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Han Q, Li W, Chen P, Wang L, Bao X, Huang R, Liu G, Chen X. Microglial NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation and therapeutic strategies in depression. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1890-1898. [PMID: 38227513 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.390964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated a bidirectional relationship between inflammation and depression. Activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat, and NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes is closely related to the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases. In patients with major depressive disorder, NLRP3 inflammasome levels are significantly elevated. Understanding the role that NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation plays in the pathogenesis of depression may be beneficial for future therapeutic strategies. In this review, we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms that lead to the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in depression as well as to provide insight into therapeutic strategies that target the NLRP3 inflammasome. Moreover, we outlined various therapeutic strategies that target the NLRP3 inflammasome, including NLRP3 inflammatory pathway inhibitors, natural compounds, and other therapeutic compounds that have been shown to be effective in treating depression. Additionally, we summarized the application of NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors in clinical trials related to depression. Currently, there is a scarcity of clinical trials dedicated to investigating the applications of NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors in depression treatment. The modulation of NLRP3 inflammasomes in microglia holds promise for the management of depression. Further investigations are necessary to ascertain the efficacy and safety of these therapeutic approaches as potential novel antidepressant treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuqin Han
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiqing Chen
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiwen Bao
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Renyan Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Vascular Surgery, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guobin Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Vascular Surgery, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaorong Chen
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi Province, China
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Magalhães DM, Stewart NA, Mampay M, Rolle SO, Hall CM, Moeendarbary E, Flint MS, Sebastião AM, Valente CA, Dymond MK, Sheridan GK. The sphingosine 1-phosphate analogue, FTY720, modulates the lipidomic signature of the mouse hippocampus. J Neurochem 2024; 168:1113-1142. [PMID: 38339785 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The small-molecule drug, FTY720 (fingolimod), is a synthetic sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) analogue currently used to treat relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in both adults and children. FTY720 can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and, over time, accumulate in lipid-rich areas of the central nervous system (CNS) by incorporating into phospholipid membranes. FTY720 has been shown to enhance cell membrane fluidity, which can modulate the functions of glial cells and neuronal populations involved in regulating behaviour. Moreover, direct modulation of S1P receptor-mediated lipid signalling by FTY720 can impact homeostatic CNS physiology, including neurotransmitter release probability, the biophysical properties of synaptic membranes, ion channel and transmembrane receptor kinetics, and synaptic plasticity mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate how chronic FTY720 treatment alters the lipid composition of CNS tissue in adolescent mice at a key stage of brain maturation. We focused on the hippocampus, a brain region known to be important for learning, memory, and the processing of sensory and emotional stimuli. Using mass spectrometry-based lipidomics, we discovered that FTY720 increases the fatty acid chain length of hydroxy-phosphatidylcholine (PCOH) lipids in the mouse hippocampus. It also decreases PCOH monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and increases PCOH polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). A total of 99 lipid species were up-regulated in the mouse hippocampus following 3 weeks of oral FTY720 exposure, whereas only 3 lipid species were down-regulated. FTY720 also modulated anxiety-like behaviours in young mice but did not affect spatial learning or memory formation. Our study presents a comprehensive overview of the lipid classes and lipid species that are altered in the hippocampus following chronic FTY720 exposure and provides novel insight into cellular and molecular mechanisms that may underlie the therapeutic or adverse effects of FTY720 in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M Magalhães
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Lisboa, Portugal
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Myrthe Mampay
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Sara O Rolle
- Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chloe M Hall
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Emad Moeendarbary
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
- 199 Biotechnologies Ltd, London, UK
| | - Melanie S Flint
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudia A Valente
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marcus K Dymond
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
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Lu W, Wang Y, Wen J. The Roles of RhoA/ROCK/NF-κB Pathway in Microglia Polarization Following Ischemic Stroke. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2024; 19:19. [PMID: 38753217 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-024-10118-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Nevertheless, there still lacks the effective therapies for ischemic stroke. Microglia are resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) and can initiate immune responses and monitor the microenvironment. Microglia are activated and polarize into proinflammatory or anti‑inflammatory phenotype in response to various brain injuries, including ischemic stroke. Proinflammatory microglia could generate immunomodulatory mediators, containing cytokines and chemokines, these mediators are closely associated with secondary brain damage following ischemic stroke. On the contrary, anti-inflammatory microglia facilitate recovery following stroke. Regulating the activation and the function of microglia is crucial in exploring the novel treatments for ischemic stroke patients. Accumulating studies have revealed that RhoA/ROCK pathway and NF-κB are famous modulators in the process of microglia activation and polarization. Inhibiting these key modulators can promote the polarization of microglia to anti-inflammatory phenotype. In this review, we aimed to provide a comprehensive overview on the role of RhoA/ROCK pathway and NF-κB in the microglia activation and polarization, reveal the relationship between RhoA/ROCK pathway and NF-κB in the pathological process of ischemic stroke. In addition, we likewise discussed the drug modulators targeting microglia polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhuo Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Medical Branch, Hefei Technology College, Hefei, China
