Regulatory and immunomodulatory role of miR-34a in T cell immunity

Serum levels of miR-34, miR-182 and miR-378 as novel diagnostic biomarkers in Behçet patients and their relation to disease activity and severity

BACKGROUND

Behçet Disease (BD) is a chronic multi-systemic vasculitis of relapsing and remitting nature. Many recent studies have denoted the role of micro RNAs (MiRNAs) in the pathogenesis of BD.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Blood samples were withdrawn from 50 BD patients and 40 age and sex-matched healthy individuals in this study.

RESULTS

Serum expression levels of miR-34a and miR-182 were significantly elevated in BD patients when compared to controls, p < .001. However, serum expression levels of miR-378 were significantly decreased in BD patients compared to controls, p < .001. miR-182 serum levels were also found to be elevated in active BD patients compared to patients in inactive state (p = .022). We found a significant association between miR-34 levels and joint affection in BD patients as well as a significant relation between miR-182 levels and each of neurological manifestations and genital ulcerations. In addition, a statistically significant positive correlations were proved in the current results between miR-182 expression and BDCAF score (r = 0.419, p = .002) as well as severity score (r = 0.358, p = .011).

CONCLUSION

Our study denoted that the three miRNAs; miR-34a, miR-182, and miR-378 possibly play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of BD. The distinction of their serum levels between patients and healthy individuals suggested their potentiality as promising biomarkers for BD.

miR-143-3p Promotes TSCM Differentiation and Inhibits Progressive T Cell Differentiation via Inhibiting ABL2 and PAG1

BACKGROUND

Adoptive cell therapy (ACT), including CAR-T and TCR-T therapies, shows promise for cancer treatment, depending on infused T cell expansion, persistence and activity. We previously characterized four T-cell subsets (TN, TSCM, TCM and TEM) and their miRNA profiles.

OBJECTIVES

This study investigates miR-143-3p's role in T cell differentiation.

METHODS

Using qPCR, we analyzed miR-143-3p expression. Target genes were validated by dual-luciferase assays. Functional assays assessed differentiation markers, proliferation, apoptosis and cytokine secretion.

RESULTS

miR-143-3p was upregulated in early-differentiated TSCM but downregulated during progression. We confirmed ABL2 and PAG1 as direct targets suppressed by miR-143-3p. Overexpression increased early markers (LEF1, CCR7 and CD62L) while decreasing late markers (EOMES, KLRG1 and CD45RO). It also enhanced proliferation, reduced apoptosis and suppressed cytokine secretion.

CONCLUSIONS

miR-143-3p promotes TSCM differentiation and inhibits progressive differentiation by targeting ABL2/PAG1, suggesting new ACT optimization strategies.

MicroRNAs and long non-coding RNAs In T-cell lymphoma: Mechanisms, pathway, therapeutic opportunities

T-cell lymphomas represent non-Hodgkin lymphomas distinguished by the uncontrolled proliferation of malignant T lymphocytes. Classifying these neoplasms and the ongoing investigation of their underlying biological mechanisms remains challenging. Significant subtypes encompass peripheral T-cell lymphomas, anaplastic large-cell lymphomas, cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. A systematic literature survey used electronic databases, including PubMed, Springer Link, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Search keywords included "T-cell lymphoma," "therapeutic approaches," "RNA therapeutics," "microRNA," and "signaling pathways". T-cell lymphomas are believed to arise from a complex interplay of genetic predispositions and environmental factors. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1), have been implicated as potential etiologic agents. While the exact molecular mechanisms are under investigation, T-cell lymphomas are distinguished by aberrant proliferation of T-cells resulting from dysregulated gene expression. Contemporary research has emphasized the significance of non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, in the etiology and advancement of T-cell lymphomas. Certain miRNAs function as tumor suppressors (e.g., miR-451, miR-31, miR-150, miR-29a), while others can act as oncogenes (e.g., miR-223, miR-17-92, miR-155). Additionally, lcRNAs are responsible for modulating gene expression, and their influence on T-cell function suggests their potential outcome as therapeutic targets. Current therapeutic strategies for T-cell lymphomas predominantly rely on chemotherapy, with emerging modalities encompassing immunotherapy and targeted therapies. Despite these advancements, a substantial subset of T-cell lymphomas remains challenging to manage, especially those in advanced stages or refractory to conventional treatments. RNA-based therapeutics represent a promising strategy, offering many advantages such as targeted therapy, potential for personalized medicine, reduced side effects, rapid development, and synergy with other therapies while facing challenges in delivery, immune response, and specificity. Future research should focus on improving delivery systems, modulating immune responses, and optimizing production to unlock its full potential. This review comprehensively explored T-cell lymphomas, delving into their classification, pathogenesis, and existing therapeutic options. Additionally, we explore the evolving function of non-coding RNAs in the pathogenesis of T-cell lymphoma. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of RNA-based therapeutics as a promising treatment strategy.

The modulation of immune cell death in connection to microRNAs and natural products

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) spatiotemporally regulates damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) derived from dying cancer cells to signal the immune response. Intriguingly, these DAMPs and cytokines also induce cellular responses in non-immune cells, particularly cancer cells. Several ICD-modulating natural products and miRNAs have been reported to regulate the DAMP, cytokine, and cell death responses, but they lack systemic organization and connection. This review summarizes the impacts of natural products and miRNAs on the DAMP and cytokine responses and cancer cell death responses (apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis). We establish the rationale that ICD inducers of natural products have modulating effects on miRNAs, targeting DAMPs and cytokines for immune and cancer cell death responses. In conclusion, DAMP, cytokine, and cell death responses are intricately linked in cancer cells, and they are influenced by ICD-modulating natural products and miRNAs.

