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Li J, Du L, He JN, Chu KO, Guo CL, Wong MOM, Pang CP, Chu WK. Anti-inflammatory Effects of GTE in Eye Diseases. Front Nutr 2021; 8:753955. [PMID: 34966770 PMCID: PMC8711650 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.753955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular inflammation is a common complication of various eye diseases with wide consequences from irritations to potentially sight-threatening complications. Green tea is a popular beverage throughout the world. One of the proven health benefits of consuming green tea extract (GTE) is anti-inflammation. Catechins are the biologically active constituents of GTE. In in vitro and in vivo studies, GTE and catechins present inhibition of inflammatory responses in the development of ocular inflammation including infectious, non-infectious or autoimmune, and oxidative-induced complications. Research on the ocular inflammation in animal models has made significant progress in the past decades and several key disease mechanisms have been identified. Here we review the experimental investigations on the effects of GTE and catechins on various ocular inflammation related diseases including glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, uveitis and ocular surface inflammation. We also review the pharmacokinetics of GTE constituents and safety of green tea consumption. We discuss the insights and perspectives of these experimental results, which would be useful for future development of novel therapeutics in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lin Du
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jing Na He
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kai On Chu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cosmos Liutao Guo
- Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mandy Oi Man Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai Kit Chu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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2
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Errachid A, Nohawica M, Wyganowska-Swiatkowska M. A comprehensive review of the influence of Epigallocatechin gallate on Sjögren's syndrome associated molecular regulators of exocytosis (Review). Biomed Rep 2021; 15:95. [PMID: 34631050 PMCID: PMC8493546 DOI: 10.3892/br.2021.1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the salivary glands, leading to reduced secretory functions and oral and ocular dryness. The salivary glands are composed of acinar cells that are responsible for the secretion and production of secretory granules, which contain salivary components, such as amylase, mucins and immunoglobulins. This secretion process involves secretory vesicle trafficking, docking, priming and membrane fusion. A failure during any of the steps in exocytosis in the salivary glands results in the altered secretion of saliva. Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor attachment protein receptors, actin, tight junctions and aquaporin 5 all serve an important role in the trafficking regulation of secretory vesicles in the secretion of saliva via exocytosis. Alterations in the expression and distribution of these selected proteins leads to salivary gland dysfunction, including SS. Several studies have demonstrated that green tea polyphenols, most notably Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), possess both anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties in normal human cells. Molecular, cellular and animal studies have indicated that EGCG can provide protective effects against autoimmune and inflammatory reactions in salivary glands in diseases such as SS. The aim of the present article is to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review on the possible therapeutic interactions between EGCG and the selected molecular mechanisms associated with SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmounaim Errachid
- Department of Dental Surgery and Periodontology, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, 60-812 Poznań, Greater Poland, Poland.,Earth and Life Institute, University Catholique of Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Michal Nohawica
- Department of Dental Surgery and Periodontology, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, 60-812 Poznań, Greater Poland, Poland
| | - Marzena Wyganowska-Swiatkowska
- Department of Dental Surgery and Periodontology, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, 60-812 Poznań, Greater Poland, Poland
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3
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Nutraceuticals in the Mediterranean Diet: Potential Avenues for Breast Cancer Treatment. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082557. [PMID: 34444715 PMCID: PMC8400469 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional Mediterranean Diet constitutes a food model that refers to the dietary patterns of the population living in countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea in the early 1960s. A huge volume of literature data suggests that the Mediterranean-style diet provides several dietary compounds that have been reported to exert beneficial biological effects against a wide spectrum of chronic illnesses, such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and cancer including breast carcinoma. Among bioactive nutrients identified as protective factors for breast cancer, natural polyphenols, retinoids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antitumoral properties. The multiple anticancer mechanisms involved include the modulation of molecular events and signaling pathways associated with cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, migration, angiogenesis, antioxidant enzymes and immune responses. This review summarizes the anticancer action of some polyphenols, like resveratrol and epigallocatechin 3-gallate, retinoids and omega-3 PUFAs by highlighting the important hallmarks of cancer in terms of (i) cell cycle growth arrest, (ii) apoptosis, (iii) inflammation and (iv) angiogenesis. The data collected from in vitro and in vivo studies strongly indicate that these natural compounds could be the prospective candidates for the future anticancer therapeutics in breast cancer disease.
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Wang S, Li Z, Ma Y, Liu Y, Lin CC, Li S, Zhan J, Ho CT. Immunomodulatory Effects of Green Tea Polyphenols. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123755. [PMID: 34203004 PMCID: PMC8234133 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Green tea and its bioactive components, especially polyphenols, possess many health-promoting and disease-preventing benefits, especially anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and metabolic modulation effects with multi-target modes of action. However, the effect of tea polyphenols on immune function has not been well studied. Moreover, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating immunoregulation are not well understood. This review summarizes the recent studies on the immune-potentiating effects and corresponding mechanisms of tea polyphenols, especially the main components of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG). In addition, the benefits towards immune-related diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, cutaneous-related immune diseases, and obesity-related immune diseases, have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Hubei Zhongke Research Institute of Industrial Technology, College of Life Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China; (S.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zhiliang Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Hubei Zhongke Research Institute of Industrial Technology, College of Life Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China; (S.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yuting Ma
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Hubei Zhongke Research Institute of Industrial Technology, College of Life Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China; (S.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yan Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Hubei Zhongke Research Institute of Industrial Technology, College of Life Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China; (S.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Chi-Chen Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Science, The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
| | - Shiming Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Hubei Zhongke Research Institute of Industrial Technology, College of Life Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China; (S.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (C.-T.H.)
| | - Jianfeng Zhan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Hubei Zhongke Research Institute of Industrial Technology, College of Life Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China; (S.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (C.-T.H.)