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiyue Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Chen S, Li J, Yan L, Zhang X, Huang J, Zhou P. Electroacupuncture alleviates the symptom of depression in mice by regulating the cGAS-STING-NLRP3 signaling. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:6731-6744. [PMID: 38643466 PMCID: PMC11087112 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the therapeutic effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on chronic and unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression in mice and the underlying mechanism. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 6 groups: Control, CUMS, CUMS+EA-placebo, CUMS+EA, CUMS+ ad-NC, CUMS+ ad-cGAS-shRNA. CUMS was utilized to establish the depression model in mice. The behavioral changes were determined by the forced swimming, open field, and sucrose preference experiments. The pathological changes in the hippocampus tissue were evaluated by HE staining. The release of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, 5-HT, and NE in the hippocampus tissue was determined by ELISA. IBA-1 expression detected by the immunofluorescence was used to represent the activity of microglia. Western blot and RT-PCR were utilized to measure the expression of Bax, bcl-2, cGAS, STING, TBK1, IRF3, and NLRP3. RESULTS The depression behavior in CUMS mice was significantly alleviated by the treatment of EA and cGAS-shRNA, accompanied by ameliorated hippocampus pathological changes, declined production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, elevated secretion of 5-HT and NE, and inhibition on the activity of microglia. Furthermore, significantly elevated expression level of Bax, cGAS, STING, TBK1, IRF3, and NLRP3 and declined expression level of bcl-2 were observed in the CUMS+EA and CUMS+ ad-cGAS-shRNA groups. CONCLUSIONS EA significantly mitigated the symptom of depression in mice, which was closely associated with the repressed neuroinflammation, increased monoamine concentration, inactivated microglia, and inhibited cGAS-STING-NLRP3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Chen
- Department of Acupuncture, Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Bao’an, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Acupuncture, Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Bao’an, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Luda Yan
- Department of Acupuncture, Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Bao’an, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xianhao Zhang
- Department of Acupuncture, Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Bao’an, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiesi Huang
- Department of Acupuncture, Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Bao’an, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Acupuncture, Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Bao’an, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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Wang Z, Zhang Y, Chai J, Wu Y, Zhang W, Zhang Z. Roflumilast: Modulating neuroinflammation and improving motor function and depressive symptoms in multiple sclerosis. J Affect Disord 2024; 350:761-773. [PMID: 38220100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease causing central nervous system demyelination, often associated with depression. Current treatments for MS do not effectively address both physical disability and depression. Roflumilast, a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor with anti-inflammatory properties, has shown promise for autoimmune diseases. METHODS We used an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) rat model to study roflumilast's effects. Motor dysfunction and depression symptoms were assessed, and histopathological analysis evaluated its anti-inflammatory properties. Flow cytometry examined the drug's impact on brain microglia. TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels in hippocampal tissue were assessed using ELISA kits. RESULTS Roflumilast improved motor dysfunction and depression symptoms in EAE rats. Histopathological analysis revealed reduced inflammation, demyelination, and axonal loss in the spinal cord. Roflumilast suppressed microglial cell activation and conversion to pro-inflammatory M1-type cells. Flow cytometry showed roflumilast inhibited inflammatory marker expression in microglia and their activation in the hippocampus. IL-6 was identified as a roflumilast target for suppressing hippocampal inflammation. LIMITATIONS This study used an animal model and did not assess long-term or potential side effects of roflumilast treatment. CONCLUSIONS Roflumilast holds promise as a treatment for depression and motor impairment in MS. Its anti-inflammatory properties, reducing inflammation and inhibiting microglial activation, suggest its potential for MS therapy. However, further research is needed to evaluate long-term effects and safety in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Research Institution of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China; Department of Neurology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, 568 Zhonxin Bei Road, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province 312000, China
| | - Yanxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, 568 Zhonxin Bei Road, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province 312000, China
| | - Jiaqing Chai
- Department of Neurology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, 568 Zhonxin Bei Road, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province 312000, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, 568 Zhonxin Bei Road, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province 312000, China
| | - Weiying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, 568 Zhonxin Bei Road, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province 312000, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Research Institution of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression, Department of Mental Health and Public Health, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
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Gao T, Wang T, Wu L, Tong Y, Tian J, Zhao K, Wang H. Saikosaponin-d alleviates depression by promoting NLRP3 ubiquitination and inhibiting inflammasome activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111324. [PMID: 38070467 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Saikosaponin-d (SSd) is a triterpene saponin from the roots of Bupleurum chinese. Recent studies have revealed its antidepressant activity, but its mechanism involved is unclear. This study's objective was to ascertain how SSd may reduce depression in depressed mice subjected to chronic unpredictable animal stress (CUMS) and to investigate the mechanisms underlying these effects. Models of CUMS depression were established and different groups were treated with SSd and escitalopram. After the last day of administration of the treatment, behavioral tests were performed. ELISA was used to measure the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-18, and western blot was used to measure the presence of proteins associated with NLRP3. Hippocampal neuronal damage was observed using Nissl staining, and NLRP3 ubiquitination assay was performed by immunoprecipitation and gene silencing. An inflammatory cell model was constructed by treating BV2 cells with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to verify the ubiquitination modification of NLRP3 by SSd. Behavioral tests demonstrated that SSd effectively alleviated depression-like symptoms. SSd should substantially limit the degrees of proteins associated with NLRP3, as properly as limit the harm to hippocampal neurons. Gene silencing results showed that SSd regulates NLRP3 through the E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCHF7. In vitro, SSd remarkably increased the protein expression of K48-linked ubiquitin in inflammatory BV2 cells, while decreasing the protein levels of NLRP3. Our findings suggest that SSd has antidepressant effects in CUMS mice by promoting ubiquitination of NLRP3 to inhibit inflammasome activation and improve the inflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Lili Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Yue Tong
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jinlong Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Keke Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Hanqing Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China.