Altered exosomal miRNA profiles in patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration

OBJECTIVE

Patients with ovarian cancer (OC) may develop anti-Yo-associated paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD)-a cerebellar ataxia associated with tumor-induced autoimmunity against CDR2 and CDR2L proteins. Dysregulation of circulating exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) occur in OC. Here, we investigated whether PCD is associated with changes in the exosomal miRNA profiles of OC patients.

METHODS

Serum exosomes were isolated from patients with OC (n = 15), patients with OC and anti-Yo-associated PCD (n = 14) and healthy controls (HC, n = 15). Small RNA sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed miRNAs. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate biomarker sensitivity and specificity, and miRNA target prediction analysis was employed to elucidate gene targets.

RESULTS

OC patients with PCD exhibited a distinct exosomal miRNA expression profile. We detected 103 differentially expressed exosomal miRNAs in PCD patients compared to OC patients without PCD and 139 differentially expressed exosomal miRNAs compared to controls. Particularly miR-486-5p, miR-4732-5p, miR-98-5p and miR-21-5p exhibited notable sensitivity and specificity for discriminating PCD patients from both OC patients without PCD and healthy controls. miRNA target prediction showed that several of the differentially expressed miRNAs in PCD patients targeted the CDR2 and CDR2L genes.

INTERPRETATION

Our results demonstrate that OC patients with anti-Yo-associated PCD exhibit a distinct exosomal miRNA profile compared to OC patients without PCD. Several of the differentially expressed exosomal miRNAs in PCD patients showed diagnostic potential and may hold relevance for understanding the pathogenesis of PCD.

Lower expressions of MIR34A and MIR31 in colo-rectal cancer are associated with an enriched immune microenvironment

INTRODUCTION

MicroRNAs (MIRs) play a crucial role in colorectal cancer (CRC) development and metastasis by regulating immune responses. Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are an important predictive factor in many cancers, but, their association with microRNAs have not been studied well in colorectal cancer. Three microRNAs (MIR34A, MIR31 & MIR21), the roles of which in tumorigenesis is well-studied and which also possess immunomodulatory effect, were identified by extensive literature search. Of these, MIR34A acts as a tumour suppressor, MIR21 is considered an onco-MIR, and MIR31 displays both tumour-suppressing and oncogenic properties, making it ambiguous. This study examines the relationship between these three micro-RNAs and TILs in CRC.

MATERIALS & METHODS

Conducted over 18 months at a tertiary cancer care hospital in southern India, this unicentric observational study included 69 cases. These cases were analyzed for miR expression using q-RT-PCR, TILs density through hematoxylin & eosin(H&E) slide examination, and p53 and beta-catenin expression via immunohistochemistry (IHC). Correlations between non-parametric variables were assessed using Chi-square and Spearman correlation tests.

RESULTS

The study found significantly higher MIR34A expression in patients aged 60 years and less (26/41, p=0.024) and a higher prevalence of MIR21 in male patients (23/35, p=0.012). TILs at the tumour advancing front were categorized as low (≤10 %) or high (≥15 %). Among the 36 cases with low TILs, high MIR34A and high MIR31 expressions were observed in 24 cases (p=0.016) and 23 cases (p=0.03), respectively. Conversely, 21 of 33 cases with high TILs had low expressions of both MIR34A and MIR31. High TILs were more common in early-stage CRC (TNM stages I-IIIA), with 20 out of 28 cases, compared to 28 of 41 cases in later stages (IIIB-IVC) exhibiting low TILs (p=0.003). Aberrant p53 expression correlated with lower MIR34A levels, consistent with TCGA data.

CONCLUSION

Lower MIR34A and MIR31 levels are associated with higher TILs density in CRC. Unlike other cancers where MIR34A has anti-tumour effects, there was no statistically significant correlation between its expression and the pT or TNM stages in this study. Increased TILs being a good prognostic indicator, this suggests MIR34A and MIR31 may help CRC cells evade immune surveillance. Aberrant p53 expression downregulates MIR34A, underscoring the therapeutic potential of miRs.

Evaluating the Serum Level of ACTH and Investigating the Expression of miR-26a, miR-34a, miR-155-5p, and miR-146a in the Peripheral Blood Cells of Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorder affecting white and gray matter. This study aimed to investigate the association between clinical outcomes in MS patients and the levels of certain molecules in their serum, including ACTH, IL-17, and specific miRNAs: miR-26a, miR-34a, miR-155-5p, and miR-146a. Fifty healthy people and 75 blood samples from MS patients were selected. MS patients had higher expression levels of IL-17, miR-26a, miR-34a, and miR-146a compared to healthy individuals (p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in miR-155-5p expression between the two groups (p = 0.203). MS patients also had higher serum levels of ACTH compared to the normal population (p < 0.0001). In MS patients, there was a negative correlation between IL-17 and miR-155-5p expression levels (p = 0.048, r =  - 0.229). Similarly, a significant negative correlation was observed between ACTH and miR-155-5p in the control group (p = 0.044, r =  - 0.286). The study's analysis revealed no significant difference in the expression of miR-155-5p between MS patients and normal individuals; the study's examination revealed that the expression level of IL-17, miR-26a, miR-34a, and miR-146a was higher in MS patients than in normal individuals.

Characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 Genome 3'-Untranslated Region Interactions with Host MicroRNAs

The 2019 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has marked the spread of a novel human coronavirus. SARS-CoV-2 has exhibited increased disease severity and immune evasion across its variants, and the molecular mechanisms behind these phenomena remain largely unknown. Conserved elements of the viral genome, such as secondary structures within the 3'-untranslated region (UTR), could prove crucial in furthering our understanding of the host-virus interface. Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome 3'-UTR revealed the potential for host microRNA (miR) binding sites, allowing for sequence-specific interactions. In this study, we demonstrate that the SARS-CoV-2 genome 3'-UTR binds the host cellular miRs miR-34a-5p, miR-34b-5p, and miR-760-3p in vitro. Native gel electrophoresis and steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy were utilized to biophysically characterize the binding of these miRs to their predicted sites within the SARS-CoV-2 genome 3'-UTR. Additionally, we investigated 2'-fluoro-d-arabinonucleic acid (FANA) analogs as competitive binding inhibitors for these interactions. These miRs modulate the translation of granulin (GRN), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), all of which are key modulators and activators of JAK/STAT3 signaling and are implicated in regulation of the immune response. Thus, we propose that hijacking of these miRs by SARS-CoV-2 could identify a mechanism of host immune modulation by the virus. The mechanisms detailed in this study have the potential to drive the development of antiviral treatments for SARS-CoV-2, through direct targeting of the virus-host interface.

miR-34a promotes the immunosuppressive function of multiple myeloma-associated macrophages by dampening the TLR-9 signaling

BACKGROUND

Promising outcomes have been observed in multiple myeloma (MM) with the use of immunotherapies, specifically chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy. However, a portion of MM patients do not respond to CAR-T therapy, and the reasons for this lack of response remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of miR-34a on the immunosuppressive polarization of macrophages obtained from MM patients.

METHODS

The levels of miR-34a and TLR9 (Toll-like receptor 9) were examined in macrophages obtained from both healthy individuals and patients with MM. ELISA was employed to investigate the cytokine profiles of the macrophage samples. Co-culture experiments were conducted to evaluate the immunomodulatory impact of MM-associated macrophages on CAR-T cells.

RESULTS

There was an observed suppressed activation of macrophages and CD4+ T lymphocytes in the blood samples of MM patients. Overexpression of miR-34a in MM-associated macrophages dampened the TLR9 expression and impaired the inflammatory polarization. In both the co-culture system and an animal model, MM-associated macrophages suppressed the activity and tumoricidal effect of CAR-T cells in a miR-34a-dependent manner.

CONCLUSION

The findings imply that targeting the macrophage miR-34a/TLR9 axis could potentially alleviate the immunosuppression associated with CAR-T therapy in MM patients.

The Effect of Akkermansia muciniphila and Its Outer Membrane Vesicles on MicroRNAs Expression of Inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory Pathways in Human Dendritic Cells

Probiotics play a crucial role in immunomodulation by regulating dendritic cell (DC) maturation and inducing tolerogenic DCs. Akkermansia muciniphila affects inflammatory response by elevating inhibitory cytokines. We aimed to evaluate whether Akkermansia muciniphila and its outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) affect microRNA-155, microRNA-146a, microRNA-34a, and let-7i expression of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from the healthy volunteers. To produce DCs, monocytes were cultivated with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4). DCs were allocated into six subgroups: DC + Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), DC + dexamethasone, DC + A. muciniphila (MOI 100, 50), DC + OMVs (50 µg/ml), and DC + PBS. The surface expression of human leukocyte antigen-antigen D related (HLA-DR), CD86, CD80, CD83, CD11c, and CD14 was examined using flow cytometry, and the expression of microRNAs was assessed using qRT-PCR, and the levels of IL-12 and IL-10 were measured using ELISA. A. muciniphila (MOIs 50, 100) could significantly decrease IL-12 levels relative to the LPS group. The IL-10 levels were decreased in the DC + LPS group than the DC + dexamethasone group. Treatment with A. muciniphila (MOI 100) and OMVs could elevate the concentrations of IL-10. DC treatment with LPS led to a significant increment in the expression of microRNA-155, microRNA-34a, and microRNA-146a. The expression of these microRNAs was reversed by A. muciniphilia and its OMVs treatment. Let-7i increased in treatment groups compared to the DC + LPS group. A. muciniphilia (MOI 50) had a substantial effect on the expression of HLA-DR, CD80, and CD83 on DCs. Therefore, DCs treatment with A. muciniphila led to induce tolerogenic DCs and the production of anti-inflammatory IL-10.

The IRE1α Endonuclease Plays a Dual Role in Regulating the XBP1/miRNA-34a Axis and PD-1 Expression within Natural Killer Cells in Hodgkin Lymphoma

INTRODUCTION

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is deficient in major histocompatibility complex class I, rendering it susceptible to antitumoral immunity by natural killer (NK) cells. Despite the functional impairment of PD-1+ NK cells in HL, the underlying mechanisms of NK cell dysfunction remain unclear.

METHODS

This study involved 14 HL patients and SNK10/KHYG-1 cell lines to assess NK cell activation against cancer cells. Activation was measured through transcript (PCR) and protein expression (flow cytometry). Regulatory mechanisms associated with IRE1α activation were validated through knockdown and luciferase reporter assays.

RESULTS

Our findings reveal a novel role for IRE1α-endonuclease in fine-tuning NK cell effector functions by orchestrating the XBP1s/microRNA-34a-5p/PD-1 axis. When NK cells encounter cancer cells, IRE1α endonuclease activates the decay of microRNA-34a-5p, resulting in increased expression of XBP1s and PD-1. IRE1α-endonuclease activation enhances NK cell functions while promoting PD-1 expression. In turn, PD-1 is directly regulated by microRNA-34a-5p, which binds to the 3'UTR of PD-1 transcript to repress PD-1 protein on the NK cell surface. Importantly, IRE1α-pathway activation is impaired in NK cells from HL patients.