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Menegazzi M, Campagnari R, Bertoldi M, Crupi R, Di Paola R, Cuzzocrea S. Protective Effect of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) in Diseases with Uncontrolled Immune Activation: Could Such a Scenario Be Helpful to Counteract COVID-19? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145171. [PMID: 32708322 PMCID: PMC7404268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Some coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients develop acute pneumonia which can result in a cytokine storm syndrome in response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The most effective anti-inflammatory drugs employed so far in severe COVID-19 belong to the cytokine-directed biological agents, widely used in the management of many autoimmune diseases. In this paper we analyze the efficacy of epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant ingredient in green tea leaves and a well-known antioxidant, in counteracting autoimmune diseases, which are dominated by a massive cytokines production. Indeed, many studies registered that EGCG inhibits signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1/3 and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) transcription factors, whose activities are crucial in a multiplicity of downstream pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. Importantly, the safety of EGCG/green tea extract supplementation is well documented in many clinical trials, as discussed in this review. Since EGCG can restore the natural immunological homeostasis in many different autoimmune diseases, we propose here a supplementation therapy with EGCG in COVID-19 patients. Besides some antiviral and anti-sepsis actions, the major EGCG benefits lie in its anti-fibrotic effect and in the ability to simultaneously downregulate expression and signaling of many inflammatory mediators. In conclusion, EGCG can be considered a potential safe natural supplement to counteract hyper-inflammation growing in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Menegazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biochemistry Section, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy; (R.C.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Rachele Campagnari
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biochemistry Section, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy; (R.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Mariarita Bertoldi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biochemistry Section, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy; (R.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (R.D.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (R.D.P.); (S.C.)
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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Huang HY, Wang MC, Chen ZY, Chiu WY, Chen KH, Lin IC, Yang WCV, Wu CC, Tseng CL. Gelatin-epigallocatechin gallate nanoparticles with hyaluronic acid decoration as eye drops can treat rabbit dry-eye syndrome effectively via inflammatory relief. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:7251-7273. [PMID: 30510416 PMCID: PMC6231513 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s173198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dry-eye syndrome (DES) is a general eye disease. Eye drops are the common ophthalmological medication. However, the ocular barrier makes it difficult to attain high drug bioavailability. Nanomedicine is a promising alternative treatment for ocular diseases and may increase drug content in the affected eye. Methods To explore this potential, we constructed nanoparticles (NPs) containing an anti-inflammatory agent for DES treatment. The NPs were made of gelatin-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) with surface decoration by hyaluronic acid (HA) and designated "GEH". The particle size, surface charge, and morphology were evaluated. The in vitro biocompatibility and anti-inflammation effect of nanoparticles were assayed via culturing with human corneal epithelium cells (HCECs) and in vivo therapeutic effect was examined in a DES rabbit's model. Results The synthesized GEH NPs had a diameter of approximately 250 nm and were positively charged. A coculture experiment revealed that 20 µg/mL GEH was not cytotoxic to HCECs and that an EGCG concentration of 0.2 µg/mL downregulated the gene expression of IL1B and IL6 in inflamed HCECs. Large amounts of GEH NPs accumulated in the cytoplasm of HCECs and the ocular surfaces of rats and rabbits, indicating the advantage of GEH NPs for ocular delivery of medication. Twice-daily topical treatment with GEH NPs was performed in a rabbit model of DES. The ocular surface of GEH-treated rabbits displayed normal corneal architecture with no notable changes in inflammatory cytokine levels in the cornea lysate. The treatment improved associated clinical signs, such as tear secretion, and fluorescein staining recovered. Conclusion We successfully produced GEH NPs with high affinity for HCECs and animal eyes. The treatment can be delivered as eye drops, which retain the drug on the ocular surface for a longer time. Ocular inflammation was effectively inhibited in DES rabbits. Therefore, GEH NPs are potentially valuable as a new therapeutic agent delivered in eye drops for treating DES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan, .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan,
| | - Wen-Ying Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan,
| | - Ko-Hua Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - I-Chan Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Vivian Yang
- PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Wu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Li Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan, .,International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan, .,International PhD Program in Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan,
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7
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Zhang J, Lei Z, Huang Z, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Luo Z, Zeng W, Su J, Peng C, Chen X. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate(EGCG) suppresses melanoma cell growth and metastasis by targeting TRAF6 activity. Oncotarget 2018; 7:79557-79571. [PMID: 27791197 PMCID: PMC5346735 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
TRAF6 (TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that contains a Ring domain, induces K63-linked polyubiquitination, and plays a critical role in signaling transduction. Our previous results demonstrated that TRAF6 is overexpressed in melanoma and that TRAF6 knockdown dramatically attenuates tumor cell growth and metastasis. In this study, we found that EGCG can directly bind to TRAF6, and a computational model of the interaction between EGCG and TRAF6 revealed that EGCG probably interacts with TRAF6 at the residues of Gln54, Gly55, Asp57 ILe72, Cys73 and Lys96. Among these amino acids, mutation of Gln54, Asp57, ILe72 in TRAF6 could destroy EGCG bound to TRAF6, furthermore, our results demonstrated that EGCG significantly attenuates interaction between TRAF6 and UBC13(E2) and suppresses TRAF6 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, the phosphorylation of IκBα, p-TAK1 expression are decreased and the nuclear translocation of p65 and p50 is blocked by treatment with EGCG, leading to inactivation of the NF-κB pathway. Moreover, EGCG significantly inhibits cell growth as well as the migration and invasion of melanoma cells. Taken together, these findings show that EGCG is a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase inhibitor that could be used to target TRAF6 for chemotherapy or the prevention of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglin Zhang
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhou Lei
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zunnan Huang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Youyou Zhou
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhongling Luo
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Weiqi Zeng
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Su
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cong Peng
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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8