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Abdel Rasheed NO, Shiha NA, Mohamed SS, Ibrahim WW. SIRT1/PARP-1/NLRP3 cascade as a potential target for niacin neuroprotective effect in lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110720. [PMID: 37562290 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a serious mood disorder characterized by monoamines deficiency, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and cell death. Niacin (vitamin B3 or nicotinic acid, NA), a chief mediator of neuronal development and survival in the central nervous system, exerts neuroprotective effects in several experimental models. AIMS This study aimed to investigate the effect of NA in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mouse model of depression exploring its ability to regulate sirtuin1/poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1)/nod-likereceptor protein 3 (NLRP3) signaling. MAIN METHODS Mice were injected with LPS (500 µg/kg, i.p) every other day alone or concurrently with oral doses of either NA (40 mg/kg/day) or escitalopram (10 mg/kg/day) for 14 days. KEY FINDINGS Administration of NA resulted in significant attenuation of animals' despair reflected by decreased immobility time in forced swimming test. Moreover, NA induced monoamines upsurge in addition to sirtuin1 activation with subsequent down regulation of PARP-1 in the hippocampus. Further, it diminished nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) levels and inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome with consequent reduction of caspase-1, interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α levels, thus mitigating LPS-induced neuroinflammation. NA also reduced tumor suppressor protein (p53) while elevating brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. LPS-induced decline in neuronal survival was reversed by NA administration with an obvious increase in the number of intact cells recorded in the histopathological micrographs. SIGNIFICANCE Accordingly, NA is deemed as a prosperous candidate for depression management via targeting SIRT1/PARP-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora O Abdel Rasheed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Nesma A Shiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sarah S Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Weam W Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Wang S, Liu Y, Wu Z, Jin Y, Zhang T, Yang Z, Liu C. Inhibition of xCT by sulfasalazine alleviates the depression-like behavior of adult male mice subjected to maternal separation stress. Behav Brain Res 2023; 452:114559. [PMID: 37392785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Maternal separation (MS) can induce emotional disorders. Our previous study reported that MS resulted in depression-like behavior. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of xCT in depression-like behavior in adult mice subjected to MS stress. Pups were divided into the control group, the control + sulfasalazine (SSZ, 75 mg/kg/day, i.p.) group, the MS group, and the MS+SSZ group. After MS, all pups were raised until PD60. Then, the depression-like behavior was detected by the novelty suppressed feeding (NSF) test, the forced swimming test (FST), and the tail suspension test (TST). The synaptic plasticity was examined by electrophysiological recordings and molecular biotechnology. The data showed that, compared with the control group, the mice in the MS group presented depression-like behavior, impairment of long-term potentiation (LTP), a reduction in the number of astrocytes, and activation of the microglia. Moreover, the expression of xCT was increased in the prefrontal cortex of MS mice, the EAAT2 and the Group Ⅱ metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2/3) were decreased, and the level of pro-inflammatory factors was increased in the prefrontal cortex. After the administration with SSZ, the depression-like behavior and the impairment of LTP were alleviated, the number of astrocytes was increased, and the microglial activation was inhibited. Moreover, the levels of EAAT2 and mGluR2/3 were ameliorated, the over-activation of the microglia was mitigated, and the levels of glutamate and pro-inflammatory factors were decreased. In conclusion, the inhibition of xCT by SSZ could alleviate depression-like behavior partly via modulating the homeostasis of the glutamate system and dampening neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China; Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Zekang Wu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuwen Jin
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chunhua Liu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Martín-Hernández D, Muñoz-López M, Tendilla-Beltrán H, Caso JR, García-Bueno B, Menchén L, Leza JC. Immune System and Brain/Intestinal Barrier Functions in Psychiatric Diseases: Is Sphingosine-1-Phosphate at the Helm? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12634. [PMID: 37628815 PMCID: PMC10454107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, extensive research has shed light on immune alterations and the significance of dysfunctional biological barriers in psychiatric disorders. The leaky gut phenomenon, intimately linked to the integrity of both brain and intestinal barriers, may play a crucial role in the origin of peripheral and central inflammation in these pathologies. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid that regulates both the immune response and the permeability of biological barriers. Notably, S1P-based drugs, such as fingolimod and ozanimod, have received approval for treating multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), and ulcerative colitis, an inflammatory condition of the colon, respectively. Although the precise mechanisms of action are still under investigation, the effectiveness of S1P-based drugs in treating these pathologies sparks a debate on extending their use in psychiatry. This comprehensive review aims to delve into the molecular mechanisms through which S1P modulates the immune system and brain/intestinal barrier functions. Furthermore, it will specifically focus on psychiatric diseases, with the primary objective of uncovering the potential of innovative therapies based on S1P signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Martín-Hernández
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.-L.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERSAM, ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Muñoz-López
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.-L.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERSAM, ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hiram Tendilla-Beltrán
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), 72570 Puebla, Mexico;
| | - Javier R. Caso
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.-L.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERSAM, ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.-L.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERSAM, ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Menchén
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBEREHD, ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C. Leza
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.-L.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERSAM, ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Carreras I, Jung Y, Lopez-Benitez J, Tognoni CM, Dedeoglu A. Fingolimod mitigates memory loss in a mouse model of Gulf War Illness amid decreasing the activation of microglia, protein kinase R, and NFκB. Neurotoxicology 2023; 96:197-206. [PMID: 37160207 PMCID: PMC10334821 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Gulf War Illness (GWI) is an unrelenting multi-symptom illness with chronic central nervous system and peripheral pathology affecting veterans from the 1991 Gulf War and for which effective treatment is lacking. An increasing number of studies indicate that persistent neuroinflammation is likely the underlying cause of cognitive and mood dysfunction that affects veterans with GWI. We have previously reported that fingolimod, a drug approved for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, decreases neuroinflammation and improves cognition in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we investigated the effect of fingolimod treatment on cognition and neuroinflammation in a mouse model of GWI. We exposed C57BL/6 J male mice to GWI-related chemicals pyridostigmine bromide, DEET, and permethrin, and to mild restraint stress for 28 days (GWI mice). Control mice were exposed to the chemicals' vehicle only. Starting 3 months post-exposure, half of the GWI mice and control mice were orally treated with fingolimod (1 mg/kg/day) for 1 month, and the other half were left untreated. Decreased memory on the Morris water maze test was detected in GWI mice compared to control mice and was reversed by fingolimod treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis of brain sections with antibodies to Iba1 and GFAP revealed that GWI mice had increased microglia activation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, but no difference in reactive astrocytes was detected. The increased activation of microglia in GWI mice was decreased to the level in control mice by treatment with fingolimod. No effect of fingolimod treatment on gliosis in control mice was detected. To explore the signaling pathways by which decreased memory and increased neuroinflammation in GWI may be protected by fingolimod, we investigated the involvement of the inflammatory signaling pathways of protein kinase R (PKR) in the cerebral cortex of these mice. We found increased phosphorylation of PKR in the brain of GWI mice compared to controls, as well as increased phosphorylation of its most recognized downstream effectors: the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α), IκB kinase (IKK), and the p65 subunit of nuclear factor-κB (NFκB-p65). Furthermore, we found that the increased phosphorylation level of these three proteins were suppressed in GWI mice treated with fingolimod. These results suggest that activation of PKR and NFκB signaling may be important for the regulation of cognition and neuroinflammation in the GWI condition and that fingolimod, a drug already approved for human use, may be a potential candidate for the treatment of GWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Carreras
