critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Acquaviva
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 95125 Catania, Italy; (R.A.); (S.B.)
- CERNUT, Research Centre on Nutraceuticals and Health Products, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe A. Malfa
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 95125 Catania, Italy; (R.A.); (S.B.)
- CERNUT, Research Centre on Nutraceuticals and Health Products, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Monica R. Loizzo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (M.R.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain;
| | - Simone Bianchi
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 95125 Catania, Italy; (R.A.); (S.B.)
| | - Rosa Tundis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (M.R.L.); (R.T.)
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3
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Lai Z, He J, Zhou C, Zhao H, Cui S. Tanshinones: An Update in the Medicinal Chemistry in Recent 5 Years. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2807-2827. [PMID: 32436817 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200521124850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tanshinones are an important type of natural products isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge with various bioactivities. Tanshinone IIa, cryptotanshinone and tanshinone I are three kinds of tanshinones which have been widely investigated. Particularly, sodium tanshinone IIa sulfonate is a water-soluble derivative of tanshinone IIa and it is used in clinical in China for treating cardiovascular diseases. In recent years, there are increasing interests in the investigation of tanshinones derivatives in various diseases. This article presents a review of the anti-atherosclerotic effects, cardioprotective effects, anticancer activities, antibacterial activities and antiviral activities of tanshinones and structural modification work in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhencheng Lai
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jixiao He
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changxin Zhou
- Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huajun Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sunliang Cui
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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4
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Qiao L, Han M, Gao S, Shao X, Wang X, Sun L, Fu X, Wei Q. Research progress on nanotechnology for delivery of active ingredients from traditional Chinese medicines. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:6333-6351. [PMID: 32633311 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01260b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is growing acceptance of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) as potential sources of clinical agents based on the demonstrated efficacies of numerous bioactive compounds first identified in TCM extracts, such as paclitaxel, camptothecin, and artemisinin. However, there are several challenges to achieving the full clinical potential of many TCMs, particularly the generally high hydrophobicity and low bioavailability. Recently, however, numerous studies have attempted to circumvent the limited in vivo activity and systemic toxicity of TCM ingredients by incorporation into nanoparticle-based delivery systems. Many of these formulations demonstrate improved bioavailability, enhanced tissue targeting, and greater in vivo stability compared to the native compound. This review summarizes nanoformulations of the most promising and extensively studied TCM compounds to provide a reference for further research. Combining these natural compounds with nanotechnology-based delivery systems may further improve the clinical utility of these agents, in turn leading to more intensive research on traditional medicinal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qiao
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, P. R. China
| | - Maosen Han
- College of Phamaceutical Science, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, P. R. China
| | - Shijie Gao
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Shao
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Network Pharmacology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Sun
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, P. R. China
| | - Xianjun Fu
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Network Pharmacology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, P. R. China.
| | - Qingcong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, P. R. China.
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5
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Fang ZY, Zhang M, Liu JN, Zhao X, Zhang YQ, Fang L. Tanshinone IIA: A Review of its Anticancer Effects. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:611087. [PMID: 33597880 PMCID: PMC7883641 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.611087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is a pharmacologically lipophilic active constituent isolated from the roots and rhizomes of the Chinese medicinal herb Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen). Tan IIA is currently used in China and other neighboring countries to treat patients with cardiovascular system, diabetes, apoplexy, arthritis, sepsis, and other diseases. Recently, it was reported that tan IIA could have a wide range of antitumor effects on several human tumor cell lines, but the research of the mechanism of tan IIA is relatively scattered in cancer. This review aimed to summarize the recent advances in the anticancer effects of tan IIA and to provide a novel perspective on clinical use of tan IIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ying Fang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China.,School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Jia-Ning Liu
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Yong-Qing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Fang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China.,School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Sharma S, Deep A, Rana AC, Yadav M, Sharma AK. Possible Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for the Management of Cervical Cancer. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394715666190126142508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Cervical cancer is the most prevalent cancer in the world due to unusual
extension of cervical cell. Cervical cancer occurs due to exposure of HPV (Human papillomavirus).
According to WHO, it is the 4th most ordinary cancer in women. In 2018, approx 6.6% of
population was affected around the world and 570,000 new cases were reported. In low and
middle-income countries, 90% of cervical cancer deaths occur.
Methods:
Despite various factors that cause cervical cancer are included exposure to HPV,
dysregulation of CASPASE enzyme, elevated expression of IAPs (Inhibitor apoptotic protein), E6
and E7 gene of HPV, inhibition of p53, BAK, p16 upregulation, CDK-inactivation causing cervical
cancer, role of VEGF, role of estrogen and its receptor in cervical cancer.
Results:
Cervical cancer can be screened by Pep test. There are various therapies that can be used
to treat cervical cancer. As these therapies have various side effects, so the world is moving to
herbal formulations to treat cervical cancer.
Conclusion:
In this study, we will discuss cervical cancer, its cause, symptoms, pathophysiology
and treatments. Early screening and detection can help in reducing the overall burden of cervical
cancer in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sombeer Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani-127021, Haryana, India
| | - Aakash Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani-127021, Haryana, India
| | - Avtar C. Rana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani-127021, Haryana, India
| | - Monu Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani-127021, Haryana, India
| | - Arun K. Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gurugram, Haryana 122051, India
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Xu D, Hu H, Guan J, Da J, Xie Y, Liu Y, Kong R, Song G, Zhou H. Synthesis of novel tanshinone derivatives for treatment of castration‐resistant prostate cancer. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 94:1656-1663. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Defeng Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Hang Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Jing Guan
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Jun Da
- Department of Urology and Andrology Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Yipeng Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Yalin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Ren Kong
- School of Mechanical Engineering Jiangsu University of Technology Changzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Guoqiang Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Huan Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering Jiangsu University of Technology Changzhou Jiangsu China
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A new tricyclic abietane diterpenoid from Salvia chloroleuca and evaluation of cytotoxic and apoptotic activities. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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HGK-sestrin 2 signaling-mediated autophagy contributes to antitumor efficacy of Tanshinone IIA in human osteosarcoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1003. [PMID: 30258193 PMCID: PMC6158215 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA (TIIA) is a diterpenoid naphthoquinone isolated from the herb Salvia miltiorrhiza with antitumor effects manifested at multiple levels that are mechanistically obscure. In our previous studies, we illustrated that TIIA treatment triggered apoptosis in human osteosarcoma 143B cells both in vitro and in vivo, accompanied with mitochondrial dysfunction. Importantly, the overall survival rate of patients with osteosarcoma who were randomly recruited to S. miltiorrhiza treatment was significantly higher than those without. Pursuing this observation, we evaluated the potential effect of TIIA on autophagy induction in osteosarcoma both in vivo and in vitro. We discovered that TIIA inhibited osteosarcoma cell survival through class I PI3K and Akt signaling pathways. In contrast, expression of class III PI3K required in the early stages of autophagosome generation was predominantly enhanced by TIIA treatment. Our study indicated that treatment of TIIA effectively induced autophagy in human osteosarcoma cells, which contributed to the blockade of anchorage-independent growth of osteosarcoma cells and ameliorated tumor progression in NOD/SCID mice. We demonstrated that TIIA-mediated autophagy occurred in a sestrin 2 (SESN2)-dependent but not Beclin 1-dependent manner. In addition, we defined the activation of HGK (MAP4K4 or mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase)/SAPK/JNK1/Jun kinase pathways in upregulating transcription of SESN2, in which TIIA triggered HGK/JNK1-dependent Jun activation and led to increased Jun recruitment to AP-1-binding site in the SESN2 promoter region. Our results offer novel mechanistic insight into how TIIA inhibits osteosarcoma growth and suggest TIIA as a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer.