CONCLUSION

The IRE1α endonuclease emerges as a key player, simultaneously regulating the XBP1s/microRNA-34a-5p/PD-1 axis in NK cells, a process disrupted in HL. Targeting the IRE1α-pathway holds promise as a therapeutic strategy to optimize NK cell functions in Hodgkin lymphoma treatments.

Regulatory RNAs in immunosenescence

BACKGROUND

Immunosenescence is a multifactorial stress response to different intrinsic and extrinsic insults that cause immune deterioration and is accompanied by genomic or epigenomic perturbations. It is now widely recognized that genes and proteins contributing in the process of immunosenescence are regulated by various noncoding (nc) RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), long ncRNAs, and circular RNAs.

AIMS

This review article aimed to evaluate the regulatore RNAs roles in the process of immunosenescence.

METHODS

We analyzed publications that were focusing on the different roles of regulatory RNAs on the several aspects of immunosenescence.

RESULTS

In the immunosenescence setting, ncRNAs have been found to play regulatory roles at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. These factors cooperate to regulate the initiation of gene expression programs and sustaining the senescence phenotype and proinflammatory responses.

CONCLUSION

Immunosenescence is a complex process with pivotal alterations in immune function occurring with age. The extensive network that drive immunosenescence-related features are are mainly directed by a variety of regulatory RNAs such as miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs. Latest findings about regulation of senescence by ncRNAs in the innate and adaptive immune cells as well as their role in the immunosenescence pathways, provide a better understanding of regulatory RNAs function in the process of immunosenescence.

A glance into the roles of microRNAs (exosomal and non-exosomal) in polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. The clinical symptoms include hyperandrogenism, chronic anovulation, and multiple ovarian cysts. PCOS is strongly associated with obesity and insulin resistance. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of short non-coding RNAs that play a role in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression and translational inhibition. They play a vital role in the regulation of multiple metabolic and hormonal processes as well as in oocyte maturation and folliculogenesis in the female reproductive system. miRNAs can be used as diagnostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets because of their stability. The encapsulation of miRNAs in extracellular vesicles or exosomes contributes to their stability. Exosomes are constantly secreted by many cells and size of about 30 to 150 nm. Enveloping miRNAs exosomes can release them for cellular communication. The induced transfer of miRNAs by exosomes is a novel process of genetic exchange between cells. Many studies have shown that along with non-exosomal miRNAs, different types of exosomal miRNAs derived from the serum and follicular fluid can play an essential role in PCOS pathogenesis. These miRNAs are involved in follicular development and various functions in granulosa cells, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and follicular atresia. The present study aimed to comprehensively review the evidence on miRNAs and their affected pathways under both non-exosomal and exosomal circumstances, primarily focusing on the pathogenesis of PCOS.

Dectin-1 signaling coordinates innate and adaptive immunity for potent host defense against viral infection

Background

Most commercial foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines have various disadvantages, such as low antibody titers, short-lived effects, compromised host defense, and questionable safety.

Objectives

To address these shortcomings, we present a novel FMD vaccine containing Dectin-1 agonist, β-D-glucan, as an immunomodulatory adjuvant. The proposed vaccine was developed to effectively coordinate innate and adaptive immunity for potent host defense against viral infection.

Methods

We demonstrated β-D-glucan mediated innate and adaptive immune responses in mice and pigs in vitro and in vivo. The expressions of pattern recognition receptors, cytokines, transcription factors, and co-stimulatory molecules were promoted via FMD vaccine containing β-D-glucan.

Results

β-D-glucan elicited a robust cellular immune response and early, mid-, and long-term immunity. Moreover, it exhibited potent host defense by modulating host's innate and adaptive immunity.

Conclusion

Our study provides a promising approach to overcoming the limitations of conventional FMD vaccines. Based on the proposed vaccine's safety and efficacy, it represents a breakthrough among next-generation FMD vaccines.

Host microRNA interactions with the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome 3'-untranslated region

The 2019 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has marked the spread of a novel human coronavirus. While the viral life cycle is well understood, most of the interactions at the virus-host interface remain elusive. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms behind disease severity and immune evasion are still largely unknown. Conserved elements of the viral genome such as secondary structures within the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs) serve as attractive targets of interest and could prove crucial in furthering our understanding of virus-host interactions. It has been proposed that microRNA (miR) interactions with viral components could be used by both the virus and host for their own benefit. Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome 3'-UTR has revealed the potential for host cellular miR binding sites, providing sites for specific interactions with the virus. In this study, we demonstrate that the SARS-CoV-2 genome 3'-UTR binds the host cellular miRNAs miR-760-3p, miR-34a-5p, and miR-34b-5p, which have been shown to influence translation of interleukin-6 (IL-6), the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), as well as progranulin (PGRN), respectively, proteins that have roles in the host immune response and inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, recent work suggests the potential of miR-34a-5p and miR-34b-5p to target and inhibit translation of viral proteins. Native gel electrophoresis and steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy were utilized to characterize the binding of these miRs to their predicted sites within the SARS-CoV-2 genome 3'-UTR. Additionally, we investigated 2'-fluoro-D-arabinonucleic acid (FANA) analogs of these miRNAs as competitive binding inhibitors for these miR binding interactions. The mechanisms detailed in this study have the potential to drive the development of antiviral treatments for SARS-CoV-2 infection, and provide a potential molecular basis for cytokine release syndrome and immune evasion which could implicate the host-virus interface.

