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Park MK, Park HK, Yu HS. The Recombinant Profilin from Free-Living Amoebae Induced Allergic Immune Responses via TLR2. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:2915-2925. [PMID: 38764493 PMCID: PMC11100517 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s450866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Repeated exposure to recombinant profilin from Acanthamoeba (rAc-PF) induces allergic airway responses in vitro and in vivo. Based on the role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in allergic airway diseases, TLRs play a central role in innate immune responses and the adaptive immune system and regulate responses against antigens through antigen-specific receptors. In this study, we attempted to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying rAc-PF-induced allergic inflammatory responses. Methods We determined the correlation between rAc-PF and TLRs and analyzed changes in allergic immune responses after blocking multiple TLR signaling under rAc-PF treatment conditions in vitro. We also compared allergic inflammatory responses in TLR2 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. To investigate the effect of TLR2 on antigen prototyping and T cell activation in the inflammatory response induced by rAc-PF, we assessed maturation of BMDCs and polarization of naïve T cells by rAc-PF stimulation. Additionally, we compared changes in inflammation-related gene expression by rAc-PF treatment in primary lung epithelial cells isolated from TLR2 KO and WT mice. Results The rAc-PF treatment was increased the expression level of TLR2 and 9 in vitro. But, there were not significantly differ the others TLRs expression by rAc-PF treated group. And then, the mRNA expression levels of inflammation-related genes were reduced in the TLR2 or TLR9 antagonist-treated groups compared to those in the rAc-PF alone, were no difference the treated with the other TLRs (TLR4, 6, and 7/8) antagonist. The difference was higher in the TLR2 antagonist group. Additionally, the levels of airway inflammatory disease indicators were lower in the TLR2 KO group than in the WT group after rAc-PF treatment. Furthermore, the expression of bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (BMDC) surface molecular markers following rAc-PF stimulation was lower in TLR2 KO mice than in WT mice, and TLR2 KO in BMDCs resulted in a remarkable decline in Th2/17-related cytokine production and Th2/17 subset differentiation. In addition, the expression levels of rAc-PF-induced inflammatory genes were reduced inTLR2 KO primary lung cells compared to those in normal primary lung cells. Conclusion These results suggest that the rAc-PF-induced airway inflammatory response is regulated by TLR2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyung Park
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Sun Yu
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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Sha JF, Xie QM, Chen N, Song SM, Ruan Y, Zhao CC, Liu Q, Shi RH, Jiang XQ, Fei GH, Wu HM. TLR2-hif1α-mediated glycolysis contributes to pyroptosis and oxidative stress in allergic airway inflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 200:102-116. [PMID: 36907255 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
As a pattern recognition receptor which activates innate immune system, toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) has been reportedly mediates allergic airway inflammation (AAI), yet the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, in a murine AAI model, TLR2-/- mice showed decreased airway inflammation, pyroptosis and oxidative stress. RNA-sequencing revealed that allergen-induced hif1 signaling pathway and glycolysis were significantly downregulated when TLR2 was deficient, which were confirmed by lung protein immunoblots. Glycolysis inhibitor 2-Deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) inhibited allergen-induced airway inflammation, pyroptosis, oxidative stress and glycolysis in wild type (WT) mice, while hif1α stabilizer ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (EDHB) restored theses allergen-induced changes in TLR2-/- mice, indicating TLR2-hif1α-mediated glycolysis contributes to pyroptosis and oxidative stress in AAI. Moreover, upon allergen challenge, lung macrophages were highly activated in WT mice but were less activated in TLR2-/- mice, 2-DG replicated while EDHB reversed such effect of TLR2 deficiency on lung macrophages. Likewise, both in vivo and ex vivo WT alveolar macrophages (AMs) exhibited higher TLR2/hif1α expression, glycolysis and polarization activation in response to ovalbumin (OVA), which were all inhibited in TLR2-/- AMs, suggesting AMs activation and metabolic switch are dependent on TLR2. Finally, depletion of resident AMs in TLR2-/- mice abolished while transfer of TLR2-/- resident AMs to WT mice replicated the protective effect of TLR2 deficiency on AAI when administered before allergen challenge. Collectively, we suggested that loss of TLR2-hif1α-mediated glycolysis in resident AMs ameliorates allergic airway inflammation that inhibits pyroptosis and oxidative stress, therefore the TLR2-hif1α-glycolysis axis in resident AMs may be a novel therapeutic target for AAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Feng Sha
- Anhui Geriatric Institute, Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Molecular Medicine of Anhui Province, Jixi Road No.218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Research and Medical Transformation of Anhui Province, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China
| | - Qiu-Meng Xie
- Anhui Geriatric Institute, Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Molecular Medicine of Anhui Province, Jixi Road No.218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Research and Medical Transformation of Anhui Province, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China
| | - Ning Chen
- Anhui Geriatric Institute, Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Molecular Medicine of Anhui Province, Jixi Road No.218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Research and Medical Transformation of Anhui Province, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China
| | - Si-Ming Song
- Anhui Geriatric Institute, Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Molecular Medicine of Anhui Province, Jixi Road No.218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Research and Medical Transformation of Anhui Province, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China
| | - Ya Ruan
- Anhui Geriatric Institute, Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Molecular Medicine of Anhui Province, Jixi Road No.218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Research and Medical Transformation of Anhui Province, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China
| | - Cui-Cui Zhao
- Anhui Geriatric Institute, Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Molecular Medicine of Anhui Province, Jixi Road No.218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Research and Medical Transformation of Anhui Province, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China
| | - Qian Liu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Huang Shan Road 443, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, PR China
| | - Rong-Hua Shi
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Huang Shan Road 443, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, PR China
| | - Xu-Qin Jiang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Huang Shan Road 443, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, PR China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Lujiang Road 17, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, PR China.