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10
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Tanshinone IIA reduces SW837 colorectal cancer cell viability via the promotion of mitochondrial fission by activating JNK-Mff signaling pathways. BMC Cell Biol 2018; 19:21. [PMID: 30253740 PMCID: PMC6157045 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-018-0174-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial homeostasis has been increasingly viewed as a potential target of cancer therapy, and mitochondrial fission is a novel regulator of mitochondrial function and apoptosis. The aim of our study was to determine the detailed role of mitochondrial fission in SW837 colorectal cancer cell viability, mobility and proliferation. In addition, the current study also investigated the therapeutic impact of Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA), a type of anticancer adjuvant drug, on cancer mitochondrial homeostasis. Results The results of our data illustrated that Tan IIA promoted SW837 cell death, impaired cell migration and mediated cancer proliferation arrest in a dose-dependent manner. Functional investigation exhibited that Tan IIA treatment evoked mitochondrial injury, as witnessed by mitochondrial ROS overproduction, mitochondrial potential collapse, antioxidant factor downregulation, mitochondrial pro-apoptotic protein upregulation, and caspase-9-dependent apoptotic pathway activation. Furthermore, we confirmed that Tan IIA mediated mitochondrial damage by activating mitochondrial fission, and the inhibition of mitochondrial fission abrogated the proapoptotic effects of Tan IIA on SW837 cells. To this end, our results demonstrated that Tan IIA modulated mitochondrial fission via the JNK-Mff pathways. The blockade of the JNK-Mff axis inhibited Tan IIA-mediated mitochondrial fission and promoted the survival of SW837 cells. Conclusions Altogether, our results identified mitochondrial fission as a new potential target to control cancer viability, mobility and proliferation. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that Tan IIA is an effective drug to treat colorectal cancer by activating JNK-Mff-mitochondrial fission pathways. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12860-018-0174-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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11
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Huaier extract synergizes with tamoxifen to induce autophagy and apoptosis in ER-positive breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:26003-15. [PMID: 27027343 PMCID: PMC5041960 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen (TAM) is the most widely used endocrine therapy for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer patients, but side effects and the gradual development of insensitivity limit its application. We investigated whether Huaier extract, a traditional Chinese medicine, in combination with TAM would improve treatment efficacy in ER-positive breast cancers. MTT, colony formation, and invasion and migration assays revealed that the combined treatment had stronger anticancer effects than either treatment alone. Huaier extract enhanced TAM-induced autophagy, apoptosis, and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, as measured by acidic vesicular organelle (AVO) staining, TUNEL, flow cytometry, and western blot. Additionally, combined treatment inhibited tumorigenesis and metastasis by suppressing the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Huaier extract also enhanced the inhibitory effects of TAM on tumor growth in vivo in a xenograft mouse model. These results show that Huaier extract synergizes with TAM to induce autophagy and apoptosis in ER-positive breast cancer cells by suppressing the AKT/mTOR pathway.
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Samad NA, Abdul AB, Rahman HS, Rasedee A, Tengku Ibrahim TA, Keon YS. Zerumbone Suppresses Angiogenesis in HepG2 Cells through Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Expressions. Pharmacogn Mag 2018; 13:S731-S736. [PMID: 29491625 PMCID: PMC5822492 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_18_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Due to increase in the number of patients with impaired immunity, the incidence of liver cancer has increased considerably. Aims The aim of this study is the investigation the in vitro anticancer effect of zerumbone (ZER) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and Methods The anticancer mechanism of ZER was determined by the rat aortic ring, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) proliferation, chorioallantoic membrane, cell migration, and proliferation inhibition assays. Results Our results showed that ZER reduced tube formation by HUVECs effectively inhibits new blood vessel and tissue matrix formation. Western blot analysis revealed that ZER significantly (P < 0.05) decreased expression of molecular effectors of angiogenesis, the matrix metalloproteinase-9, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and VEGF receptor proteins. We found that ZER inhibited the proliferation and suppressed migration of HepG2 cell in dose-dependent manner. Statistical Analysis Used Statistical analyses were performed according to the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 17.0. The data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation and analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Conclusion The study for the first time showed that ZER is an inhibitor angiogenesis, tumor growth, and spread, which is suggested to be the mechanisms for its anti-HCC effect. SUMMARY Tumor angiogenesis has currently become an important research area for the control of cancer growth and metastasis. The current study determined the effect of zerumbone on factors associated with angiogenesis that occurs in tumor formation. Abbreviations used: ZER: Zerumbone, MMP-9: Matrix metalloproteinase-9, VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGFR: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, HUVECs: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma, HIFCS: Heat inactivated fetal calf serum, DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide, EDTA: Ethyldiaminetetraacetic acid, Ig: Immunoglobulin, CAM: Chorioallantoic membrane, HRP: Horseradish peroxidase, NIH: National Institutes of Health, MTT: Microtetrazolium, SPSS: Statistical Package for Social Science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozlena Abdul Samad
- UPM-MAKNA, Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra, Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Bustamam Abdul
- UPM-MAKNA, Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra, Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Heshu Sulaiman Rahman
- Department of Clinic and Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani City, Kurdistan Region, Northern Iraq.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, Chaq Chaq Qularaese, Sulaimani City, Kurdistan Region, Northern Iraq.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdullah Rasedee
- UPM-MAKNA, Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra, Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tengku Azmi Tengku Ibrahim
- UPM-MAKNA, Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra, Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yeap Swee Keon
- UPM-MAKNA, Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra, Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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13
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Retracted: Tanshinone IIA Induces Apoptosis in Human Oral Cancer KB Cells through a Mitochondria-Dependent Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2017:9496485. [PMID: 29359163 PMCID: PMC5735585 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9496485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Lv Y, Cao Y, Li P, Liu J, Chen H, Hu W, Zhang L. Ultrasound-Triggered Destruction of Folate-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle-Loaded Microbubble for Targeted Tumor Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28671341 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A multifunctional drug delivery vehicle, which combines the active targeted mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) and microbubble (MB) drug delivery system, is proposed and fabricated. The resulting delivery vehicle integrates the merits of high drug loading capacity, multitargeting, and ultrasound-guided releasing. Folate (FA), which serves as an active ligand, is modified to the surface of MSN (MSN-FA) to enhance cell membrane translocation. MSN-FA is loaded with tanshinone IIA (TAN), then encapsulated in a microbubble (denoted as MSN-FA-TAN-MB) for more precise tumor targeting. The conjunction between FA and MSN is confirmed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The characteristics and morphology of MSN-FA-TAN-MB are investigated by confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In vitro cytotoxicity and cellular uptake studies of MSN-FA-TAN-MB are conducted on A549 and HeLa tumor cells. FA-facilitated MSN-FA-TAN uptake is shown by HeLa cells that overexpress FA receptors via a FA-receptor-mediated endocytosis mechanism. The ultrasound response property of MSN-FA-TAN-MB is also verified. MSN-FA-TAN-MB shows significant antitumor efficacy in vivo with the assistance of FA, MB, and an external ultrasound irradiation. Thus, this multifunctional vehicle may provide a novel strategy for tumor targeting and imaging in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjiu Lv
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering School of Pharmacy Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 P. R. China