MALAT-1: Immunomodulatory lncRNA hampering the innate and the adaptive immune arms in triple negative breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is known as hot immunogenic tumor. Yet, it is one of the most aggressive BC subtypes. TNBC evolve several tactics to evade the immune surveillance phenomena, one of which is shedding of natural killer (NK) cells activating immune ligands such as MICA/B and/or by inducing the expression of the immune checkpoints such as PD-L1 and B7-H4. MALAT-1 is an oncogenic lncRNA. MALAT-1 immunogenic profile is not well investigated.

AIM

The study aims at exploring the immunogenic role of MALAT-1 in TNBC patients and cell lines and to identify its molecular mechanism in altering both innate and adaptive immune cells present at the tumor microenvironment of TNBC METHODS: BC patients (n = 35) were recruited. Primary NK cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes were isolated from normal individuals using the negative selection method. MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured and transfected by several oligonucleotides by lipofection technique. Screening of ncRNAs was performed using q-RT-PCR. Immunological functional analysis experiments were performed upon co-culturing primary natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes using LDH assay. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to identify potential microRNAs targeted by MALAT-1.

RESULTS

MALAT-1 expression was significantly upregulated in BC patinets with a profound expression in TNBC patients compared to their normal counterparts. Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between MALAT-1, tumor size and lymph node metastasis. Knocking down of MALAT-1 in MDA-MB-231 cells resulted in a significant induction of MICA/B, repression of PD-L1 and B7-H4 expression levels. Enhancement of cytotoxic activity of co-cultured NK and CD8⁺ cells with MALAT-1 siRNAs transfected MDA-MB-231 cells. In silico analysis revealed that miR-34a and miR-17-5p are potential targets to MALAT-1; accordingly, they were found to be downregulated in BC patients. Forcing the expression of miR-34a in MDA-MB-231 cells resulted in a significant induction in MICA/B levels. Ectopic expression of miR-17-5p in MDA-MB-231 cells significantly repressed the expression of PD-L1 and B7-H4 checkpoints. Validations of MALAT-1/miR-34a" and "MALAT-1/miR-17-5p axes were performed by a series of co-transfections and functional assessment of cytotoxic profile of primary immune cells.

CONCLUSION

This study proposes a novel epigenetic alteration exerted by TNBC cells mainly by inducing the expression of MALAT-1 lncRNA. MALAT-1 mediates innate and adaptive immune suppression events partially via targeting miR-34a/MICA/B and miR-175p/PD-L1/B7-H4 axes in TNBC patients and cell lines.

Tear Film MicroRNAs as Potential Biomarkers: A Review

MicroRNAs are non-coding RNAs that serve as regulatory molecules in a variety of pathways such as inflammation, metabolism, homeostasis, cell machinery, and development. With the progression of sequencing methods and modern bioinformatics tools, novel roles of microRNAs in regulatory mechanisms and pathophysiological states continue to expand. Advances in detection methods have further enabled larger adoption of studies utilizing minimal sample volumes, allowing the analysis of microRNAs in low-volume biofluids, such as the aqueous humor and tear fluid. The reported abundance of extracellular microRNAs in these biofluids has prompted studies to explore their biomarker potential. This review compiles the current literature reporting microRNAs in human tear fluid and their association with ocular diseases including dry eye disease, Sjögren's syndrome, keratitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, glaucoma, diabetic macular edema, and diabetic retinopathy, as well as non-ocular diseases, including Alzheimer's and breast cancer. We also summarize the known roles of these microRNAs and shed light on the future progression of this field.

Mechanism and function of miR-140 in human cancers: A review and in silico study

MicroRNA-140 (miR-140) acts as a tumor suppressor and plays a vital role in cell biological functions such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA repair. The expression of this miRNA has been shown to be considerably decreased in cancer tissues and cell lines compared with normal adjacent tissues. Consequently, aberrant expression of some miR-140 target genes can lead to the initiation and progression of various human cancers, such as breast cancer, gastrointestinal cancers, lung cancer, and prostate cancer. The dysregulation of the miR-140 network also affects cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and apoptosis of cancer cells by affecting various signaling pathways. Besides, up-regulation of miR-140 could enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents in different cancer. We aimed to cover most aspects of miR-140 function in cancer development and address its importance in different stages of cancer progression.

Micro-Players of Great Significance-Host microRNA Signature in Viral Infections in Humans and Animals

Over time, more and more is becoming known about micro-players of great significance. This is particularly the case for microRNAs (miRNAs; miR), which have been found to participate in the regulation of many physiological and pathological processes in both humans and animals. One such process is viral infection in humans and animals, in which the host miRNAs—alone or in conjunction with the virus—interact on two levels: viruses may regulate the host’s miRNAs to evade its immune system, while the host miRNAs can play anti- or pro-viral roles. The purpose of this comprehensive review is to present the key miRNAs involved in viral infections in humans and animals. We summarize the data in the available literature, indicating that the signature miRNAs in human viral infections mainly include 12 miRNAs (i.e., miR-155, miR-223, miR-146a, miR-122, miR-125b, miR-132, miR-34a, miR -21, miR-16, miR-181 family, let-7 family, and miR-10a), while 10 miRNAs are commonly found in animals (i.e., miR-155, miR-223, miR-146a, miR-145, miR-21, miR-15a/miR-16 cluster, miR-181 family, let-7 family, and miR-122) in this context. Knowledge of which miRNAs are involved in different viral infections and the biological functions that they play can help in understanding the pathogenesis of viral diseases, facilitating the future development of therapeutic agents for both humans and animals.