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Chang CY, Wang MC, Miyagawa T, Chen ZY, Lin FH, Chen KH, Liu GS, Tseng CL. Preparation of arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-modified biopolymeric nanoparticles containing epigalloccatechin-3-gallate for targeting vascular endothelial cells to inhibit corneal neovascularization. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 12:279-294. [PMID: 28115846 PMCID: PMC5221810 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s114754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neovascularization (NV) of the cornea can disrupt visual function, causing ocular diseases, including blindness. Therefore, treatment of corneal NV has a high public health impact. Epigalloccatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), presenting antiangiogenesis effects, was chosen as an inhibitor to treat human vascular endothelial cells for corneal NV treatment. An arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (RGD) peptide–hyaluronic acid (HA)-conjugated complex coating on the gelatin/EGCG self-assembly nanoparticles (GEH-RGD NPs) was synthesized for targeting the αvβ3 integrin on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in this study, and a corneal NV mouse model was used to evaluate the therapeutic effect of this nanomedicine used as eyedrops. HA-RGD conjugation via COOH and amine groups was confirmed by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The average diameter of GEH-RGD NPs was 168.87±22.5 nm with positive charge (19.7±2 mV), with an EGCG-loading efficiency up to 95%. Images of GEH-RGD NPs acquired from transmission electron microscopy showed a spherical shape and shell structure of about 200 nm. A slow-release pattern was observed in the nanoformulation at about 30% after 30 hours. Surface plasmon resonance confirmed that GEH-RGD NPs specifically bound to the integrin αvβ3. In vitro cell-viability assay showed that GEH-RGD efficiently inhibited HUVEC proliferation at low EGCG concentrations (20 μg/mL) when compared with EGCG or non-RGD-modified NPs. Furthermore, GEH-RGD NPs significantly inhibited HUVEC migration down to 58%, lasting for 24 hours. In the corneal NV mouse model, fewer and thinner vessels were observed in the alkali-burned cornea after treatment with GEH-RGD NP eyedrops. Overall, this study indicates that GEH-RGD NPs were successfully developed and synthesized as an inhibitor of vascular endothelial cells with specific targeting capacity. Moreover, they can be used in eyedrops to inhibit angiogenesis in corneal NV mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Yi Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan
| | - Ming-Chen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan
| | - Takuya Miyagawa
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
| | - Zhi-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
| | - Feng-Huei Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University
| | - Ko-Hua Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guei-Sheung Liu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ching-Li Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
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9
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Synergistic Effect of Artificial Tears Containing Epigallocatechin Gallate and Hyaluronic Acid for the Treatment of Rabbits with Dry Eye Syndrome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157982. [PMID: 27336157 PMCID: PMC4919017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a common eye disease. Artificial tears (AT) are used to treat DES, but they are not effective. In this study, we assessed the anti-inflammatory effect of AT containing epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and hyaluronic acid (HA) on DES. Human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) were used in the WST-8 assay to determine the safe dose of EGCG. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated HCECs showing inflammation were treated with EGCG/HA. The expression of IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α was assessed by real-time PCR and AT physical properties such as the viscosity, osmolarity, and pH were examined. AT containing EGCG and HA were topically administered in a rabbit DES model established by treatment with 0.1% benzalkonium chloride (BAC). Tear secretion was assessed and fluorescein, H&E, and TUNEL staining were performed. Inflammatory cytokine levels in the corneas were also examined. The non-toxic optimal concentration of EGCG used for the treatment of HCECs in vitro was 10 μg/mL. The expression of several inflammatory genes, including IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, was significantly inhibited in inflamed HCECs treated with 10 μg/mL EGCG and 0.1% (w/v) HA (E10/HA) compared to that in inflamed HCECs treated with either EGCG or HA alone. AT containing E10/HA mimic human tears, with similar osmolarity and viscosity and a neutral pH. Fluorescence examination of the ocular surface of mouse eyes showed that HA increased drug retention on the ocular surface. Topical treatment of DES rabbits with AT plus E10/HA increased tear secretion, reduced corneal epithelial damage, and maintained the epithelial layers and stromal structure. Moreover, the corneas of the E10/HA-treated rabbits showed fewer apoptotic cells, lower inflammation, and decreased IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α levels. In conclusion, we showed that AT plus E10/HA had anti-inflammatory and mucoadhesive properties when used as topical eye drops and were effective for treating DES in rabbits.
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10
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Park YS, Gauna AE, Cha S. Mouse Models of Primary Sjogren's Syndrome. Curr Pharm Des 2016; 21:2350-64. [PMID: 25777752 DOI: 10.2174/1381612821666150316120024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sjogren's syndrome (SjS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by immune cell infiltration and progressive injury to the salivary and lacrimal glands. As a consequence, patients with SjS develop xerostomia (dry mouth) and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eyes). SjS is the third most common rheumatic autoimmune disorder, affecting 4 million Americans with over 90% of patients being female. Current diagnostic criteria for SjS frequently utilize histological examinations of minor salivary glands for immune cell foci, serology for autoantibodies, and dry eye evaluation by corneal or conjunctival staining. SjS can be classified as primary or secondary SjS, depending on whether it occurs alone or in association with other systemic rheumatic conditions, respectively. Clinical manifestations typically become apparent when the disease is relatively advanced in SjS patients, which poses a challenge for early diagnosis and treatment of SjS. Therefore, SjS mouse models, because of their close resemblance to the human SjS, have been extremely valuable to identify early disease markers and to investigate underlying biological and immunological dysregulations. However, it is important to bear in mind that no single mouse model has duplicated all aspects of SjS pathogenesis and clinical features, mainly due to the multifactorial etiology of SjS that includes numerous susceptibility genes and environmental factors. As such, various mouse models have been developed in the field to try to recapitulate SjS. In this review, we focus on recent mouse models of primary SjS xerostomia and describe them under three categories of spontaneous, genetically engineered, and experimentally induced models. In addition, we discuss future perspectives highlighting pros and cons of utilizing mouse models and current demands for improved models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seunghee Cha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL32610, USA.
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11
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Evaluation of treatment for dry eye with 2-hydroxyestradiol using a dry eye rat model. Mol Vis 2016; 22:446-53. [PMID: 27186071 PMCID: PMC4859160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE 2-hydroxy estradiol (2-OHE2) is a catechol derivative of 17β -Estradiol (E2) and it is synthesized from E2 catalyzed by cytochrome P4501A1. Previous studies reported that 2-OHE2 is a physiologic antioxidant in lipoproteins, liver microsomes, and the brain. Catechol derivatives show an anti-inflammatory effect through the inhibition of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (PGS) activity. Corneal erosion caused by dry eye is related to an increase in oxidative stress and inflammation in ocular surface cells. We investigated the therapeutic effects of 2-OHE2 on corneal damage caused by dry eye. METHODS Steroidal radical scavenging activity was confirmed through the electron spin resonance (ESR) method. PGS activity was measured using the COX Fluorescent Activity Assay Kit. To evaluate the effect of 2-OHE2 on the treatment for dry eye, 2-OHE2 was applied as an eye drop experiment using dry eye model rats. RESULTS 2-OHE2 scavenged tyrosyl radical and possibly suppressed oxidative stress in corneal epithelial cells. In addition, 2-OHE2 inhibited PGS activity, and 2-OHE2 is probably a competitive inhibitor of PGS. Corneal PGS activity was upregulated in the dry eye group. Therefore, 2-OHE2 eye drops improved corneal erosion in dry eye model rats. CONCLUSIONS 2-OHE2 is a candidate for the treatment of dry eye through the suppression of inflammation and oxidative stress in the cornea.