| | - Yang Cao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging Institute of Ultrasound Imaging Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 P. R. China
| | - Pan Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging Institute of Ultrasound Imaging Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging Institute of Ultrasound Imaging Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 P. R. China
| | - Huali Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering School of Pharmacy Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Hu
- Chongqingshi Shapingba District People's Hospital Chongqing 400030 P. R. China
| | - Liangke Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering School of Pharmacy Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 P. R. China
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15
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Zhang L, Sun H, Chen Z, Liu Z, Huang N, Qian F. Intermolecular Interactions between Coencapsulated Drugs Inhibit Drug Crystallization and Enhance Colloidal Stability of Polymeric Micelles. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3568-3576. [PMID: 28829143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Novel "pairs" of drugs possessing pharmacological synergies could be encapsulated into polymeric micelles and exert superb therapeutic effects in vivo upon intravenous administration, with the prerequisite that the micelles remain stable. NADP(H) quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) inhibitors, such as β-lapachone (LPC) and tanshinone IIA (THA), are structurally and pharmacologically similar molecules that are poorly water-soluble, crystallize extremely fast, and demonstrate synergistic anticancer effect when used together with paclitaxel (PTX). However, when coencapsulated with PTX in poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(d,l-lactic acid) (PEG-PLA) micelles, only PTX/LPC but not the PTX/THA pair yields satisfactory colloidal stability. To reveal the molecular mechanism contributing to the colloidal stability of the coencapsulated micelles, we investigated the molecular interactions of PTX/LPC and PTX/THA, through both experimental methods (crystallization kinetics, 13C NMR) and molecular dynamic simulation. We observed that PTX was capable of inhibiting LPC but not THA crystallization both in an aqueous environment and in the solid state, which could be attributed to the strong hetero-intermolecular interactions (π-π, H-bonding) between LPC and PTX, which disrupted the homo-intermolecular interactions between LPC molecules and thus formed a favorable miscible binary system. In comparison, the lack of a strong PTX/THA interaction left the strong THA/THA stacking interaction undisturbed and the fast THA crystallization tendency unrestrained. We conclude that the intermolecular interactions, i.e., the "pharmaceutical synergy", between the coencapsulated drugs critically control the colloidal stability of polymeric micelles and, therefore, should be evaluated when coencapsulated drug delivery systems are designed for optimal therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Hanzi Sun
- National Institute of Biological Sciences , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhengsheng Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Niu Huang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Feng Qian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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16
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Shen L, Lou Z, Zhang G, Xu G, Zhang G. Diterpenoid Tanshinones, the extract from Danshen (Radix Salviae
Miltiorrhizae) induced apoptosis in nine human cancer cell lines. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2017; 36:514-21. [PMID: 28459519 DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(16)30069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the active anti-tumor constituents
in the extract from Danshen (Radix Salviae
Miltiorrhizae) and investigate the mechanisms underlying
the actions. METHODS First, we introduced a two-step counter-
current chromatography to extract the therapeutically
active diterpenoid, tanshinone from
Danshen (Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae). The cholecystokinin
(CCK-8) method was used to evaluate
the inhibitory effect of diterpenoid tanshinone in
liver cancer QGY-7703, lung cancer PC9, lung cancer
A549, gastric cancer MKN-45, gastric cancer
HGC-27, colon cancer HCT116, myeloma cellU266/
RPMI8226, and human breast cancer MCF-7 in vitro.
Fluorescence staining was used to observe
the cytotoxicity ofditerpenoid tanshinone on PC9
cells. The Western blot was used to detect apoptosis-
related protein poly ADP-ribose polymerase
(PARP), cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase3/9
(caspase3/9), and cleaved-cysteinyl aspartate specific
proteinase3/9 (cleaved-caspase3/9). The endoplasmic
reticulum stress-related activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), phosphorylated eukaryotic
initiation factor 2α (p-eIF2α), and phosphorylated
jun amino-terminal kinase (p-JNK), and caspase-
12 were also analyzed using the Western
blot. RESULTS Diterpenoid tanshinone inhibited the
nine human tumor cell lines, with an IC50 of
4.37-29 μg/mL, with the PC9 and MCF-7 displaying
the lowest values. Fluorescence staining showed a
lethal effect of diterpenoid tanshinone on PC9
cells. The Western blot showed that the expression
of caspase3/9 protein and ATF-4 protein decreased
gradually. However, the PARP, cleaved-caspase 3/9
and the expression of p-eIF2 α, P-JNK, and caspase-
12 increased gradually, in a dose-dependent fashion. CONCLUSION We successfully introduced a
two-step counter-current chromatography method
to extract diterpenoid tanshinone, and demonstrated
its antitumor activity. Diterpenoid tanshinone
can induce apoptosis in nine human cancer cell lines.
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17
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Tanshinone IIA induces intrinsic apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells both in vivo and in vitro associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40382. [PMID: 28106052 PMCID: PMC5247764 DOI: 10.1038/srep40382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA), a phytochemical derived from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza, has been shown to inhibit growth and induce apoptosis in various cancer cells. The association of its inhibitory effect on the primary malignant bone tumor, osteosarcoma, with mitochondrial dysfunction remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the anti-proliferative effects of Tan IIA on human osteosarcoma 143B cells both in vitro and in vivo. Administration of Tan IIA to NOD-SCID mice implanted with 143B cells led to significant inhibition of tumor development. The inhibition of proliferation, migration, and invasion was observed in 143B cells treated with Tan IIA. The tumor proliferation markers, Ki67 and PCNA, were suppressed and apoptosis by TUNEL assay was activated respectively. Apoptosis in the Tan IIA-treated 143B cells and xerograft mice was associated with the activation of caspase cascade via the modulation of Bcl-2 family. The CD31 was inhibited in Tan IIA-treated xenografts to indicate anti-neovasculization. Tan IIA administration resulted in a significant decrease in the mitochondrial fusion proteins, Mfn1/2 and Opa1, as well as an increase in the fission protein Drp1. We concluded that mitochondrial dysfunction associated with dynamic change was involved in apoptosis and anti-angiogenesis elicited by Tan IIA.
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18
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Tanshinone IIA Inhibits Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis Through the Downregulation of Survivin in Keloid Fibroblasts. Ann Plast Surg 2016; 76:180-6. [PMID: 26101974 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000000544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Keloids are considered benign dermal fibroproliferative tumors. Keloid fibroblasts (KFs) persistently proliferate and fail to undergo apoptosis, and no treatment is completely effective against these lesions. Tanshinone IIA induces apoptosis and inhibits the proliferation of various tumor cell types. In this study, we investigated the effect of tanshinone IIA on the regulation of proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis in KFs, and investigated potential mechanisms involved in the effects. First, KFs and normal skin fibroblasts (NSFs) were treated with various concentrations of tanshinone IIA. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to assess the proliferative activity of KFs and NSFs, and flow cytometry was used to investigate the cell cycle and apoptosis in KFs. We found that the proliferation of all tanshinone IIA-treated KFs was significantly decreased after treatment for 72 hours (P < 0.001). Also, NSFs treated with tanshinone IIA did not exhibit noticeable effects compared with KFs. In addition, the percentages of G0/G1 cells in all tanshinone IIA-treated KFs were significantly increased after treatment for 72 hours (P < 0.001). And the percentages of cells undergoing early apoptosis in all tanshinone IIA-treated KFs were significantly increased after treatment for 120 hours (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the apoptosis antibody array kit and Western blot analysis revealed that tanshinone IIA decreased survivin expression in KFs (P < 0.001). In conclusion, tanshinone IIA downregulates survivin and deactivates KFs, thus suggesting that tanshinone IIA could serve as a potential clinical keloid treatment.