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System,150 S Huntington Av, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Younghun Jung
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System,150 S Huntington Av, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 73 High St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jonathan Lopez-Benitez
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System,150 S Huntington Av, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Christina M Tognoni
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System,150 S Huntington Av, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Alpaslan Dedeoglu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System,150 S Huntington Av, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 73 High St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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11
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Malhotra S, Hurtado-Navarro L, Pappolla A, Villar LMM, Río J, Montalban X, Pelegrin P, Comabella M. Increased NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptosis in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis With Fingolimod Treatment Failure. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2023; 10:10/3/e200100. [PMID: 36973075 PMCID: PMC10042441 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Inflammasomes are involved in the pathogenesis of different neuroimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). In a previous study by our group, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat receptor and pyrin-domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome was reported to be associated with the response to interferon-beta in MS. Based on recent data showing the potential for the oral therapy fingolimod to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation, here we investigated whether fingolimod could also be implicated in the response to this therapy in patients with MS. METHODS NLRP3 gene expression levels were measured by real-time PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells at baseline and after 3, 6, and 12 months in a cohort of patients with MS treated with fingolimod (N = 23), dimethyl fumarate (N = 21), and teriflunomide (N = 21) and classified into responders and nonresponders to the treatment according to clinical and radiologic criteria. In a subgroup of fingolimod responders and nonresponders, the percentage of monocytes with an oligomer of ASC was determined by flow cytometry, and the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, and galectin-3 were quantified by ELISA. RESULTS NLPR3 expression levels were significantly increased in fingolimod nonresponders after 3 (p = 0.03) and 6 months (p = 0.008) of treatment compared with the baseline but remained similar in responders at all time points. These changes were not observed in nonresponders to the other oral therapies tested. The formation of an oligomer of ASC in monocytes after lipopolysaccharide and adenosine 5'-triphosphate stimulation was significantly decreased in responders (p = 0.006) but increased in nonresponders (p = 0.0003) after 6 months of fingolimod treatment compared with the baseline. Proinflammatory cytokine release from stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells was comparable between responders and nonresponders, but galectin-3 levels on cell supernatants, as a marker of cell damage, were significantly increased in fingolimod nonresponders (p = 0.02). DISCUSSION The differential effect of fingolimod on the formation of an inflammasome-triggered ASC oligomer in monocytes between responders and nonresponders could be used as a response biomarker after 6 months of fingolimod treatment and suggests that fingolimod may exert their beneficial effects by reducing inflammasome signaling in a subset of patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Malhotra
- From the Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (S.M., A.P., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d´Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d´Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca) (L.H.-N., P.P.), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Spain; Departments of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.M.V.), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Laura Hurtado-Navarro
- From the Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (S.M., A.P., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d´Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d´Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca) (L.H.-N., P.P.), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Spain; Departments of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.M.V.), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Agustin Pappolla
- From the Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (S.M., A.P., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d´Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d´Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca) (L.H.-N., P.P.), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Spain; Departments of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.M.V.), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Luisa M M Villar
- From the Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (S.M., A.P., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d´Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d´Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca) (L.H.-N., P.P.), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Spain; Departments of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.M.V.), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jordi Río
- From the Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (S.M., A.P., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d´Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d´Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca) (L.H.-N., P.P.), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Spain; Departments of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.M.V.), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Xavier Montalban
- From the Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (S.M., A.P., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d´Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d´Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca) (L.H.-N., P.P.), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Spain; Departments of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.M.V.), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Pelegrin
- From the Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (S.M., A.P., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d´Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d´Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca) (L.H.-N., P.P.), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Spain; Departments of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.M.V.), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Comabella
- From the Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (S.M., A.P., J.R., X.M., M.C.), Centre d´Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d´Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca) (L.H.-N., P.P.), University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Spain; Departments of Neurology and Immunology (L.M.M.V.), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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12
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van Echten-Deckert G. The role of sphingosine 1-phosphate metabolism in brain health and disease. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 244:108381. [PMID: 36907249 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are essential structural and functional components of the central nervous system (CNS). Sphingolipids are ubiquitous membrane components which were discovered in the brain in the late 19th century. In mammals, the brain contains the highest concentration of sphingolipids in the body. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) derived from membrane sphingolipids evokes multiple cellular responses which, depending on its concentration and localization, make S1P a double-edged sword in the brain. In the present review we highlight the role of S1P in brain development and focus on the often contrasting findings regarding its contributions to the initiation, progression and potential recovery of different brain pathologies, including neurodegeneration, multiple sclerosis (MS), brain cancers, and psychiatric illnesses. A detailed understanding of the critical implications of S1P in brain health and disease may open the door for new therapeutic options. Thus, targeting S1P-metabolizing enzymes and/or signaling pathways might help overcome, or at least ameliorate, several brain illnesses.