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Leichsenring A, Bäcker I, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C, Lange F, Flemmig J. Long-Term Effects of (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) on Pristane-Induced Arthritis (PIA) in Female Dark Agouti Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152518. [PMID: 27023113 PMCID: PMC4811407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)--a widespread chronic inflammatory disease in industrialized countries--is characterized by a persistent and progressive joint destruction. The chronic pro-inflammatory state results from a mutual activation of the innate and the adaptive immune system, while the exact pathogenesis mechanism is still under discussion. New data suggest a role of the innate immune system and especially polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNs, neutrophils) not only during onset and the destructive phase of RA but also at the chronification of the disease. Thereby the enzymatic activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO), a peroxidase strongly abundant in neutrophils, may be important: While its peroxidase activity is known to contribute to cartilage destruction at later stages of RA the almost MPO-specific oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is also discussed for certain anti-inflammatory effects. In this study we used pristane-induced arthritis (PIA) in Dark Agouti rats as a model for the chronic course of RA in man. We were able to shown that a specific detection of the HOCl-producing MPO activity provides a sensitive new marker to evaluate the actual systemic inflammatory status which is only partially detectable by the evaluation of clinical symptoms (joint swelling and redness measurements). Moreover, we evaluated the long-term pharmacological effect of the well-known anti-inflammatory flavonoid epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Thereby only upon early and continuous oral application of this polyphenol the arthritic symptoms were considerably diminished both in the acute and in the chronic phase of the disease. The obtained results were comparable to the treatment control (application of methotrexate, MTX). As revealed by stopped-flow kinetic measurements, EGCG may regenerate the HOCl-production of MPO which is known to be impaired at chronic inflammatory diseases like RA. It can be speculated that this MPO activity-promoting effect of EGCG may contribute to the pharmacological mode of action of this polyphenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Leichsenring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI) Leipzig, Perlickstraße 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingo Bäcker
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI) Leipzig, Perlickstraße 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul G. Furtmüller
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Lange
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI) Leipzig, Perlickstraße 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Flemmig
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16–18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM) Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Choi W, Lian C, Ying L, Kim GE, You IC, Park SH, Yoon KC. Expression of Lipid Peroxidation Markers in the Tear Film and Ocular Surface of Patients with Non-Sjogren Syndrome: Potential Biomarkers for Dry Eye Disease. Curr Eye Res 2016; 41:1143-9. [PMID: 26731289 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1098707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the expression of lipid peroxidation markers in the tear film and ocular surface and their correlation with disease severity in patients with dry eye disease. METHODS The concentrations of hexanoyl-lysine (HEL), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in tears obtained from 44 patients with non-Sjogren syndrome dry eye and 33 control subjects. The correlations between the marker levels and the tear film and ocular surface parameters, including tear film break-up time (BUT), Schirmer tear value, tear clearance rate, keratoepitheliopathy scores, corneal sensitivity, conjunctival goblet cell density, and symptom score, were analyzed. The expression of the lipid peroxidation markers HEL, 4-HNE, and MDA in the conjunctiva was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The concentrations of HEL, 4-HNE, and MDA were 279.84 ± 69.98 nmol/L, 0.02 ± 0.01 μg/mL, and 3.80 ± 1.05 pmol/mg in control subjects and 283.21 ± 89.67 nmol/L (p = 0.97), 0.20 ± 0.03 μg/mL (p < 0.01), and 13.32 ± 4.03 pmol/mg (p < 0.01) in dry eye patients. 4-HNE and MDA levels significantly correlated with BUT, Schirmer tear value, tear clearance rate, keratoepitheliopathy scores, conjunctival goblet cell density, and symptom score (p < 0.05), whereas HEL levels did not correlate with these parameters. Staining intensities for 4-HNE and MDA increased in dry eye patients. CONCLUSIONS The expression of late lipid peroxidation markers, 4-HNE and MDA, increases in the tear film and ocular surface of patients with dry eye. The levels correlate with various tear film and ocular surface parameters and may reflect the severity of dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Choi
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Cui Lian
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Li Ying
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Ga Eon Kim
- b Department of Pathology , Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Korea
| | - In Cheon You
- c Department of Ophthalmology , Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital , Jeonju , Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Park
- d College of Veterinary Medicine , Chonnam National University , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Kyung Chul Yoon
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Korea
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Min SY, Yan M, Kim SB, Ravikumar S, Kwon SR, Vanarsa K, Kim HY, Davis LS, Mohan C. Green Tea Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Suppresses Autoimmune Arthritis Through Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase Expressing Dendritic Cells and the Nuclear Factor, Erythroid 2-Like 2 Antioxidant Pathway. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2015; 12:53. [PMID: 26379475 PMCID: PMC4570740 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-015-0097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background The activity of one of the major catechins in Green Tea, the polyphenol (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), has been shown to have a variety of health benefits. Recent studies suggest that EGCG can modulate both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. The goal of the current studies was to examine the immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of action of EGCG on experimental arthritis in mice. Methods EGCG (10 mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage after CIA induction, while control mice were administered phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Disease mechanisms were studied in both groups of mice. Phenotypes were examined using repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) and data from in vitro and ex vivo experiments were analyzed for significance using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results EGCG treatment ameliorated clinical symptoms and reduced histological scores in arthritic mice. Serum type-II collagen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) IgG2a antibodies were significantly lower in EGCG-fed mice compared to PBS-treated