| | - Guang-He Fei
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Research and Medical Transformation of Anhui Province, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China.
| | - Hui-Mei Wu
- Anhui Geriatric Institute, Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Molecular Medicine of Anhui Province, Jixi Road No.218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Research and Medical Transformation of Anhui Province, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China.
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Xiao H, Zhang QN, Sun QX, Li LD, Xu SY, Li CQ. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals a Link Between Hippo Signaling Pathway and Macrophages in Lungs of Mice with OVA-Induced Allergic Asthma. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:423-437. [PMID: 35082511 PMCID: PMC8784274 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s346505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xiao
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian-nan Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi-xiang Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lao-dong Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Si-yue Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao-qian Li
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Chao-qian Li, Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13807887867, Fax +86 771-5350031, Email
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Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhang H, Tang H, Hu H, Wang S, Wong VKW, Li Y, Deng J. Autophagy Modulators From Chinese Herbal Medicines: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potentials for Asthma. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:710679. [PMID: 34366865 PMCID: PMC8342996 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.710679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma has become a global health issue, suffering more than 300 million people in the world, which is a heterogeneous disease, usually characterized by chronic airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity. Combination of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and long acting β-agonists (LABA) can relieve asthma symptoms and reduce the frequency of exacerbations, especially for patients with refractory asthma, but there are limited treatment options for people who do not gain control on combination ICS/LABA. The increase in ICS dose generally provides little additional benefit, and there is an increased risk of side effects. Therefore, therapeutic interventions integrating the use of different agents that focus on different targets are needed to overcome this set of diseases. Some findings suggest autophagy is closely correlated with the severity of asthma through eosinophilic inflammation, and its modulation may provide novel therapeutic approaches for severe allergic asthma. The chinese herbal medicine (CHM) have been demonstrated clinically as potent therapeutic interventions for asthma. Moreover some reports have found that the bioactive components isolated from CHM could modulate autophagy, and exhibit potent Anti-inflammatory activity. These findings have implied the potential for CHMs in asthma or allergic inflammation therapy via the modulation of autophagy. In this review, we discuss the basic pathomechanisms underpinning asthma, and the potential role of CHMs in treating asthma with modulating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - He Zhang
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Tang
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hang Hu
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Songping Wang
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yuying Li
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jun Deng
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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5
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Yu Y, Men S, Zhang Y. miR-20a-5p ameliorates ovalbumin (OVA)-induced mouse model of allergic asthma through targeting ATG7-regulated cell death, fibrosis and inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 95:107342. [PMID: 33684878 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays an essential role in modulating asthma progression. MiR-20a-5p can regulate autophagy, but its effects on allergic asthma are still unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the potential of miR-20a-5p on autophagy-modulated airway remodeling and to reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that miR-20a-5p expression was markedly down-regulated in lung of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced mouse model with allergic asthma and in cells stimulated by OVA. Meanwhile, autophagy, apoptosis, fibrosis and inflammatory response were detected in pulmonary tissues from OVA-treated mice. Importantly, luciferase assays showed that ATG7 was a target of miR-20a-5p. We also found that miR-20a-5p over-expression markedly reduced ATG7, while its inhibition promoted ATG7 in cells. In addition, over-expressing miR-20a-5p in OVA-treated cells significantly decreased ATG7 expression levels, along with markedly reduced autophagy, apoptotic cell death, fibrosis and inflammatory response. These results were similar to the effects of autophagy inhibitor 3-Methyladenine (3-MA), indicating that miR-20a-5p was involved in autophagy-induced apoptosis, fibrosis and inflammation. In vivo experiments further demonstrated that miR-20a-5p over-expression was associated with ATG7 reduction in parallel with the alleviated airway remodeling in OVA-treated mice also through suppressing collagen accumulation, apoptosis and inflammation. Similarly, animal studies further confirmed that miR-20a-5p functioned as an autophagy inhibitor to mitigate allergic asthma development. Therefore, miR-20a-5p may be a promising biomarker and therapeutic target during asthma progression by regulating ATG7-modulated autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Yu
- Department of Pediatric Asthma, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital in Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu 215003, China.