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19
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Wu L, Zhang C. Synthesis and antitumor activity evaluation of novel substituted 5H-benzo[i][1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]quinazoline-6,7-diones. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03323g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of novel substituted 5H-benzo[i][1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]quinazoline-6,7-diones were synthesized and all compounds exhibited excellent antitumor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Wu
- School of Pharmacy
- Xinxiang Medical University
- Xinxiang 453003
- China
| | - Chong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy
- Xinxiang Medical University
- Xinxiang 453003
- China
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20
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Liu M, Yang J, Li M. Tanshinone IIA attenuates interleukin-17A-induced systemic sclerosis patient-derived dermal vascular smooth muscle cell activation via inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2015; 70:250-6. [PMID: 26017791 PMCID: PMC4418395 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2015(04)06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Salvia miltiorrhiza has long been used to treat systemic sclerosis. Tanshinone IIA, one of the phytochemicals derived from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza, exhibits multiple biological activities. The present study aimed to investigate whether tanshinone IIA has an effect on the interleukin-17A-induced functional activation of systemic sclerosis patient-derived dermal vascular smooth muscle cells. METHODS Systemic sclerosis patient-derived dermal vascular smooth muscle cells were incubated with various dosages of tanshinone IIA in the presence of interleukin-17A or the serum of systemic sclerosis patients. Cell proliferation was assessed using Cell Counting Kit-8. The expression of collagen 1 and 3 in cells was evaluated by immunofluorescence. Cell migration was measured using a transwell assay. The expression of phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase was detected by Western blotting. RESULTS Our data demonstrate that tanshinone IIA exerts an inhibitory effect on interleukin-17A-induced systemic sclerosis patient-derived dermal vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, collagen synthesis and migration. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that tanshinone IIA might serve as a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of systemic sclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Abietanes/pharmacology
- Abietanes/therapeutic use
- Adult
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Blotting, Far-Western
- Cell Migration Assays
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Collagen Type I/analysis
- Collagen Type III/analysis
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/drug effects
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Humans
- Interleukin-17/analysis
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Reproducibility of Results
- Salvia miltiorrhiza/chemistry
- Scleroderma, Systemic/drug therapy
- Scleroderma, Systemic/metabolism
- Statistics, Nonparametric
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengguo Liu
- Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
- Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Yang
- Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Li
- Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
- E-mail:
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21
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Wu L. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 1,2-naphthoquinones possessing tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine scaffolds as potent antitumor agents. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra00711a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel 1,2-naphthoquinones possessing tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine scaffolds were synthesized and all the compounds exhibited excellent antitumor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Wu
- School of Pharmacy
- Xinxiang Medical University
- Xinxiang 453003
- China
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22
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Yang X, Zhang C, Wu L. Nano γ-Fe2O3-supported fluoroboric acid: a novel magnetically recyclable catalyst for the synthesis of 12-substituted-benzo[h][1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b]-acridine-10,11-diones as potent antitumor agents. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra00887e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nano γ-Fe2O3-supported fluoroboric acid was synthesized as a novel magnetic catalyst, and was used for the efficient synthesis of benzoacridinediones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xinxiang University
- Xinxiang
- China
| | - Chong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy
- Xinxiang Medical University
- Xinxiang 453003
- China
| | - Liqiang Wu
- School of Pharmacy
- Xinxiang Medical University
- Xinxiang 453003
- China
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23
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Akaberi M, Mehri S, Iranshahi M. Multiple pro-apoptotic targets of abietane diterpenoids from Salvia species. Fitoterapia 2015; 100:118-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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24
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Sui J, Li M, Qian C, Wang S, Cheng Y, Chen BPC, Wang D. Functional analysis of tanshinone IIA that blocks the redox function of human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2014; 8:2147-60. [PMID: 25395832 PMCID: PMC4224025 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s71124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1) is a multifunctional protein possessing both DNA repair and redox regulatory activities. It has been shown that blocking redox function leads to genotoxic, antiangiogenic, cytostatic, and proapoptotic effects in cells. Therefore, the selective inhibitors against APE1's redox function can be served as potential pharmaceutical candidates in cancer therapeutics. In the present study, we identified the biological specificity of the Chinese herbal compound tanshinone IIA (T2A) in blocking the redox function of APE1. Using dual polarization interferometry, the direct interaction between APE1 and T2A was observed with a KD value at subnanomolar level. In addition, we showed that T2A significantly compromised the growth of human cervical cancer and colon cancer cells. Furthermore, the growth-inhibitory or proapoptotic effect of T2A was diminished in APE1 knockdown or redox-deficient cells, suggesting that the cytostatic effect of T2A might be specifically through inhibiting the redox function of APE1. Finally, T2A pretreatment enhanced the cytotoxicity of ionizing radiation or other chemotherapeutic agents in human cervical cancer and colon cancer cell lines. The data presented herein suggest T2A as a promising bioactive inhibitor of APE1 redox activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangdong Sui
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China ; Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mengxia Li
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyuan Qian
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shufeng Wang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Benjamin P C Chen
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Dong Wang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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25
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Munagala R, Aqil F, Jeyabalan J, Gupta RC. Tanshinone IIA inhibits viral oncogene expression leading to apoptosis and inhibition of cervical cancer. Cancer Lett 2014; 356:536-46. [PMID: 25304375 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human papilloma virus (HPV) is the well-established etiological factor of cervical cancer. E6 and E7 oncoproteins expressed by HPV are known to inactivate tumor suppressor proteins p53 and pRb, respectively. Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is a diterpenoid naphthoquinone found in the traditional Chinese medicine Danshen (Salvia sp.). Tan IIA has been shown to possess anti-tumor activity against several cancer types. In this study we show that Tan IIA potently inhibited proliferation of the human cervical cancer CaSki, SiHa, HeLa and C33a cells. Mechanistically in HPV positive CaSki cells, Tan IIA was found to (i) downregulate expression of HPV E6 and E7 genes and modulate associated proteins E6AP and E2F1, (ii) cause S phase cell cycle arrest, (iii) induce accumulation of p53 and alter expression of p53-dependent targets, (iv) modulate pRb and related proteins, and (v) cause p53-mediated apoptosis by moderating Bcl2, Bax, caspase-3, and PARP cleavage expressions. In vivo, Tan IIA resulted in over 66% reduction in tumor volume of cervical cancer xenograft in athymic nude mice. Tan IIA treated tumor tissues had lower expression of proliferation marker PCNA and changes in apoptosis targets were in agreement with in vitro studies, further confirming reduced proliferation and involvement of multiple targets behind anti-cancer effects. This is the first demonstration of Tan IIA to possess significant anti-viral activity by repressing HPV oncogenes leading to inhibition of cervical cancer. Together, our data suggest that Tan IIA can be exploited as a potent therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of cervical and other HPV-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Munagala
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Farrukh Aqil
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jeyaprakash Jeyabalan
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Ramesh C Gupta
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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Tanshinone IIA induces apoptosis in human oral cancer KB cells through a mitochondria-dependent pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:540516. [PMID: 24900970 PMCID: PMC4036409 DOI: 10.1155/2014/540516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA), an active phytochemical in the dried root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, has shown an antiproliferative activity on various human cancer cell lines including nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. However, the effects of Tan IIA on human oral cancer cells are still unknown. This study aimed to investigate the antiproliferative effects of Tan IIA on human oral cancer KB cells and explored the possible underlying mechanism. Treatment of KB cells with Tan IIA suppressed cell proliferation/viability and induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner through sulforhodamine B colorimetric assay. Observation of cell morphology revealed the involvement of apoptosis in the Tan IIA-induced growth inhibition on KB cells. Cell cycle analysis showed a cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase on Tan IIA-treated cells. The dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential observed by flow cytometry and the expression of activated caspases with the cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase under immunoblotting analysis indicated that Tan IIA-induced apoptosis in KB cells was mediated through the mitochondria-dependent caspase pathway. These observations suggested that Tan IIA could be a potential anticancer agent for oral cancer.