mice. EGCG significantly suppressed T cell proliferation and relative frequencies of CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells and B cell subsets including marginal zone B cells, T1 and T2 transitional B cells, while increasing the frequency of CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and indoleamine‐2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) expression by CD11b+ dendritic cells (DC). Splenic CD11b+ DC from EGCG fed mice induced an increased frequency of Tregs via an IDO-dependent mechanism in in vitro cultures. Importantly, joint homogenates from EGCG-fed mice exhibited significantly increased levels of Nuclear Factor, Erythroid 2-Like 2 (Nrf-2) and Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) compared with PBS-fed mice. Conclusions This is the first report of upregulation of the Nrf-2 antioxidant pathway in EGCG-mediated immunoregulation. EGCG ameliorated experimental arthritis in mice by eliciting IDO-producing DCs, increasing frequencies of T regs and inducing the activation of the Nrf-2 antioxidant pathway. It remains to be established whether EGCG is useful for the prevention and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Youn Min
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Bldg Y, Flr 8, Room 206 (Y8.206), Dallas, TX 75390-8884 USA
| | - Mei Yan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Bldg Y, Flr 8, Room 206 (Y8.206), Dallas, TX 75390-8884 USA
| | - Sang Bum Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Sneha Ravikumar
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Bldg Y, Flr 8, Room 206 (Y8.206), Dallas, TX 75390-8884 USA.,Present address: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Blvd, Room 2027, Houston, TX 77204-5060 USA
| | - Seong-Ryuel Kwon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Bldg Y, Flr 8, Room 206 (Y8.206), Dallas, TX 75390-8884 USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatism Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Kamala Vanarsa
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Bldg Y, Flr 8, Room 206 (Y8.206), Dallas, TX 75390-8884 USA.,Present address: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Blvd, Room 2027, Houston, TX 77204-5060 USA
| | - Ho-Youn Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatism Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Laurie S Davis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Bldg Y, Flr 8, Room 206 (Y8.206), Dallas, TX 75390-8884 USA
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Bldg Y, Flr 8, Room 206 (Y8.206), Dallas, TX 75390-8884 USA.,Present address: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Blvd, Room 2027, Houston, TX 77204-5060 USA
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Liu M, Gao W, van Velkinburgh JC, Wu Y, Ni B, Tian Y. Role of Ets Proteins in Development, Differentiation, and Function of T-Cell Subsets. Med Res Rev 2015; 36:193-220. [PMID: 26301869 DOI: 10.1002/med.21361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Through positive selection, double-positive cells in the thymus differentiate into CD4(+) or CD8(+) T single-positive cells that subsequently develop into different types of effective T cells, such as T-helper and cytotoxic T lymphocyte cells, that play distinctive roles in the immune system. Development, differentiation, and function of thymocytes and CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells are controlled by a multitude of secreted and intracellular factors, ranging from cytokine signaling modules to transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers. Members of the E26 transformation specific (Ets) family of transcription factors, in particular, are potent regulators of these CD4(+) or CD8(+) T-cell processes. In this review, we summarize and discuss the functions and underlying mechanisms of the Ets family members that have been characterized as involved in these processes. Ongoing research of these factors is expected to identify practical applications for the Ets family members as novel therapeutic targets for inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Liu
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P.R. China.,Battalion 10 of Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P.R. China
| | - Weiwu Gao
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P.R. China
| | | | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P.R. China
| | - Bing Ni
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P.R. China
| | - Yi Tian
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P.R. China
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Non-Nutrient, Naturally Occurring Phenolic Compounds with Antioxidant Activity for the Prevention and Treatment of Periodontal Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2015; 4:447-81. [PMID: 26783837 PMCID: PMC4665427 DOI: 10.3390/antiox4030447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main factors able to explain the pathophysiological mechanism of inflammatory conditions that occur in periodontal disease is oxidative stress. Given the emerging understanding of this relationship, host-modulatory therapies using antioxidants could be interesting to prevent or slow the breakdown of soft and hard periodontal tissues. In this context, non-nutrient phenolic compounds of various foods and plants have received considerable attention in the last decade. Here, studies focusing on the relationship between different compounds of this type with periodontal disease have been collected. Among them, thymoquinone, coenzyme Q (CoQ), mangiferin, resveratrol, verbascoside and some flavonoids have shown to prevent or ameliorate periodontal tissues damage in animal models. However evidence regarding this effect in humans is poor and only limited to topical treatments with CoQ and catechins. Along with animal experiments, in vitro studies indicate that possible mechanisms by which these compounds might exert their protective effects include antioxidative properties, oxygen and nitrogen scavenging abilities, and also inhibitory effects on cell signaling cascades related to inflammatory processes which have an effect on RNS or ROS production as well as on antioxidant defense systems.
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A phase II clinical trial of a natural formulation containing tea catechins for xerostomia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2014; 118:447-454.e3. [PMID: 25240992 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous animal studies indicated catechins from the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) may modulate salivary function and possess a therapeutic effect for xerostomia. The objective of this study was to evaluate a natural formulation containing tea catechins in 60 patients with xerostomia, including patients with Sjögren syndrome. STUDY DESIGN This study used a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized design. The functional placebo contained all natural formulation ingredients and 500 mg xylitol, but without the key plant extracts. RESULTS After 8 weeks of therapy, the xylitol-containing placebo failed to modulate saliva output. In comparison, the catechin-containing natural formulation resulted in a statistically significant increase in unstimulated (3.8-fold) and stimulated (2.1-fold) saliva output vs baseline. The quality of life score showed a significant improvement in both groups but no significant difference between groups. CONCLUSIONS The catechin-containing natural formula partially restored salivary function in patients with xerostomia and provided an objective improvement in saliva output, which warrants large-scale clinical trials.