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13
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Strzelec M, Detka J, Mieszczak P, Sobocińska MK, Majka M. Immunomodulation—a general review of the current state-of-the-art and new therapeutic strategies for targeting the immune system. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1127704. [PMID: 36969193 PMCID: PMC10033545 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1127704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a tremendous development of biotechnological, pharmacological, and medical techniques which can be implemented in the functional modulation of the immune system components. Immunomodulation has attracted much attention because it offers direct applications in both basic research and clinical therapy. Modulation of a non-adequate, amplified immune response enables to attenuate the clinical course of a disease and restore homeostasis. The potential targets to modulate immunity are as multiple as the components of the immune system, thus creating various possibilities for intervention. However, immunomodulation faces new challenges to design safer and more efficacious therapeutic compounds. This review offers a cross-sectional picture of the currently used and newest pharmacological interventions, genomic editing, and tools for regenerative medicine involving immunomodulation. We reviewed currently available experimental and clinical evidence to prove the efficiency, safety, and feasibility of immunomodulation in vitro and in vivo. We also reviewed the advantages and limitations of the described techniques. Despite its limitations, immunomodulation is considered as therapy itself or as an adjunct with promising results and developing potential.
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14
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Martín-Hernández D, Martínez M, Robledo-Montaña J, Muñoz-López M, Virto L, Ambrosio N, Marín MJ, Montero E, Herrera D, Sanz M, Leza JC, Figuero E, García-Bueno B. Neuroinflammation related to the blood-brain barrier and sphingosine-1-phosphate in a pre-clinical model of periodontal diseases and depression in rats. J Clin Periodontol 2023; 50:642-656. [PMID: 36644813 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM To explore the potential mechanisms of neuroinflammation (microglia, blood-brain barrier [BBB] permeability, and the sphingosine-1-phosphate [S1P] pathways) resulting from the association between periodontitis and depression in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS This pre-clinical in vivo experimental study used Wistar rats, in which experimental periodontitis (P) was induced by using oral gavages with Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Then, a chronic mild stress (CMS) model was implemented to induce a depressive-like behaviour, resulting in four groups: P with CMS (P+CMS+), P without CMS (P+CMS-), CMS without P (P-CMS+), and control (P-CMS-). After harvesting brain samples, protein/mRNA expression analyses and fluorescence immunohistochemistry were performed in the frontal cortex (FC). Results were analysed by ANOVA. RESULTS CMS exposure increased the number of microglia (an indicator of neuroinflammation) in the FC. In the combined model (P+CMS+), there was a decrease in the expression of tight junction proteins (zonula occludens-1 [ZO-1], occludin) and an increase in intercellular and vascular cell adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), suggesting a more severe disruption of the BBB. The enzymes and receptors of S1P were also differentially regulated. CONCLUSIONS Microglia, BBB permeability, and S1P pathways could be relevant mechanisms explaining the association between periodontitis and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Martín-Hernández
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (Imas12), Neurochemistry Research Institute UCM (IUIN), Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Martínez
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases) Research Group, UCM, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Dentistry, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Robledo-Montaña
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (Imas12), Neurochemistry Research Institute UCM (IUIN), Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Muñoz-López
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (Imas12), Neurochemistry Research Institute UCM (IUIN), Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leire Virto
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases) Research Group, UCM, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Optics, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nagore Ambrosio
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases) Research Group, UCM, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Dentistry, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria José Marín
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases) Research Group, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Montero
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases) Research Group, UCM, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Dentistry, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Herrera
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases) Research Group, UCM, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Dentistry, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Sanz
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases) Research Group, UCM, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Dentistry, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C Leza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (Imas12), Neurochemistry Research Institute UCM (IUIN), Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Figuero
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases) Research Group, UCM, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Dentistry, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (Imas12), Neurochemistry Research Institute UCM (IUIN), Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Lu R, Zhang L, Wang H, Li M, Feng W, Zheng X. Echinacoside exerts antidepressant-like effects through enhancing BDNF-CREB pathway and inhibiting neuroinflammation via regulating microglia M1/M2 polarization and JAK1/STAT3 pathway. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:993483. [PMID: 36686689 PMCID: PMC9846169 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.993483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate the antidepressant effect of echinacoside (ECH) using chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) induced depression mice and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated N9 microglial cells. CUMS treatment was performed on C57BL/6 mice for 28 days, followed by gavaging with different doses of echinacoside (15 and 60 mg/kg) for 21 consecutive days. Sucrose preference test (SPT), open field test (OFT), tail suspension test (TST), and forced swimming test (FST) were measured to assess the effects of echinacoside on CUMS-Induced Depressive-Like Behaviors. After that, the pathological changes of hippocampus were determined by Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and Nissl staining; the neurotransmitters, pro-inflammatory cytokines and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) levels, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); Iba 1were evaluated by Immunofluorescence assay; Key protein expression levels of CREB/BDNF signal pathway were measured by western blotting. Subsequently, N9 cells were stimulated with 1 μg/ml LPS to induce N9 microglia activation, and were treated with 5-20 μM of echinacoside for 24 h. After that, the levels of NO, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) in N9 cell culture supernatants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits; morphology and Iba 1 expression level were observed by high-content screening assay; the M1 markers of CD11b, CD86 and M2 markers of CD206 were analyzed by imaging flow cytometry. Results show that treatment with echinacoside reversed CUMS-increased immobility time in OFT, TST, FST and reversed CUMS-reduced sucrose preference in SPT. In addition, echinacoside reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and Iba 1. Moreover, echinacoside significantly increased p-CREB/CREB ratio and BDNF level in hippocampus. Furthermore, echinacoside reduced the secretion of inflammatory factors and inhibited microglia M1 polarization in N9 cells. In conclusion, echinacoside may be beneficial for the treatment of depression diseases through regulating the microglia balance by inhibiting the polarization of microglia to M1 phenotype, and improving hippocampal neurogenesis by the CREB-BDNF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renrui Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weisheng Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China,*Correspondence: Weisheng Feng, ; Xiaoke Zheng,
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China,*Correspondence: Weisheng Feng, ; Xiaoke Zheng,
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16
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Nootkatone Improves Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Depressive-Like Behaviors by Repressing NF-κB/NLRP3-Mediated Neuroinflammation. Chin J Integr Med 2023; 29:37-43. [PMID: 36401752 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3725-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of nootkatone (NKT) on chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depressive-like behaviors and the mechanism underlying NKT improving the depressive-like behaviors. METHODS The CUMS-induced depression model was established in mice. Fifty mice were randomized into 5 groups (n=10) in accordance with a random number table: control group, CUMS group, CUMS + NKT (6 mg/kg) group, CUMS + NKT (12 mg/kg) group, and CUMS + ketamine group. From the 22th day, NKT (6 or 12 mg/kg) or ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) was given with intragastric administration every day for 21 days. Behavioral tests including forced swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), sucrose preference test (SPT) and open-field test (OFT) were carried out. The mRNA and protein expressions of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in hippocampus were assessed using quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blot analysis, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway was analyzed using Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis. RESULTS NKT treatment improved CUMS-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice (P<0.05 or P<0.01). NKT significantly decreased the mRNA and protein levels of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, and TNF-α in hippocampus of CUMS mice (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Furthermore, NKT repressed CUMS-induced activation of NF-κB signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome (P<0.01). More important, Nigericin, a NLRP3 activator, destroyed the effect of NKT on repressing neuroinflammation and improving depressive-like behaviors (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSION NKT ameliorates the depressive-like symptoms, in part by repressing NF-κB/NLRP3-mediated neuroinflammation.