Survivin; a novel therapeutic target that correlates with survival of autoreactive T lymphocytes obtained from patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is progressive immune-mediated arthritis. Persistent autoreactivity of T cells with an up-regulated Survivin expression is strongly implicated in AS immunopathogenesis. Besides, Survivin can inhibit proapoptotic caspase 9 activations. Moreover, microRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that are dysregulated in various diseases, in which their altered expression could modulate Survivin expression. The primary goal of this study was to assess the role of Survivin and its-targeting microRNAs in the immunopathogenesis of AS disease. For this aim, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from 15 patients with AS and healthy matched controls using Ficoll-Hypaque. T cells were obtained using the magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) method. After that, the expression levels of Survivin, Caspase 9, and specific miRNAs were determined using qT-qPCR. Also, the expression of Survivin and Caspase 9 at protein levels was determined by western blotting. Then, the isolated T cells were co-cultured with interleukin (IL)-2 and muromonab-CD3 (OKT-3) for active-induced cell death (AICD) induction, Survivin siRNA for inhibition of Survivin expression, and their combination to assess the implication of Survivin expression in autoreactive T lymphocytes' resistance to apoptosis by determining the rate of apoptosis by Flowcytometry assay. The results showed that Survivin was up-regulated while Caspase 9 was downregulated in patients with AS. It was also revealed that microRNAs that directly or indirectly target the Survivin mRNA were dysregulated in patients with AS. It was also revealed that T cells obtained from AS patients were more resistant to apoptosis induction than those obtained from healthy people. In summary, the results obtained from this study showed that dysregulation of Survivin and Survivin-targeting miRNAs in T lymphocytes obtained from AS patients contribute to their resistance to apoptosis, suggesting the future development of targeted therapies for AS.

Preparation of a miR-155-activating nucleic acid nanoflower to study the molecular mechanism of miR-155 in inflammation

At present, the molecular mechanisms underlying inflammation remain unclear. In recent years, research on inflammation has focused on stimulating cell inflammation by using exogenous pro-inflammatory substances such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or inflammatory factors. To investigate the molecular mechanism of inflammation from a new perspective, we designed a nucleic acid nanoflowers (NFs) complex to directly activate inflammatory genes to study the inflammatory response without the need for external microbial factors to trigger an inflammatory response. An RNAa-type target gene-activated NFs was designed. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were transfected with NFs carrying small activating RNA (saRNAs) to directly co-activate microRNA (miR)-155 and SHIP1 genes. After RNA activation (RNAa)-type NFs were transferred into HUVECs, the expression of miR-155 and pro-inflammatory and cancer-related factors increased, anti-inflammatory factors were reduced, cell proliferation increased, and cell migration was promoted. IL-1β protein levels were decreased and SHIP1 expression was downregulated. When miR-155 and its target SHIP1 were both activated, the expression of both was unaltered, maintaining cell homeostasis. This points towards miR-155 overexpression can trigger inflammation, and that miR-155 and its target genes act as a molecular switch role in the development of inflammation.

The functional mechanisms of synchronizing royal jelly consumption and physical activity on rat with multiple sclerosis-like behaviors hallmarks based on bioinformatics analysis, and experimental survey

Background

Natural nutrition and physical training have been defined as non-pharmacochemical complementary and alternative medicines to prevent and treat various pathogenesis. Royal jelly possesses various pharmacological properties and is an effective therapeutic supplement for halting neurodegeneration. Multiple sclerosis is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder that manifests as a progressive neurological condition. Inflammation, hypoxia, and oxidative stress have been identified as significant hallmarks of multiple sclerosis pathology.

Results

In the present study, based on artificial intelligence and bioinformatics algorithms, we marked hub genes, molecular signaling pathways, and molecular regulators such as non-coding RNAs involved in multiple sclerosis. Also, microRNAs as regulators can affect gene expression in many processes. Numerous pathomechanisms, including immunodeficiency, hypoxia, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, can play a significant role in the MSc pathogenesis that results in demyelination. Furthermore, we computed the binding affinity of bioactive compounds presented in Royal Jelly on macromolecules surfaces. Also, we predicted the alignment score of bioactive compounds over the pharmacophore model of candidate protein as a novel therapeutic approach. Based on the q-RT-PCR analysis, the expression of the Dnajb1/Dnajb1/Foxp1/Tnfsf14 and Hspa4 networks as well as miR-34a-5p and miR155-3p were regulated by the interaction of exercise training and 100 mg/kg Royal Jelly (ET-100RJ). Interestingly, characteristics, motor function, a proinflammatory cytokine, and demyelination were ameliorated by ET-100RJ.

Discussion

Here, we indicated that interaction between exercise training and 100 mg/kg Royal jelly had a more effect on regulating the microRNA profiles and hub genes in rats with Multiple sclerosis.

The association of plasma levels of miR-146a, miR-27a, miR-34a, and miR-149 with coronary artery disease

BACKGROUND

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is considered to be one of the most pivotal causes of death in the world. Over the past two decades, significant changes occurred in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of CAD, which has helped reduce mortality rates. microRNAs (miRs) are a class of more than 5000 non-encoding RNA molecules (21-25 nucleotides across the length) that regulate complex biological processes. Today, miRNAs are used to study cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, the expression of miR-146a،miR-27, miR-149, and miR-34a in plasma suffering from CAD and the control group were investigated.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The present research was performed on 30 men with CAD and 30 healthy men as controls. The expression levels of miR-146a, miR-27a, miR-149, and miR-34a in the plasma of patients with CAD and the control group were measured using real-time PCR. Also, the correlation between the expression of circulating miRs levels and biochemical LDL-C, HDL-C, BMI, and total cholesterol was evaluated. The expression of miR-27a in the plasma of the CAD group was higher than in the control group (p = 0.020). The expression of miR-146a was downregulated in CAD patients compared to normal subjects (p = 0. 026). However, the expression of miR-34a, miR-149 in the plasma of CAD patients was not significantly different with the control group. In addition to, a direct correlation was found between the expression of miR-146a and HDL-c, the expression of miR-27a and LDL-C and the expression of miR-34a and total cholesterol. Also, the negative correlation between expressions of miR-149 with BMI was reported.