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Dickinson D, DeRossi S, Yu H, Thomas C, Kragor C, Paquin B, Hahn E, Ohno S, Yamamoto T, Hsu S. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate modulates anti-oxidant defense enzyme expression in murine submandibular and pancreatic exocrine gland cells and human HSG cells. Autoimmunity 2014; 47:177-84. [PMID: 24444391 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2013.879470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Sjogren's syndrome (SS) and type-1 diabetes are prevalent autoimmune diseases in the USA. We reported previously that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) prevented and delayed the onset of autoimmune disease in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, a model for both SS and type-1 diabetes. EGCG also normalized the levels of proteins related to DNA repair and anti-oxidant activity in NOD.B10.Sn-H2 mice, a model for primary SS, prior to disease onset. The current study examined the effect of EGCG on the expression of anti-oxidant enzymes in the submandibular salivary gland and the pancreas of NOD mice and cultured human salivary gland acinar cells. NOD mice consuming 0.2% EGCG daily dissolved in water showed higher protein levels of peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6), a major anti-oxidant defense protein, and catalase, while the untreated NOD mice exhibited significantly lowered levels of PRDX6. Similarly, pancreas samples from water-fed NOD mice were depleted in PRDX6 and superoxide dismutase, while EGCG-fed mice showed high levels of these anti-oxidant enzymes. In cultured HSG cells EGCG increased PRDX6 levels significantly, and this was inhibited by p38 and JNK inhibitors, suggesting that the EGCG-mediated increase in protective anti-oxidant capacity is regulated in part through mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway signaling. This mechanism may explain the higher levels of PRDX6 found in EGCG-fed NOD mice. These preclinical observations warrant future preclinical and clinical studies to determine whether EGCG or green tea polyphenols could be used in novel preventive and therapeutic approaches against autoimmune diseases and salivary dysfunction involving oxidative stress.
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Saito K, Mori S, Date F, Ono M. Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and apoptosis in MRL-Faslprmice with autoimmune sialadenitis via upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 and Bcl-2. Autoimmunity 2014; 47:13-22. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2013.850079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Flemmig J, Remmler J, Röhring F, Arnhold J. (−)-Epicatechin regenerates the chlorinating activity of myeloperoxidase in vitro and in neutrophil granulocytes. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 130:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Jalbert I. Diet, nutraceuticals and the tear film. Exp Eye Res 2013; 117:138-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Li CL, He J, Li ZG, Zheng LW, Hua H. Effects of total glucosides of paeony for delaying onset of Sjogren's syndrome: an animal study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2013; 41:610-5. [PMID: 23333492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2012.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effectiveness of total glucosides of paeony (TGP) on Sjogren's syndrome (SS) using non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice model. STUDY DESIGN Twenty-seven 8-week-old female NOD mice were assigned into TGP group, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) group and normal saline (NS) group, receiving corresponding drugs respectively and sacrificed at 24-week-old. Saliva flow rate (SFR), ration of regulatory T cells, level of anti-SSA/SSB, histological changes in submandibular glands (SMG) and microarray analysis were assessed. The data were analyzed using SPSS. RESULTS Compared to NS group, in TGP group, SFR, SMG index and the ration of regulatory T cells were significantly higher, while anti-SSA/SSB and lymphocytic foci were significantly lower. HCQ group demonstrated similar results except SMG index. Altered gene expression was found in 10.71% of TGP and 13.09% of HCQ of the profile. CONCLUSION TGP demonstrated a similar effectiveness as HCQ in delaying the onset of SS-like disease in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Lei Li
- Department of Oral Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Cho AR, Kim JH, Lee DE, Lee JS, Jung UW, Bak EJ, Yoo YJ, Chung WG, Choi SH. The effect of orally administered epigallocatechin-3-gallate on ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. J Periodontal Res 2013; 48:781-9. [PMID: 23581513 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is known for its beneficial properties, including anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. Recently, reports have suggested that EGCG plays a pivotal role in regulating cytokine expression and osteoclastic activity. In the present study, we investigated whether orally administered EGCG has a therapeutic effect on ligature-induced periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with EGCG or phosphate-buffered saline. Periodontitis was induced by tying a ligature for 7 d. After removing ligation, EGCG (200 mg/kg) or phosphate-buffered saline was administered via oral gavage on a daily basis. Rats were killed after 1, 2 and 4 wk of administration. Histologic and histomorphometric analyses, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase staining and immunohistochemistry were carried out. RESULTS In the control group, bone loss did not recover even after the causative factor of periodontitis was eliminated. On the other hand, distance from cemento-enamel junction to alveolar bone crest, long junctional epithelium and collagen destruction were reduced in the EGCG group. Decreased interleukin (IL)-6 expression was shown from the early stage of EGCG administration, followed by reduced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) expression at week 4 EGCG group. The CT area showed a higher decrease of IL-6 expression between the control and EGCG group than alveolar bone area. Downregulation of TNF and IL-6 expression led to a decrease in osteoclast number and activity, which resulted in reduced bone loss. CONCLUSIONS Systemic administration of EGCG could have a therapeutic effect on damaged periodontal tissue. Inhibited cytokine expression, including TNF and IL-6 is responsible for the reduction in osteoclast formation, osteoclastic activity and collagen destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-R Cho
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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Hoshikawa S, Nakagawa Y, Ozaki H, Takahashi Y, Ito S, Yoshida K, Mori K. Effects of green tea polyphenols on iodide-induced autoimmune thyroiditis in nonobese diabetic mice. Immunol Invest 2013; 42:235-46. [PMID: 23461615 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2012.753611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Because green tea polyphenols (GTPs) possess anti-inflammatory properties and are effective in inhibiting autoimmune diseases in experimental settings, we examined whether GTPs prevented the development of autoimmune thyroiditis in iodide-treated nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, an animal model of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). Mice were given 0.05% iodide water or iodide water supplemented with 0.2% GTPs for 8 weeks. GTPs administration led to an enhanced production of interleukin-10 by concanavalin A-stimulated splenocytes but did not interfere with thyroiditis development. Serum thyroxine levels were not influenced by GTPs. Our data suggest that administration of GTPs may not be an effective strategy for the prevention of HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Hoshikawa
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