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17
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Yu X, Qi X, Wei L, Zhao L, Deng W, Guo W, Wang Q, Ma X, Hu X, Ni P, Li T. Fingolimod ameliorates schizophrenia-like cognitive impairments induced by phencyclidine in male rats. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:161-173. [PMID: 36106568 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Improvement of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia remains an unmet need owing to the lack of new therapies and drugs. Recent studies have reported that fingolimod, an immunomodulatory drug for treating multiple sclerosis, demonstrates anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in several neurological disease models. This suggests its usefulness for ameliorating cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Herein, we assessed the efficacy profile and mechanism of fingolimod in a rat model of phencyclidine (PCP)-induced schizophrenia. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with PCP for 14 days. The therapeutic effect of fingolimod on cognitive function was assessed using the Morris water maze and fear conditioning tests. Hippocampal neurogenesis and the expression of astrocytes and microglia were evaluated using immunostaining. Cytokine expression was quantified using multiplexed flow cytometry. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase were determined using western blot analysis. KEY RESULTS Fingolimod attenuated cognitive deficits and restored hippocampal neurogenesis in a dose-dependent manner in PCP-treated rats. Fingolimod treatment exerted anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting microglial activation and IL-6 and IL-1β pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. The underlying mechanism involves the upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein expression and activation of the ERK signalling pathway. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS This is the first preclinical assessment of the effects of fingolimod on cognitive function in a model for schizophrenia. Our results suggest the immune system plays an crucial role in cognitive alterations in schizophrenia and highlight the potential of immunomodulatory strategies to improve cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueyu Qi
- Department of Neurobiology, Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Long Wei
- The Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liansheng Zhao
- The Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Neurobiology, Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanjun Guo
- Department of Neurobiology, Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- The Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- The Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xun Hu
- The Clinical Research Center and Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peiyan Ni
- The Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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18
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Mousavi T, Hassani S, Baeeri M, Rahimifard M, Vakhshiteh F, Gholami M, Ghafour-Broujerdi E, Abdollahi M. Comparison of the safety and efficacy of fingolimod and tofacitinib in the zebrafish model of colitis. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 170:113509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Zhang M, Wang XL, Shi H, Meng LQ, Quan HF, Yan L, Yang HF, Peng XD. Betaine Inhibits NLRP3 Inflammasome Hyperactivation and Regulates Microglial M1/M2 Phenotypic Differentiation, Thereby Attenuating Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Depression-Like Behavior. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:9313436. [PMID: 36339940 PMCID: PMC9629937 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9313436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is one of the most important mental illnesses and is closely related to inflammation. Betaine is a natural product with an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. However, the mechanism by which betaine ameliorates depression-like behaviors induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effect of betaine on LPS-induced depression-like behavior in mice and its mechanism of action. ICR mice were randomly divided into four groups: the control group, the LPS model group (0.83 mg/kg), the positive drug group (MIDO, 50 mg/kg), and the betaine group (5% and 1% in drinking water). The betaine group was administered for 21 days, and on the 22nd day, except for the blank group, LPS (0.83 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected to establish a lipopolysaccharide-induced mice depression-like model. Twenty-four hours after LPS injection, the tail suspension test (TST), open field test (OFT), and sucrose preference test (SPT) were performed to evaluate the effect of betaine on LPS-induced depressive behavior in mice. After the behavioral study, the mouse brain, hippocampus, and serum were taken for detection. The expressions of cytokines and inflammatory mediators were detected by ELISA, HE staining, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression levels of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), caspase-1, and ASC, the protein expression levels of the microglial polarization markers COX-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and CD206. The results showed that betaine significantly ameliorated the depression-like behavior in LPS-induced mice, significantly attenuated the production of proinflammatory cytokines and increased the release of an anti-inflammatory cytokines. Betaine decreased the expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome, decreased the expression of M1 polarization markers, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), COX-2, and iNOS and promoted the expression of M2 polarization marker CD206. Our study suggests that betaine may promote the transition of microglia from the M1 to the M2 phenotype by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation, thereby attenuating lipopolysaccharide-induced depression-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- Department of Basic Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiao-Long Wang
- Department of Basic Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Chinese Medicine Research Center, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Basic Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Lan-Qing Meng
- Department of Basic Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hong-Feng Quan
- Ningxia Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Lin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hui-Fang Yang
- School of Public Healthy and Management, Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Peng
- Department of Basic Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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20