| | - Shuai Men
- Department of Respiratory Specialty the Children's Hospital of Suzhou University, Jiangsu 215003, China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Specialty the Children's Hospital of Suzhou University, Jiangsu 215003, China
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Wang S, Wuniqiemu T, Tang W, Teng F, Bian Q, Yi L, Qin J, Zhu X, Wei Y, Dong J. Luteolin inhibits autophagy in allergic asthma by activating PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling and inhibiting Beclin-1-PI3KC3 complex. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 94:107460. [PMID: 33621850 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a common chronic inflammatory disease characterized by airway inflammation, mucus hypersecretion and airway remodeling. Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular degradation pathway in eukaryotic cells. There is growing evidence suggesting that dysregulation of autophagy is involved in the pathological process of asthma. Luteolin is a typical flavonoid compound with anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and immune-enhancing functions. Previous studies have shown that luteolin can attenuate airway inflammation and hypersensitivity in asthma. However, whether luteolin can play a role in treating asthma by regulating autophagy remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of luteolin on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic mice, observe its effect on the level of autophagy in lung tissues, and further elucidate its underlying mechanism. The results showed that OVA-induced mice developed airway hyperresponsiveness, mucus over-production and collagen deposition. The number of inflammatory cells, levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and OVA-specific IgE in serum were significantly increased. Furthermore, the infiltration of inflammatory cells was observed along with the activation of autophagy in lung tissues. Luteolin treatment significantly inhibited the OVA-induced inflammatory responses and the level of autophagy in lung tissues as well. Moreover, luteolin activated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and inhibited the Beclin-1-PI3KC3 protein complex in lung tissues of asthmatic mice. In conclusion, this study explored the regulatory mechanism of luteolin on autophagy in allergic asthma, providing biologic evidence for its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyuan Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tulake Wuniqiemu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Weifeng Tang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fangzhou Teng
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qin Bian
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - La Yi
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jingjing Qin
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xueyi Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jingcheng Dong
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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7
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Bustos SO, Antunes F, Rangel MC, Chammas R. Emerging Autophagy Functions Shape the Tumor Microenvironment and Play a Role in Cancer Progression - Implications for Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:606436. [PMID: 33324568 PMCID: PMC7724038 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.606436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex environment where cancer cells reside and interact with different types of cells, secreted factors, and the extracellular matrix. Additionally, TME is shaped by several processes, such as autophagy. Autophagy has emerged as a conserved intracellular degradation pathway for clearance of damaged organelles or aberrant proteins. With its central role, autophagy maintains the cellular homeostasis and orchestrates stress responses, playing opposite roles in tumorigenesis. During tumor development, autophagy also mediates autophagy-independent functions associated with several hallmarks of cancer, and therefore exerting several effects on tumor suppression and/or tumor promotion mechanisms. Beyond the concept of degradation, new different forms of autophagy have been described as modulators of cancer progression, such as secretory autophagy enabling intercellular communication in the TME by cargo release. In this context, the synthesis of senescence-associated secretory proteins by autophagy lead to a senescent phenotype. Besides disturbing tumor treatment responses, autophagy also participates in innate and adaptive immune signaling. Furthermore, recent studies have indicated intricate crosstalk between autophagy and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), by which cancer cells obtain an invasive phenotype and metastatic potential. Thus, autophagy in the cancer context is far broader and complex than just a cell energy sensing mechanism. In this scenario, we will discuss the key roles of autophagy in the TME and surrounding cells, contributing to cancer development and progression/EMT. Finally, the potential intervention in autophagy processes as a strategy for cancer therapy will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Odete Bustos
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Antunes
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Rangel
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roger Chammas
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Brazil
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