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27
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The molecular mechanisms of Tanshinone IIA on the apoptosis and arrest of human esophageal carcinoma cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:582730. [PMID: 24829906 PMCID: PMC4009328 DOI: 10.1155/2014/582730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the possible mechanisms of Tanshinone IIA (TanIIA) on esophageal carcinoma cell lines. METHODS Two human esophageal carcinoma cell lines (EC-1 cells and ECa-109 cells) were treated with different concentrations of TanIIA. Cell proliferation was measured by CCK-8, colony-forming efficiency was calculated, cell cycle and apoptosis were measured, and changes in cell cycle- and apoptosis-related gene expression were measured by Western blotting. RESULTS The CCK-8 and colony formation assay indicated that TanIIA inhibited the cell proliferation of human esophageal cancer cells (IC50 below 1 μg/mL) at 48 h. Hoechst 33258 and flow cytometry showed that TanIIA induced apoptosis in both esophageal cancer cell lines. Flow cytometry showed that TanIIA arrested cell cycle in S phase and G2/M phase. Western blotting analysis showed that Akt1 and its phosphorylation were inhibited, the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio increased, and both caspase-9 and caspase-3 were activated after treatment with 1.3 μg/mL TanIIA at 48 h. Meanwhile, p53 and p21 protein levels increased, whereas cyclin B1, CDC2, and CDC2 phosphorylation were inhibited. CONCLUSION TanIIA inhibits the growth of esophageal cancer cells and induces apoptosis in a time-dependent and concentration-dependent manner, possibly by affecting cell cycle- and apoptosis-related signaling pathways.
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28
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Zhou L, Cai X, Han X, Xu N, Chang DC. CDK1 switches mitotic arrest to apoptosis by phosphorylating Bcl-2/Bax family proteins during treatment with microtubule interfering agents. Cell Biol Int 2014; 38:737-46. [PMID: 24677263 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism; Peking University People's Hospital; Beijing China
| | - Xiaoling Cai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism; Peking University People's Hospital; Beijing China
| | - Xueyao Han
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism; Peking University People's Hospital; Beijing China
| | - Naihan Xu
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology; Division of Life Science; Graduate School at Shenzhen; Tsinghua University; Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Donald C. Chang
- Division of Life Science; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Hong Kong China
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29
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Chen X, Guo J, Bao J, Lu J, Wang Y. The anticancer properties of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen): a systematic review. Med Res Rev 2013; 34:768-94. [PMID: 24123144 DOI: 10.1002/med.21304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen in Chinese) is a classical Huoxue Huayu (a traditional Chinese medical term means promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis) herb with 1000 years of clinical application. It mainly contains two groups of ingredients: the hydrophilic phenolic acids and the lipophilic tanshinones. Both groups have demonstrated multiple bioactivities, such as antioxidative stress, antiplatelet aggregation, anti-inflammation, among others. Recent data have demonstrated that its lipophilic compounds, especially the tanshinones, show potent anticancer activities both in vitro and in vivo. The anticancer effects of the hydrophilic phenolic acids have also been reported. Furthermore, tanshinones provide structural skeletons for chemical modifications, allowing for a series of derivatives of interests. This review provides a systematic summary of the anticancer profile and the underlying mechanisms of the bioactive compounds isolated from Danshen with special emphasis on tanshinones, aiming to bring new insights for further research and development of this ancient herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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30
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Gu C, Qiao J, Zhu M, Du J, Shang W, Yin W, Wang W, Han M, Lu W. Preliminary evaluation of the interactions of Panax ginseng and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge with 5-fluorouracil on pharmacokinetics in rats and pharmacodynamics in human cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2013; 41:443-58. [PMID: 23548131 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x13500328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of cancer patients are using herbs in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic treatment. It is therefore important to study the potential consequences of the interactions between herbs and anticancer drugs. The effects of extracts from Panax ginseng (PGS) and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (SMB) on the pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were performed in vivo and detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), while, an ATP assay was used to study the pharmacodynamic interactions in vitro. The results of the pharmacokinetic experiments showed a significant increase in the elimination half-life (t1/2(k e )) of 5-FU in the PGS-pretreated group and in the area under the curve (AUC) in the SMB-pretreated group compared with the control group. However, after SMB pretreatment, weight loss was observed in rats. The results of pharmacodynamic experiments showed that neither PGS nor SMB, when used alone, directly inhibited cancer cell growth at 0.1-100 μg/ml. Moreover, PGS had a synergistic cytotoxic effect with 5-FU on human gastric cancer cells but not on normal gastric cells. The results imply that when combined with 5-FU, PGS may be a better candidate for further study. This study might provide insights for the selection of herbal-chemotherapy agent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
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Wang SJ, Zheng CJ, Peng C, Zhang H, Jiang YP, Han T, Qin LP. Plants and cervical cancer: an overview. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:1133-56. [PMID: 23789984 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.811486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cervical cancer, the second most common gynecological malignant tumor seriously harmful to the health of women, remains a leading cause of cancer-related death for women in developing countries. Although a large amount of scientific research has been reported on plants as a natural source of treatment agents for cervical cancer, it is currently scattered across various publications. A systematic summary and knowledge of future prospects are necessary to facilitate further plant studies for anti-cervical cancer agents. AREAS COVERED This review generalizes and analyzes the current knowledge on the anti-cervical cancer properties and mechanisms involved for plants, and discusses the future prospects for the application of these plants. EXPERT OPINION This review mainly focuses on the plants which have been scientifically tested in vitro and/or in vivo and proved as potential agents for the treatment of cervical cancer. The failure of conventional chemotherapy to reduce mortality as well as serious side effects involved makes natural products ideal candidates for exerting synergism and attenuation effects on anticancer drugs. Although the chemical components and mechanisms of action of natural plants with anti-cervical cancer potential have been investigated, many others remain unknown. More investigations and clinical trials are necessary to make use of these medical plants reasonably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Juan Wang
- Second Military Medical University, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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Luo Y, Xu DQ, Dong HY, Zhang B, Liu Y, Niu W, Dong MQ, Li ZC. Tanshinone IIA inhibits hypoxia-induced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation via Akt/Skp2/p27-associated pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56774. [PMID: 23437233 PMCID: PMC3578942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that tanshinone IIA ameliorated the hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH) partially by attenuating pulmonary artery remodeling. The hypoxia-induced proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) is one of the major causes for pulmonary arterial remodeling, therefore the present study was performed to explore the effects and underlying mechanism of tanshinone IIA on the hypoxia-induced PASMCs proliferation. PASMCs were isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats and cultured in normoxic (21%) or hypoxic (3%) condition. Cell proliferation was measured with 3 - (4, 5 - dimethylthiazal - 2 - yl) - 2, 5 - diphenyltetrazoliumbromide assay and cell counting. Cell cycle was measured with flow cytometry. The expression of of p27, Skp-2 and the phosphorylation of Akt were measured using western blot and/or RT-PCR respectively. The results showed that tanshinone IIA significantly inhibited the hypoxia-induced PASMCs proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner and arrested the cells in G1/G0-phase. Tanshinone IIA reversed the hypoxia-induced reduction of p27 protein, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, in PASMCs by slowing down its degradation. Knockdown of p27 with specific siRNA abolished the anti-proliferation of tanshinone IIA. Moreover, tanshinone IIA inhibited the hypoxia-induced increase of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) and the phosphorylation of Akt, both of which are involved in the degradation of p27 protein. In vivo tanshinone IIA significantly upregulated the hypoxia-induced p27 protein reduction and downregulated the hypoxia-induced Skp2 increase in pulmonary arteries in HPH rats. Therefore, we propose that the inhibition of tanshinone IIA on hypoxia-induce PASMCs proliferation may be due to arresting the cells in G1/G0-phase by slowing down the hypoxia-induced degradation of p27 via Akt/Skp2-associated pathway. The novel information partially explained the anti-remodeling property of tanshinone IIA on pulmonary artery in HPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Luo