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Tan Y, Wang Z, Liu T, Gao P, Xu S, Tan L. RNA interference-mediated silencing of DNA methyltransferase 1 attenuates neuropathic pain by accelerating microglia M2 polarization. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:376. [PMID: 36183073 PMCID: PMC9526327 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02860-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) exerts imperative functions in neuropathic pain (NP). This study explored the action of RNA interference-mediated DNMT1 silencing in NP by regulating microglial M2 polarization. Methods NP rat models were established using chronic constriction injury (CCI) and highly aggressive proliferating immortalized (HAPI) microglia were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce microglia M1 polarization, followed by treatment of DNMT1 siRNA or si-DNMT1/oe-DNMT1, respectively. The pain threshold of CCI rats was assessed by determining mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL). Levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α/IL-1β/IL-6/IL-10) and DNMT1 in rat L4-L6 spinal cord samples and HAPI cells were measured using ELISA, RT-qPCR, and Western blot. iNOS and Arg-1 mRNA levels were measured via RT-qPCR. DNMT1, M1 marker (iNOS), and M2 marker (Arg-1) levels in microglia of CCI rats were detected by immunofluorescence. Percentages of M1 microglia phenotype (CD16) and M2 microglia phenotype (CD206) were detected by flow cytometry. The phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt pathway-related proteins was determined by Western blot. Results CCI rats exhibited diminished MWT and TWL values, increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, and decreased anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Additionally, DNMT1 was upregulated in CCI rat microglia. DNMT1 siRNA alleviated CCI-induced NP and facilitated M2 polarization of microglia in CCI rats. DNMT1 knockdown inhibited LPS-induced M1 polarization of HAPI cells and promoted M2 polarization by blocking the PI3K/Akt pathway, but DNMT1 overexpression inhibited the M1-to-M2 polarization of microglia. Conclusion RNA interference-mediated DNMT1 silencing accelerates microglia M2 polarization by impeding the PI3K/Akt pathway, thereby alleviating CCI-induced NP. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12883-022-02860-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tan
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Weifang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, No.1055, Weizhou Road, Kuiwen District, Weifang, 261041, China.
| | - Zongjiang Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Sunshine Union Hospital, Weifang, 261041, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Weifang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, No.1055, Weizhou Road, Kuiwen District, Weifang, 261041, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Weifang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, No.1055, Weizhou Road, Kuiwen District, Weifang, 261041, China
| | - Shitao Xu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Weifang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, No.1055, Weizhou Road, Kuiwen District, Weifang, 261041, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Weifang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, No.1055, Weizhou Road, Kuiwen District, Weifang, 261041, China.
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21
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Wang H, He Y, Sun Z, Ren S, Liu M, Wang G, Yang J. Microglia in depression: an overview of microglia in the pathogenesis and treatment of depression. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:132. [PMID: 35668399 PMCID: PMC9168645 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02492-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a highly debilitating psychiatric disorder involving the dysfunction of different cell types in the brain. Microglia are the predominant resident immune cells in the brain and exhibit a critical role in depression. Recent studies have suggested that depression can be regarded as a microglial disease. Microglia regulate inflammation, synaptic plasticity, and the formation of neural networks, all of which affect depression. In this review, we highlighted the role of microglia in the pathology of depression. First, we described microglial activation in animal models and clinically depressed patients. Second, we emphasized the possible mechanisms by which microglia recognize depression-associated stress and regulate conditions. Third, we described how antidepressants (clinical medicines and natural products) affect microglial activation. Thus, this review aimed to objectively analyze the role of microglia in depression and focus on potential antidepressants. These data suggested that regulation of microglial actions might be a novel therapeutic strategy to counteract the adverse effects of devastating mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi tou tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yi He
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi tou tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zuoli Sun
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi tou tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Siyu Ren
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi tou tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Mingxia Liu
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi tou tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Gang Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China. .,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi tou tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Jian Yang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088, China. .,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 10 Xi tou tiao, You An Men Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
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22
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Tayab MA, Islam MN, Chowdhury KAA, Tasnim FM. Targeting neuroinflammation by polyphenols: A promising therapeutic approach against inflammation-associated depression. Pharmacotherapy 2022; 147:112668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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Huang X, Yang Q, Xie L, Lei S. Histone methyltransferase enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit exacerbates inflammation in depression rats by modulating microglia polarization. Bioengineered 2022; 13:5509-5524. [PMID: 35172677 PMCID: PMC8973615 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2036892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a major cause of emotional agony and degraded living quality. Enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit (EZH2) is involved in histone methylation in human diseases. This experiment was designed to investigate the mechanism of EZH2 on depression. Depression rat model was established via the treatment of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) to identify rat depression-like behaviors. EZH2 expression was determined and then silenced to assess its effect on depression-like behaviors and neuroinflammation. Microglia were isolated, cultured, identified and activated to assess EZH2 expression. Effect of EZH2 on microglia polarization was evaluated. Next, the binding relation between microRNA (miR)-29b-3p and EZH2 or matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2) was analyzed. Levels of miR-29b-3p expression and MMP2 transcription were examined. Additionally, the role of miR-29b-3p in microglia polarization was tested. Depression-like behaviors were exhibited after CUMS induction. EZH2 was overexpressed in CUMS-treated rats and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglia. EZH2 silencing reversed depression-like behaviors. EZH2 silencing mitigated inflammation in depression by manipulating microglia M2-type polarization. EZH2 targeted miR-29b-3p expression to promote MMP2 transcription. Inhibition of miR-29b-3p reversed the role of EZH2 silencing in microglia M2-type polarization and promoted inflammation. EZH2 inhibited miR-29b-3p expression by combining with miR-29b-3p promoter and trimethylation of histone H3-lysine 27-trimethylated upregulation, and then elevated MMP2 transcription and triggered microglia M1-type polarization, thus exacerbating depression-like behaviors and neuroinflammation of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhu Huang
- Mental Medicine, College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Nanchong Central Hospital Affiliated with North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Kangning Hospital Affiliated with Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Nanchong Central Hospital Affiliated with North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingling Xie
- Department of Geriatrics, Kangning Hospital Affiliated with Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sihong Lei
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Nanchong Central Hospital Affiliated with North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