CONCLUSION

The obtained results demonstrated that miRs were closely related to biochemical factors and it points out the fact that miRNAs can be applied as a potential strategy for diagnosis and treatment of CAD.

Identification of the TF-miRNA-mRNA co-regulatory networks involved in sepsis

Sepsis is a life-threatening medical condition caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Recent studies have found that the expression of miRNAs is associated with the pathogenesis of sepsis and septic shock. Our study aimed to reveal which miRNAs may be involved in the dysregulated immune response in sepsis and how these miRNAs interact with transcription factors (TFs) using a computational approach with in vitro validation studies. To determine the network of TFs, miRNAs, and target genes involved in sepsis, GEO datasets GSE94717 and GSE131761 were used to identify differentially expressed miRNAs and DEGs. TargetScan and miRWalk databases were used to predict biological targets that overlap with the identified DEGs of differentially expressed miRNAs. The TransmiR database was used to predict the differential miRNA TFs that overlap with the identified DEGs. The TF-miRNA-mRNA network was constructed and visualized. Finally, qRT-PCR was used to verify the expression of TFs and miRNA in HUVECs. Between the healthy and sepsis groups, there were 146 upregulated and 98 downregulated DEGs in the GSE131761 dataset, and there were 1 upregulated and 183 downregulated DEMs in the GSE94717 dataset. A regulatory network of the TF-miRna target genes was established. According to the experimental results, RUNX3 was found to be downregulated while MAPK14 was upregulated, which corroborates the result of the computational expression analysis. In a HUVECs model, miR-19b-1-5p and miR-5009-5p were found to be significantly downregulated. Other TFs and miRNAs did not correlate with our bioinformatics expression analysis. We constructed a TF-miRNA-target gene regulatory network and identified potential treatment targets RUNX3, MAPK14, miR-19b-1-5p, and miR-5009-5p. This information provides an initial basis for understanding the complex sepsis regulatory mechanisms.

Molecular Mechanisms of Nutrient-Mediated Regulation of MicroRNAs in Pancreatic β-cells

Pancreatic β-cells within the islets of Langerhans respond to rising blood glucose levels by secreting insulin that stimulates glucose uptake by peripheral tissues to maintain whole body energy homeostasis. To different extents, failure of β-cell function and/or β-cell loss contribute to the development of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Chronically elevated glycaemia and high circulating free fatty acids, as often seen in obese diabetics, accelerate β-cell failure and the development of the disease. MiRNAs are essential for endocrine development and for mature pancreatic β-cell function and are dysregulated in diabetes. In this review, we summarize the different molecular mechanisms that control miRNA expression and function, including transcription, stability, posttranscriptional modifications, and interaction with RNA binding proteins and other non-coding RNAs. We also discuss which of these mechanisms are responsible for the nutrient-mediated regulation of the activity of β-cell miRNAs and identify some of the more important knowledge gaps in the field.

Association of microRNA-34a rs2666433 (A/G) Variant with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Female Patients: A Case-Control Study

Several microRNAs (miRNAs) are associated with autoimmune disease susceptibility and phenotype, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We aimed to explore for the first time the role of the miRNA-34a gene (MIR34A) rs2666433A > G variant in SLE risk and severity. A total of 163 adult patients with SLE and matched controls were recruited. Real-Time allelic discrimination PCR was applied for genotyping. Correlation with disease activity and clinic-laboratory data was done. The rs2666433 variant conferred protection against SLE development under heterozygous [A/G vs. G/G; OR = 0.57, 95%CI = 0.34-0.95], homozygous [A/A vs. G/G; OR = 0.52, 95%CI = 0.29-0.94], dominant [A/G + A/A vs. GG; OR = 0.55, 95%CI = 0.35-0.88], and log-additive [OR = 0.71, 95%CI = 0.53-0.95] models. Data stratification by sex revealed a significant association with SLE development in female participants under heterozygous/homozygous models (p-interaction = 0.004). There was no clear demarcation between SLE patients carrying different genotypes regarding the disease activity index or patients stratified according to lupus nephritis. Enrichment analysis confirmed the implication of MIR34A in the SLE pathway by targeting several genes related to SLE etiopathology. In conclusion, although the MIR34A rs2666433 variant conferred protection against developing SLE disease in the study population, it showed no association with disease activity. Replication studies in other populations are warranted.

Immunomodulatory Effects of Canine Adipose Tissue Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Stimulated CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory characteristics. Many studies have suggested that the immunomodulation of ADSCs is largely mediated by secreted paracrine factors. Various factors are secreted from ADSCs, among which extracellular vesicles are considered to play a major role in the communication between ADSCs and target cells. Several studies have reported the function of canine ADSC-derived extracellular vesicles (cADSC-EVs), but few studies have reported the immunomodulatory effects of cADSC-EVs on immune cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cADSC-EVs on in vitro-stimulated CD4⁺ T cells isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). cADSC-EVs were isolated from cADSCs under naive conditions or primed conditions by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interferon-γ (IFNγ). The expression levels of several microRNAs in cADSC-EVs were altered by priming with TNFα and IFNγ. Culturing PBMCs stimulated with concanavalin A in the presence of naive or primed cADSC-EVs inhibited the differentiation of PBMCs and CD4⁺ T cells and promoted apoptosis of PBMCs. CD4⁺, CD8⁺, and CD4⁺CD8⁺ T cells were decreased, while CD3⁺CD4^-CD8^- T cells were increased. T helper (Th) 1, Th2, Th17, and regulatory T (Treg) cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. cADSC-EVs inhibited the proliferation of Th1 and Th17 cells and enhanced Th2 and Treg cell proliferation. However, CD4⁺ T cells that had incorporated labeled cADSC-EVs comprised only a few percent of all cells. Therefore, these responses of stimulated CD4⁺ T cells may be due to not only direct effects of cADSC-EVs but also to indirect effects through interactions between cADSC-EVs and other immune cells. In conclusion, cADSC-EVs exert immunosuppressive effects on stimulated CD4⁺ T cells in vitro. These findings may be useful for further studies of immune diseases.