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xìan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dun-Quan Xu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xìan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Ying Dong
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xìan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xìan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xìan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Niu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xìan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming-Qing Dong
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xìan, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (ZCL); (MQD)
| | - Zhi-Chao Li
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xìan, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (ZCL); (MQD)
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Ma H, Fan Q, Yu J, Xin J, Zhang C. Novel Microemulsion of Tanshinone IIA, Isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Exerts Anticancer Activity Through Inducing Apoptosis in Hepatoma Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2013; 41:197-210. [PMID: 23336516 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x13500146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural product Tanshinone IIA (TanIIA) induces apoptosis and differentiation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, but its clinical use is limited due to poor water solubility and lack of appropriate formulations for drug delivery. In this study, we capsulated TanIIA into a microemulsion (ME) that was composed of phospholipid, ethyl oleate, glycerol and pluronic F68. We then determined the anticancer effects and mechanisms of action for TanIIA ME with in vitro and in vivo HCC models. The mRNA and protein levels of apoptosis-related molecules (Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3) were analyzed in murine hepatoma H22 cells and H22 tumor-bearing mice by flow cytometry, RT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining. Compared with the groups treated with empty ME and drug solution, the mRNA levels of Bax and caspase-3 were up-regulated, and the mRNA and protein levels of Bcl-2 were down-regulated in H22 cells treated with TanIIA ME in a dose-dependent manner. The mRNA and protein levels of Bax and caspase-3 were up-regulated and the Bcl-2 levels were also down-regulated in animals treated with TanIIA ME in a dose-dependent manner. Our results suggest that as a novel drug delivery system, microemulsion enhances the antitumor effects of TanIIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China
| | - Qing Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China
| | - Jile Xin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China
| | - Ce Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China
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Abstract
Tanshinones are a class of abietane diterpene compound isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen or Tanshen in Chinese), a well-known herb in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Since they were first identified in the 1930s, more than 40 lipophilic tanshinones and structurally related compounds have been isolated from Danshen. In recent decades, numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the isolation, identification, synthesis and pharmacology of tanshinones. In addition to the well-studied cardiovascular activities, tanshinones have been investigated more recently for their anti-cancer activities in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we update the herbal and alternative sources of tanshinones, and the pharmacokinetics of selected tanshinones. We discuss anti-cancer properties and identify critical issues for future research. Whereas previous studies have suggested anti-cancer potential of tanshinones affecting multiple cellular processes and molecular targets in cell culture models, data from in vivo potency assessment experiments in preclinical models vary greatly due to lack of uniformity of solvent vehicles and routes of administration. Chemical modifications and novel formulations had been made to address the poor oral bioavailability of tanshinones. So far, human clinical trials have been far from ideal in their design and execution for the purpose of supporting an anti-cancer indication of tanshinones.
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MA HUI, FAN QING, YU JIA, XIN JILE, ZHANG CE. Anticancer activities of tanshinone microemulsion against hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Mol Med Rep 2012; 7:59-64. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Wu YB, Ni ZY, Shi QW, Dong M, Kiyota H, Gu YC, Cong B. Constituents from Salvia Species and Their Biological Activities. Chem Rev 2012; 112:5967-6026. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200058f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Bing Wu
- School of
Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University,
Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050017, China
| | - Zhi-Yu Ni
- School of
Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University,
Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050017, China
| | - Qing-Wen Shi
- School of
Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University,
Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050017, China
| | - Mei Dong
- Department of Forensic Medicine,
Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine,
Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050017, China
| | - Hiromasa Kiyota
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology
for Future Bioindustry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku
University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiya, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- School of
Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University,
Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050017, China
- Syngenta Jealott’s Hill
International Research Centre, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Bin Cong
- Department of Forensic Medicine,
Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine,
Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050017, China
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Shi LL, Yang WN, Chen XL, Zhang JS, Yang PB, Hu XD, Han H, Qian YH, Liu Y. The protective effects of tanshinone IIA on neurotoxicity induced by β-amyloid protein through calpain and the p35/Cdk5 pathway in primary cortical neurons. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:227-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Liu C, Li J, Wang L, Wu F, Huang L, Xu Y, Ye J, Xiao B, Meng F, Chen S, Yang M. Analysis of tanshinone IIA induced cellular apoptosis in leukemia cells by genome-wide expression profiling. Altern Ther Health Med 2012; 12:5. [PMID: 22248096 PMCID: PMC3398275 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is a diterpene quinone extracted from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza, a Chinese traditional herb. Although previous studies have reported the anti-tumor effects of Tan IIA on various human cancer cells, the underlying mechanisms are not clear. The current study was undertaken to investigate the molecular mechanisms of Tan IIA's apoptotic effects on leukemia cells in vitro. METHODS The cytotoxicity of Tan IIA on different types of leukemia cell lines was evaluated by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2,5]-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on cells treated without or with Tan IIA at different concentrations for different time periods. Cellular apoptosis progression with and without Tan IIA treatment was analyzed by Annexin V and Caspase 3 assays. Gene expression profiling was used to identify the genes regulated after Tan IIA treatment and those differentially expressed among the five cell lines. Confirmation of these expression regulations was carried out using real-time quantitative PCR and ELISA. The antagonizing effect of a PXR inhibitor L-SFN on Tan IIA treatment was tested using Colony Forming Unit Assay. RESULTS Our results revealed that Tan IIA had different cytotoxic activities on five types of leukemia cells, with the highest toxicity on U-937 cells. Tan IIA inhibited the growth of U-937 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Annexin V and Caspase-3 assays showed that Tan IIA induced apoptosis in U-937 cells. Using gene expression profiling, 366 genes were found to be significantly regulated after Tan IIA treatment and differentially expressed among the five cell lines. Among these genes, CCL2 was highly expressed in untreated U-937 cells and down-regulated significantly after Tan IIA treatment in a dose-dependent manner. RT-qPCR analyses validated the expression regulation of 80% of genes. Addition of L-sulforaphane (L-SFN), an inhibitor of Pregnane×receptor (PXR) significantly attenuated Tan IIA's effects using colony forming assays. CONCLUSIONS Tan IIA has significant growth inhibition effects on U-937 cells through the induction of apoptosis. And Tan IIA-induced apoptosis might result from the activation of PXR, which suppresses the activity of NF-κB and lead to the down-regulation of CCL2 expression.
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Wang Y, Li Q, Fan ZZ, Wang YQ, Qiu YY, Jin BH, Chen XZ, Yin PH. Tanshinone IIA induces apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells via the SAPK/JNK signal pathway. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:1028-1033. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i10.1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate whether tanshinone IIA (TSIIA) induces apoptosis of human pancreatic cancer cells via the SAPK/JNK signal pathway.
METHODS: After treatment with TSIIA, MTT assay was used to observe the cytostatic effect of TSIIA on human pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells; cell apoptosis was assessed by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry (FCM); p-JNK expression was assayed by Western blot; and mRNA expression of survivin was detected by quantitative fluorescence PCR.