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Green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate modulates differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into specific lineage effector cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 91:485-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0964-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Ohno S, Yu H, Dickinson D, Chu TC, Ogbureke K, Derossi S, Yamamoto T, Hsu S. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate modulates antioxidant and DNA repair-related proteins in exocrine glands of a primary Sjogren's syndrome mouse model prior to disease onset. Autoimmunity 2012; 45:540-6. [PMID: 22849293 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.710860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The autoimmune disorder primary Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is associated with xerostomia and xerophthalmia. SS pathogenesis involves both genetic/epigenetic and environmental factors. A major potential contributor is oxidative stress associated with damage to cellular components, including DNA. We reported previously that the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) normalizes the elevated levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a key component of DNA repair, in the NOD mouse model for SS and type 1 diabetes. The current study examined levels of the antioxidant enzymes peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6), catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as PCNA, in NOD.B10.Sn-H2 mice, a model for primary SS, and determined the effect of EGCG on their expression. PCNA elevation was detected in the submandibular gland and pancreas by 8 weeks of age in water-fed mice, and increased through 14 weeks of age, prior to overt onset of symptoms. This early PCNA elevation was followed by a decline of peroxiredoxin 6 protein. In contrast, EGCG-fed mice exhibited normal levels of PCNA and peroxiredoxin 6, comparable to healthy untreated BALB/c mice. Similar patterns were observed in the pancreas, even though these mice do not develop diabetes. Thus, elevated PCNA is an early biomarker for exocrine glandular dysfunction associated with SS-like autoimmune disease, accompanied subsequently by decreased PRDX6 antioxidant enzyme levels that could further contribute to oxidative stress, and these changes precede inflammatory cell infiltration. Importantly, EGCG consumption normalizes the expression of these biomarkers in this model. These observations could lead to early diagnosis and intervention of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Ohno
- Kochi University Medical School, Kochi, Japan
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Wu D, Wang J. The ability of green tea to alleviate autoimmune diseases: fact or fiction? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2012; 7:711-3. [PMID: 22014009 DOI: 10.1586/eci.11.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the efficacy of topical epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) for the treatment of dry eye disease (DED). METHODS Seven- to 8-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were housed in the controlled environment chamber to induce DED. Topical 0.01% or 0.1% EGCG, or vehicle, was applied to the eyes of DED mice. Corneal fluorescein staining and the number of corneal CD11b+ cells were assessed in the different groups. Expression of interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, chemokine ligand 2, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A/C/D was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction in the corneas at day 9. Corneas were stained for lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor (LYVE)-1 to evaluate lymphangiogenesis, and the terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was used to evaluate apoptosis of corneal epithelial cells. RESULTS Treatment with 0.1% EGCG showed a significant decrease in corneal fluorescein staining compared with the vehicle (24.6%, P = 0.001) and untreated controls (41.9%, P < 0.001). A significant decrease in the number of CD11b+ cells was observed in 0.1% EGCG-treated eyes, compared with the vehicle in the peripheral (23.3%, P = 0.001) and central (26.1%, P = 0.009) corneas. Treatment with 0.1% EGCG was associated with a significant decrease in the corneal expression of interleukin-1β (P = 0.029) and chemokine ligand 2 (P = 0.001) compared with the vehicle and in VEGF-A and VEGF-D levels compared with the untreated group (P = 0.007 and P = 0.048, respectively). EGCG 0.01% also showed a decrease in inflammation at the molecular level but no significant changes in the clinical signs of DED. No cellular toxicity to the corneal epithelium was observed with 0.01% or 0.1% EGCG. CONCLUSIONS Topical EGCG treatment is able to reduce the clinical signs and inflammatory changes in DED by suppressing the inflammatory cytokine expression and infiltration of CD11b+ cells in the cornea.
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Wang J, Ren Z, Xu Y, Xiao S, Meydani SN, Wu D. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by altering balance among CD4+ T-cell subsets. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 180:221-34. [PMID: 22056360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The green tea component epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) may be beneficial in autoimmune diseases; however, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we determined the effect of EGCG on the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model for human multiple sclerosis, and the underlying mechanisms. Female C57BL/6 mice were fed EGCG (0%, 0.15%, 0.3%, and 0.6% in diet) for 30 days and then immunized with specific antigen myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55. EGCG dose dependently attenuated clinical symptoms and pathological features (leukocyte infiltration and demyelination) in the central nervous system and inhibited antigen-specific T-cell proliferation and delayed-type hypersensitivity skin response. We further showed that EGCG reduced production of interferon-γ, IL-17, IL-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α; decreased types 1 and 17 helper T cells (Th1 and Th17, respectively); and increased regulatory T-cell populations in lymph nodes, the spleen, and the central nervous system. Moreover, EGCG inhibited expression of transcription factors T-box expressed in T cells and retinoid-related orphan receptor-γt, the specific transcription factor for Th1 and Th17 differentiation, respectively; the plasma levels of intercellular adhesion molecule 1; and CCR6 expression in CD4(+) T cells. These results indicate that EGCG may attenuate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis autoimmune response by inhibiting immune cell infiltration and modulating the balance among pro- and anti-autoimmune CD4(+) T-cell subsets. Thus, we identified a novel mechanism that underlies EGCG's beneficial effect in autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Wang
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Sackler Graduate School of Biochemical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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Tsai PY, Ka SM, Chang JM, Chen HC, Shui HA, Li CY, Hua KF, Chang WL, Huang JJ, Yang SS, Chen A. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate prevents lupus nephritis development in mice via enhancing the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:744-54. [PMID: 21641991 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Patients with lupus nephritis show an impaired oxidative status and increased levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, which are closely linked to inflammation and correlated with disease activity. Although epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major bioactive polyphenol present in green tea with antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)-mediated inflammatory responses in vivo, its effectiveness for the treatment of lupus nephritis is still unknown. In the present study, 12-week-old New Zealand black/white (NZB/W) F1 lupus-prone mice were treated daily with EGCG by gavage until sacrificed at 34 weeks old for clinical, pathological, and mechanistic evaluation. We found that the administration (1) prevented proteinuria, renal function impairment, and severe renal lesions; (2) increased renal nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and glutathione peroxidase activity; (3) reduced renal oxidative stress, NF-κB activation, and NLRP3 mRNA/protein expression and protein levels of mature caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18; and (4) enhanced splenic regulatory T (Treg) cell activity. Our data clearly demonstrate that EGCG has prophylactic effects on lupus nephritis in these mice that are highly associated with its effects of enhancing the Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathway, decreasing renal NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and increasing systemic Treg cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yi Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Pae M, Ren Z, Meydani M, Shang F, Smith D, Meydani SN, Wu D. Dietary supplementation with high dose of epigallocatechin-3-gallate promotes inflammatory response in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 23:526-31. [PMID: 21684134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from green tea has been indicated to have anti-inflammatory activity. However, most of the evidence is in vitro studies in which EGCG is often added at levels unachievable by oral intake. With few exceptions, in vivo studies along this line have been conducted in animal models of diseases, and the results are inconclusive. In this study, we fed C57BL/6 mice a diet containing 0%, 0.15%, 0.3% or 1% (w/w) EGCG for 6 weeks. Contrary to the assumption that EGCG would reduce inflammatory response, mice fed 0.15% and 0.3% EGCG diet exhibited no change while those fed 1% EGCG diet produced more proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β and lipid inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E(2) in their splenocytes and macrophages (MΦ) and less IL-4 in splenocytes. Spleens from the mice fed 1% EGCG diet also had higher proportions of regulatory T cells, MΦ, natural killer (NK) cells and NKT cells compared to those from mice fed the other diets. These results suggest that high intake of EGCG may induce a proinflammatory response, and this change may be associated with a disturbed homeostasis of immune cells involving changes in both function and number of specific immune cell populations. While the mechanisms and clinical significance for this effect of EGCG remain to be investigated further, these data suggest the need for defining accurate EGCG dose limits to induce an anti-inflammatory effect since current data indicate that higher doses would produce an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munkyong Pae
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Wisuitiprot W, Somsiri A, Ingkaninan K, Waranuch N. A novel technique for chitosan microparticle preparation using a water/silicone emulsion: green tea model. Int J Cosmet Sci 2011; 33:351-8. [PMID: 21323933 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2010.00635.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many effective methods such as spray drying, coacervation, ionic gelation, solvent evaporation and sieving have been suggested for entrapping bioactive compounds into micro- or nanoparticles. However, those methods still have some limitations owing to high temperature requirement, difficulty in particle harvesting or low entrapment for uncharged molecules. In this study, a novel chitosan microparticle preparation method was developed using water-in-silicone emulsion technique with green tea extract as a model active compound. Chitosan microparticles of diameter <5 μm were obtained from 2% chitosan solution with tripolyphosphate (TPP) solution as the hardening agent. The size and properties of the particles appeared to depend on several parameters such as TPP, emulsifier concentrations and pH. High concentration of emulsifier led to low encapsulation and particle aggregation. Entrapment efficiency of chitosan microparticles was improved with lower pH of the tripolyphosphate solution [59.94 ± 3.97 of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)] while slowing release of catechins. Epigallocatechin and epicatechin were released almost completely within 2 h under acidic condition whereas EGCG and epicatechin gallate were slowly released. In neutral condition, release of catechins depended on their molecular stabilities. The stabilities of catechins loaded in chitosan microparticles were varied under various temperatures. The degradation of tea catechins increased with temperature. However, the degradation of tea catechins loaded in chitosan microparticles was less than that of free catechins. Thus, the new technique for preparing chitosan microparticles containing heat-sensitive water soluble green tea extract was successfully developed. The technique is suitable for micro-encapsulation of hydrophilic compounds into chitosan microparticles with the ease of harvesting technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wisuitiprot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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Pae M, Ren Z, Meydani M, Shang F, Meydani SN, Wu D. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate directly suppresses T cell proliferation through impaired IL-2 utilization and cell cycle progression. J Nutr 2010; 140:1509-15. [PMID: 20534878 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.124743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that in vitro epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) supplementation inhibited T cell response in mouse spleen cells. In this study, we confirmed this effect of EGCG in mice fed 0.3% EGCG for 6 wk. A coculture with all the combinations of preincubating antigen-presenting cells and T cells with or without EGCG showed that EGCG suppressed antigen-induced T cell proliferation, mainly through a direct effect on T cells. To determine the mechanisms for this effect of EGCG, we stimulated purified mouse T cells with anti-CD3/CD28 in the presence of EGCG (2.5-15 micromol/L) and found that EGCG dose-dependently inhibited cell division and cell cycle progression and this effect of EGCG was more pronounced in CD4(+) than in CD8(+) T cells. Interleukin (IL)-2 concentrations in EGCG-treated cell cultures showed no difference up to 24 h but were higher in the cultures at 48 h compared with the untreated control cells. However, intracellular staining showed no difference between EGCG-treated and untreated control cells in IL-2 synthesis, but EGCG-treated cells expressed less IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) compared with untreated control cells. EGCG did not affect mRNA expression of IL-2 and IL-2R. These results indicate that EGCG-induced IL-2 accumulation in 48 h cultures is due to its reduced utilization. In summary, EGCG directly inhibits T cell proliferative response to both polyclonal and antigen-specific stimulation. CD4(+) cells are more responsive to EGCG than CD8(+) cells. Future studies should determine the effect of EGCG on CD4(+) cell subsets to assess its application in T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munkyong Pae
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate inhibits cell signaling by inducing SOCS1 gene expression. Int Immunol 2010; 22:359-66. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxq015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Wu M, Kodani I, Dickinson D, Huff F, Ogbureke KUE, Qin H, Arun S, Dulebohn R, Al-Shabrawey M, Tawfik A, Prater S, Lewis J, Wataha J, Messer R, Hsu S. Exogenous expression of caspase-14 induces tumor suppression in human salivary cancer cells by inhibiting tumor vascularization. Anticancer Res 2009; 29:3811-3818. [PMID: 19846913 PMCID: PMC2810004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current therapeutic approaches to salivary gland cancer are often associated with severe disfigurement and loss of glandular function, which are traumatic to the patients. Exploration of novel treatment approaches, such as gene therapy, is needed. MATERIALS AND METHODS The human salivary gland cancer cell line HSG was transiently transfected with full length human caspase-14 cDNA. Photomicroscopy, BrdU assay, cell counting, MTT assay, and TUNEL assay were applied. To determine the tumorigenicity, tumor volume, tumor pathology and vascularization were analyzed in vivo. RESULTS Cell growth and viability were inhibited significantly by transient caspase-14 expression. Caspase-14 expression resulted in a significant reduction of tumorigenicity. Importantly, a significant decrease in tumor blood vessel formation was observed. CONCLUSION Salivary gland cancer cells underwent growth inhibition, cell death, and reduced tumorigenicity in vivo when exogenous caspase-14 was expressed, which could be due, in part, to an inhibitory effect of caspase-14 on tumor vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Wu
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomotology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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