Integrated analysis of blood mRNAs and microRNAs reveals immune changes with age in the Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)

Populations of Yangtze finless porpoises (YFPs) have rapidly declined in recent decades, raising the specter of extinction. In order to protect YFPs, a greater understanding of their biology is needed, including studying how their immune functioning changes with age. Here, we systematically studied the hematologic and biochemical parameters, as well as mRNAs and miRNAs profiles of old, adult, and young YFPs. The lymphocyte (LYMPH), neutrophils (NEUT) and eosinophils (EOS) counts in old YFPs were lower than those in young or adult YFPs. When comparing old to adult YFPs, the latter showed higher expression of genes associated with the innate and adaptive immune systems, including complement components, major histocompatibility complex, interleukins, TNF receptors, and chemokines/cytokines. When comparing old to young YFPs, the most striking difference was in higher toll-like receptor signaling in the latter. When comparing adult to young YFPs, the former exhibited higher expression of genes related to adaptive immunity and the FoxO signaling pathway, but lower expression of genes associated with the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Negative miRNA-mRNA interactions were predicted in comparisons of the old and adult (326), old and young (316), adult and young (211) groups. Overall, these results delineate a progression from early innate immune function dominance to adaptive immune function enhancement (young to adult) and deterioration (adult to old), and the changes in miRNAs profile correlate with the effects of age on immune functions. This study is the first to observe the changes of immune function of Yangtze finless porpoise with age using transcriptome method, and the study's findings are of great significance for protecting this endangered species.

Identification of diagnostic genes and vital microRNAs involved in rheumatoid arthritis: based on data mining and experimental verification

Background

The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is complex. This study aimed to identify diagnostic biomarkers and transcriptional regulators that underlie RA based on bioinformatics analysis and experimental verification.

Material and Methods

We applied weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to analyze dataset GSE55457 and obtained the key module most relevant to the RA phenotype. We then conducted gene function annotation, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and immunocytes quantitative analysis (CIBERSORT). Moreover, the intersection of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and genes within the key module were entered into the STRING database to construct an interaction network and to mine hub genes. We predicted microRNA (miRNA) using a web-based tool (miRDB). Finally, hub genes and vital miRNAs were validated with independent GEO datasets, RT-qPCR and Western blot.

Results

A total of 367 DEGs were characterized by differential expression analysis. The WGCNA method divided genes into 14 modules, and we focused on the turquoise module containing 845 genes. Gene function annotation and GSEA suggested that immune response and inflammatory signaling pathways are the molecular mechanisms behind RA. Nine hub genes were screened from the network and seven vital regulators were obtained using miRNA prediction. CIBERSORT analysis identified five cell types enriched in RA samples, which were closely related to the expression of hub genes. Through ROC curve and RT-qPCR validation, we confirmed five genes that were specific for RA, including CCL25, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and CXCL13. Moreover, we selected a representative gene (CXCL10) for Western blot validation. Vital miRNAs verification showed that only the differences in has-miR-573 and has-miR-34a were statistically significant.

Conclusion

Our study reveals diagnostic genes and vital microRNAs highly related to RA, which could help improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the disorder and provide theoretical support for the future exploration of innovative therapeutic approaches.

Identification and Validation of Potential miRNAs, as Biomarkers for Sepsis and Associated Lung Injury: A Network-Based Approach

Sepsis is a dysregulated immune response disease affecting millions worldwide. Delayed diagnosis, poor prognosis, and disease heterogeneity make its treatment ineffective. miRNAs are imposingly involved in personalized medicine such as therapeutics, due to their high sensitivity and accuracy. Our study aimed to reveal the biomarkers that may be involved in the dysregulated immune response in sepsis and lung injury using a computational approach and in vivo validation studies. A sepsis miRNA Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset based on the former analysis of blood samples was used to identify differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) and associated hub genes. Sepsis-associated genes from the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) that overlapped with identified DEM targets were utilized for network construction. In total, 317 genes were found to be regulated by 10 DEMs (three upregulated, namely miR-4634, miR-4638-5p, and miR-4769-5p, and seven downregulated, namely miR-4299, miR-451a, miR181a-2-3p, miR-16-5p, miR-5704, miR-144-3p, and miR-1290). Overall hub genes (HIP1, GJC1, MDM4, IL6R, and ERC1) and for miR-16-5p (SYNRG, TNRC6B, and LAMTOR3) were identified based on centrality measures (degree, betweenness, and closeness). In vivo validation of miRNAs in lung tissue showed significantly downregulated expression of miR-16-5p corroborating with our computational findings, whereas expression of miR-181a-2-3p and miR-451a were found to be upregulated in contrast to the computational approach. In conclusion, the differential expression pattern of miRNAs and hub genes reported in this study may help to unravel many unexplored regulatory pathways, leading to the identification of critical molecular targets for increased prognosis, diagnosis, and drug efficacy in sepsis and associated organ injuries.