RESULTS: TSIIA inhibited PANC-1 cell growth in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. After PANC-1 cells were treated with 8, 16, or 32 mg/L of TSIIA for 48 h, typical morphologic changes of apoptosis were observed by fluorescence microscopy after Hoechst staining. The apoptosis rates of cells treated with 8, 16, and 32 mg/L of TSIIA for 48 h were (8.83 ± 1.51)%, (12.86 ± 2.70)% and (21.24 ± 2.58)%, respectively, showing a significant difference among the three groups (P < 0.01). After the SAPK/JNK signal pathway was blocked, cell apoptosis rate decreased significantly (P < 0.01). p-JNK expression began to increase at 1 h and reached the peak at 4 h after TSIIA treatment. The mRNA expression of the survivin gene decreased obviously after treatment with 16 mg/L TSIIA for 48 h but increased significantly when the SAPK/JNK signal transduction pathway was blocked.
CONCLUSION: TSIIA can induce human pancreatic cancer cell apoptosis. TSIIA exerts anti-pancreatic cancer effects possibly by down-regulating the expression of survivin mRNA via the SAPK/JNK signal transduction pathway.
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Dong Y, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH. Biosynthesis, total syntheses, and antitumor activity of tanshinones and their analogs as potential therapeutic agents. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:529-42. [PMID: 21225077 DOI: 10.1039/c0np00035c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tanshinones are a series of abietane diterpenes, isolated exclusively from Salvia miltiorrhiza and related species. More than 40 tanshinones and their analogs have been isolated since the 1930s. Their biosynthetic pathway correlates with the MEP/DOXP pathway, and many key enzymes, such as mCPS, are responsible for establishing their molecular scaffolds and stereospecificity. Because of their unique structural characteristics and promising biological activities, total syntheses of various tanshinones have attracted the interest of many synthetic chemists, including R. H. Thomson, H. Kakisawa, R. L. Danheiser, Y. Inouye and J. K. Snyder. Tanshinones and their analogs exhibit interesting and broad antitumor activity in various cell and animal models. Most recently, the tanshinone analog neo-tanshinlactone has shown potent and selective activity against breast cancer. This review will discuss the biosynthesis, total syntheses, and antitumor activities of tanshinones,especially neo-tanshinlactone and its analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Dong
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, USA
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Fang J, Xu SW, Wang P, Tang FT, Zhou SG, Gao J, Chen JW, Huang HQ, Liu PQ. Tanshinone II-A attenuates cardiac fibrosis and modulates collagen metabolism in rats with renovascular hypertension. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 18:58-64. [PMID: 20638255 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive changes that develop in the pressure-overloaded left ventricular myocardium include cardiac hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects of Tanshinone II-A, a bioactive diterpene quinone isolated from Danshen, on cardiac fibrosis and collagen metabolism in rats with renovascular hypertension. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to two-kidney two-clip (2K2C) or sham operation (sham) and treated with Valsartan (Val, 26.7 mg/kg/d), Tanshinone II-A (Tsn, 70, 35 mg/kg/d) or vehicle. Six weeks later, systolic blood pressure (BP), LV weight, collagen abundance, cardiac function parameters, hydroxyproline content and mRNA levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2 were evaluated. Both high-dose (Tsn-H, 70 mg/kg/d) and low-dose (Tsn-L, 35 mg/kg/d) of Tsn failed to attenuate 2K2C-induced BP elevation but significantly attenuated the attendant interstitial fibrosis. Val suppressed elevations of BP and left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) in 2K2C rats. Val and Tsn-H exerted comparable suppressive effects on the gene expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1, while Val decreased the MMP-2 mRNA level without affecting the transcript levels of TIMP-2. Both Val and Tsn-H attenuated cardiac dysfunction, while Tsn-L showed slight improvement. These data demonstrate for the first time, that Tsn prevented cardiac fibrosis and improved cardiac function in a rat model of renovascular hypertensive independent of hypotensive effect. Tsn conferred its beneficial effects on the collagen metabolism probably through its regulation of transcript levels of the MMPs/TIMPs balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Fang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Zhang N, Kong X, Yan S, Yuan C, Yang Q. Huaier aqueous extract inhibits proliferation of breast cancer cells by inducing apoptosis. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:2375-83. [PMID: 20718753 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aqueous extract of Trametes robiniophila murr (Huaier) has been commonly used in China for cancer complementary therapy in recent years; however, the mechanisms of its anticancer effects are largely unknown. In the present study, we aim to investigate its inhibitory effect on both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, and explore the possible mechanisms of its anticancer effect. Cell viability and motility were measured by MTT and invasive assays, migration and scratch assays in vitro, respectively. The distribution of cell cycle, PI-Annexin-V staining and Rhodamine 123 assay were analyzed by flow cytometry, and western blot were used to test the apoptotic pathways. We found that Huaier extract could strongly inhibit cell viability of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner; however, MDA-MB-231 cells showed more susceptibility to the treatment. Furthermore, cell invasiveness and migration were also suppressed with exposure to Huaier extract. We also indicated that Huaier could induce G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest, p53 accumulation and activation selectively in MCF-7 cells. Inspiringly, the PI-Annexin-V staining assay and western blot analysis confirmed cell apoptosis executed by caspase-3. Decreased mitochondrial membrane potential by Rhodamine 123 assay and down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of BCL2-associated X protein (BAX) indicated that Huaier induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. Caspase activation during Huaier-induced apoptosis was confirmed by pan-caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-fmk. As expected, the inhibitor decreased Huaier-induced apoptosis in both cell lines. Based on our findings, Huaier can induce cell apoptosis in both ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancer cell lines and is an effective complementary agent for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
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Yi X, Kodzius R, Gong X, Xiao K, Wen W. A simple method of fabricating mask-free microfluidic devices for biological analysis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2010; 4:036503. [PMID: 20890452 PMCID: PMC2948042 DOI: 10.1063/1.3487796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report a simple, low-cost, rapid, and mask-free method to fabricate two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic chip for biological analysis researches. In this fabrication process, a laser system is used to cut through paper to form intricate patterns and differently configured channels for specific purposes. Bonded with cyanoacrylate-based resin, the prepared paper sheet is sandwiched between glass slides (hydrophilic) or polymer-based plates (hydrophobic) to obtain a multilayer structure. In order to examine the chip's biocompatibility and applicability, protein concentration was measured while DNA capillary electrophoresis was carried out, and both of them show positive results. With the utilization of direct laser cutting and one-step gas-sacrificing techniques, the whole fabrication processes for complicated 2D and 3D microfluidic devices are shorten into several minutes which make it a good alternative of poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic chips used in biological analysis researches.
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Lee WYW, Cheung CCM, Liu KWK, Fung KP, Wong J, Lai PBS, Yeung JHK. Cytotoxic effects of tanshinones from Salvia miltiorrhiza on doxorubicin-resistant human liver cancer cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2010; 73:854-859. [PMID: 20455578 DOI: 10.1021/np900792p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
P-Glycoprotein (Pgp) overexpression and alterations in p53 oncogene expression are known to affect chemotherapeutic efficacy in the treatment of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The present study has demonstrated the anti-HCC potential of cryptotanshinone (1), dihydrotanshinone (2), tanshinone I (3), and tanshinone IIA (4), the active lipophilic constituents of Salvia miltiorrhiza, using MTT and caspase-3 activity assays and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage in HepG2, Hep3B, and PLC/PRF/5 cells. THLE-3, a normal human immortalized liver cell line, was used to demonstrate the selective growth inhibitory effect of 3 for a HCC cell line. Compound 1 suppressed doxorubicin efflux, a process mediated by P-glycoprotein, in a Pgp-overexpressed HepG2 subclone (R-HepG2 cells). Despite its moderate cytostatic and pro-apoptotic effects and minimal influence on doxorubicin efflux, 4 provided the best synergism with doxorubicin as determined by the Combination Index, the Loewe additivity model, and the Bliss independence criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Y W Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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Amirghofran Z, Malek-hosseini S, Gholmoghaddam H, Kalalinia F. Inhibition of tumor cells growth and stimulation of lymphocytes byEuphorbiaspecies. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 33:34-42. [DOI: 10.3109/08923971003699018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Li Y, Liu D, Ai H, Chang Q, Liu D, Xia Y, Liu S, Peng N, Xi Z, Yang X. Biological evaluation of layered double hydroxides as efficient drug vehicles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:105101. [PMID: 20154371 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/10/105101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recently there has been a rapid expansion of the development of bioinorganic hybrid systems for safe drug delivery. Layered double hydroxides (LDH), a variety of available inorganic matrix, possess great promise for this purpose. In this study, an oxidative stress biomarker system, including measurement of reactive oxygen species, glutathione content, endogenous nitric oxide, carbonyl content in proteins, DNA strand breaks and DNA-protein crosslinks, was designed to evaluate the biocompatibility of different concentrations of nano-Zn/Al-LDH with a Hela cell line. The drug delivery activity of the LDH-folic-acid complex was also assessed. The resulting data clearly demonstrated that nano-LDH could be applied as a relatively safe drug vehicle with good delivery activity, but with the caveat that the effects of high dosages observed here should not be ignored when attempting to maximize therapeutic activity by increasing LDH concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
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Yang W, Ju JH, Jeon MJ, Han X, Shin I. Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) extract inhibits proliferation of breast cancer cells via modulation of Akt activity and p27 level. Phytother Res 2010; 24:198-204. [PMID: 19610045 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Danshen is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine, often in combination with other herbs. To check the effect of Danshen on the proliferation of breast cancer cells, Danshen extract was used to treat MCF-7 and MCF-7 HER2 cells, the latter of which overexpresses HER2. HER2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase, and is involved in signal transduction pathways leading to tumor cell proliferation. MTT and cell proliferation assays revealed that Danshen strongly inhibited the proliferation of both MCF-7 vec cells and MCF-7 HER2 cells. Flow cytometry analyses indicated that Danshen induced cell cycle delay in the G1 phase. HER2 expression was shown to confer resistance to Danshen-induced inhibition of proliferation and cell cycle delay, suggesting that HER2 is responsible for the resistance to Danshen. Danshen treatment induced the down-regulation of Akt phosphorylation and an increase in p27 in MCF-7 vec and MCF-7 HER2 cells. Nevertheless, MCF-7 HER2 cells were more resistant to the Danshen-induced inhibition of Akt phosphorylation and p27 up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonseok Yang
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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Yang L, Zou XJ, Gao X, Chen H, Luo JL, Wang ZH, Liang QS, Yang GT. Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate attenuates angiotensin II-induced collagen type I expression in cardiac fibroblasts in vitro. Exp Mol Med 2009; 41:508-16. [PMID: 19322029 PMCID: PMC2721148 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2009.41.7.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis occurs after pathological stimuli to the cardiovascular system. One of the most important factors that contribute to cardiac fibrosis is angiotensin II (AngII). Accumulating studies have suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays an important role in cardiac fibrosis and sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS) possesses antioxidant action. We therefore examined whether STS depresses Ang II-induced collagen type I expression in cardiac fibroblasts. In this study, Ang II significantly enhanced collagen type I expression and collagen synthesis. Meanwhile, Ang II depressed matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression and activity. These responses were attenuated by STS. Furthermore, STS depressed the intracellular generation of ROS, NADPH oxidase activity and subunit p47(phox) expression. In addition, N-acetylcysteine the ROS scavenger, depressed effects of Ang II in a manner similar to STS. In conclusion, the current studies demonstrate that anti-fibrotic effects of STS are mediated by interfering with the modulation of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, China
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Tanshinone IIA triggers p53 responses and apoptosis by RNA polymerase II upon DNA minor groove binding. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:1316-22. [PMID: 19591811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.06.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Our previous work has shown that tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is a DNA minor groove binder instead of an intercalator as previously thought. In this study, we have further demonstrated that the molecular antitumor pharmacology of Tan IIA is dependent on its groove-binding capability. First, we investigated the structure damage to duplex DNA upon Tan IIA binding using circular dichroism spectra. Subsequently, we performed western blot, flow cytometry analysis, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and quantitative real-time PCR to illustrate the RNAPII degradation, phosphorylation, and distribution along the transcribed gene in H22 cells exposed to Tan IIA. In addition, p53 activation and apoptosis induction in both cultured H22 cells and in mice bearing the ascitic-type H22 were measured following Tan IIA treatment. It was revealed that Tan IIA decreases the level of RNAPII by altering DNA structure. At the low dose range (0.2-4 microM) of Tan IIA exposure, the DNA structure damage results in the inhibition of RNAPII binding to DNA and the initiation of RNAPII phosphorylation, while higher concentrations of Tan IIA (4-20 microM) cause complete phosphorylation and degradation of RNAPII followed by p53 activation and apoptosis. A similar apoptosis induction by RNAPII was observed in animals. Apoptosis of tumor cells from ascitic fluid was not detected until RNAPII levels were downregulated by Tan IIA, which requires 40 mg/kg body weight of Tan IIA. It was concluded that DNA-conformational-damage-dependent RNAPII response upon groove binding is the molecular basis of the antitumor property of Tan IIA, in vivo and in vitro.
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Wang Y, Li Q, Fan ZZ, Sun J, Wang YQ, Liu RH, Gao H. Tanshinone ⅡA induces apoptosis of liver cancer cells via p38MAPK signal transduction. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2009; 17:124-129. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v17.i2.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the effect of TSⅡA on inducing apoptosis via p38MAPK signal transduction in human liver cancer.
METHODS: The apoptosis rate was assessed in liver cancer cells by immunofluorescence after treatment with TSⅡA, and gel electrophoresis was used to observe the typical DNA ladder. Apoptosis and cell cycle were determined by flow cytometry (FCM), the mRNA expression level of Fas and Caspase-3 were detected using fluorescent quantitation PCR. The mRNA expression level of Fas and Caspase-3 was detected after treatment with blocking agent.
RESULTS: After SMMC-7721 cells were treated with 4, 8, 16 mg/L of TSⅡA for 48 h, typical morphologic changes of apoptosis were observed by fluorescence microscopy using Hoechst staining. There were regular DNA ladders under agarose gel electrophoresis. after treatment with 4, 8, 16 mg/L of TSⅡA for 48 h, the cell apoptotic rates were respectively 12.83%± 1.51%, 17.86% ± 2.70% and 29.24% ± 7.58%, showing significant difference (P < 0.01). After signal transduction pathway of p38MAPK was blocked, the cell apoptotic rates and cell ratio of G0/G1 phase were decreased significantly (P < 0.01). The mRNA expression of the Fas, Caspase-3 gene were increased obviously after treatment with 8 mg/L TSⅡA for 48 h; whereas they were decreased significantly when the transduction pathway was blocked.
CONCLUSION: TSⅡA could induce the apoptosis of human liver cancer cells and arrest in G0/G1 phase. The mechanism might be related to up-regulated expression of Fas, Caspase-3 mRNA by regulating p38MAPK signal transduction pathway.
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