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24
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Pan Q, Wang Y, Tian R, Wen Q, Qin G, Zhang D, Chen L, Zhang Y, Zhou J. Sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor 1 contributes to central sensitization in recurrent nitroglycerin-induced chronic migraine model. J Headache Pain 2022; 23:25. [PMID: 35144528 PMCID: PMC8903593 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-022-01397-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central sensitization is an important pathophysiological mechanism of chronic migraine (CM), and microglia activation in trigeminocervical complex (TCC) contributes to the development of central sensitization. Emerging evidence implicates that blocking sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) can relieve the development of chronic pain and inhibit the activation of microglia. However, it is unclear whether S1PR1 is involved in the central sensitization of CM. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the role of S1PR1 and its downstream signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway in the CM, mainly in inflammation. METHODS Chronic intermittent intraperitoneal injection of nitroglycerin (NTG) established a mouse model of CM. First, we observed the changes and subcellular localization of S1PR1 in the trigeminocervical complex (TCC). Then, W146, a S1PR1 antagonist; SEW2871, a S1PR1 agonist; AG490, a STAT3 inhibitor were applied by intraperitoneal injection to investigate the related molecular mechanism. The changes in the number of microglia and the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and c-fos in the TCC site were explored by immunofluorescence. In addition, we studied the effect of S1PR1 inhibitors on STAT3 in lipopolysaccharide-treated BV-2 microglia. RESULTS Our results showed that the expression of S1PR1 was increased after NTG injection and S1PR1 was colocalized with in neurons and glial cells in the TCC. The S1PR1 antagonist W146 alleviated NTG-induced hyperalgesia and suppressed the upregulation of CGRP, c-fos and pSTAT3 in the TCC. Importantly, blocking S1PR1 reduced activation of microglia. In addition, we found that inhibiting STAT3 signal also attenuated NTG-induced basal mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that inhibiting S1PR1 signal could alleviate central sensitization and inhibit microglia activity caused by chronic NTG administration via STAT3 signal pathway, which provide a new clue for the clinical treatment of CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Pan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Department of Neurology, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Ruimin Tian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Qianwen Wen
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangcheng Qin
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dunke Zhang
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lixue Chen
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Jiying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Tao W, Hu Y, Chen Z, Dai Y, Hu Y, Qi M. Magnolol attenuates depressive-like behaviors by polarizing microglia towards the M2 phenotype through the regulation of Nrf2/HO-1/NLRP3 signaling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 91:153692. [PMID: 34411834 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Magnolol (MA) exhibits anti-depressant effect by inhibiting inflammation. However, its effect on microglia polarization remains not fully understood. Herein, our study was performed to evaluate the effect of MA on microglia polarization in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression and explore its potential mechanism. STUDY DESIGN The CUMS procedure was conducted, and the mice were intragastrically treated with MA. BV2 cells were pretreated with MA prior to LPS/ATP challenge. METHODS The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-4, IL-10 in brain and BV2 cells were examined by ELISA. The mRNA expressions of Arg1, Ym1, Fizz1 and Klf4 in brains were measured. ROS content was determined using flow cytometry. Immunofluorescence was employed to evaluate Iba-1 level, Nrf2 nuclear translocation, Iba-1+CD16/32+ and Iba-1+CD206+ cell population. The protein expressions of Nrf2, HO-1, NLRP3, caspase-1 p20 and IL-1β in brains and BV2 cells were investigated by western blot. Nrf2 siRNA was induced in experiments to explore the role of Nrf2 in MA-mediated microglia polarization. The ubiquitination of Nrf2 was visualized by Co-IP. RESULTS The treatment with MA notably relieved depressive like behaviors, suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines, promoted anti-inflammatory cytokines and the transcription of M2 phenotype microglia-specific indicators. MA upregulated the expression of Nrf2, HO-1, downregulated the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1 p20, IL-1β both in vivo and in vitro. MA also reduced ROS concentration, promoted Nrf2 nucleus translocation and prevented Nrf2 ubiquitination. Nrf2 Knockdown by siRNA abolished the MA-mediated microglia polarization. CONCLUSION The present research demonstrated that MA attenuated CUMS-stimulated depression by inhibiting M1 polarization and inducing M2 polarization via Nrf2/HO-1/NLRP3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Tao
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 220023, China
| | - Yuwen Hu
- Jiangsu Medical Device Testing Institute, Nanjing 220023, China
| | - Zhaoyang Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuxin Dai
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yue Hu
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Mingming Qi
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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26
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Prowse N, Hayley S. Microglia and BDNF at the crossroads of stressor related disorders: Towards a unique trophic phenotype. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:135-163. [PMID: 34537262 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stressors ranging from psychogenic/social to neurogenic/injury to systemic/microbial can impact microglial inflammatory processes, but less is known regarding their effects on trophic properties of microglia. Recent studies do suggest that microglia can modulate neuronal plasticity, possibly through brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This is particularly important given the link between BDNF and neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative pathology. We posit that certain activated states of microglia play a role in maintaining the delicate balance of BDNF release onto neuronal synapses. This focused review will address how different "activators" influence the expression and release of microglial BDNF and address the question of tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) expression on microglia. We will then assess sex-based differences in microglial function and BDNF expression, and how microglia are involved in the stress response and related disorders such as depression. Drawing on research from a variety of other disorders, we will highlight challenges and opportunities for modulators that can shift microglia to a "trophic" phenotype with a view to potential therapeutics relevant for stressor-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Prowse
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Shawn Hayley
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
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Critical Roles of Lysophospholipid Receptors in Activation of Neuroglia and Their Neuroinflammatory Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157864. [PMID: 34360625 PMCID: PMC8346064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of microglia and/or astrocytes often releases proinflammatory molecules as critical pathogenic mediators that can promote neuroinflammation and secondary brain damages in diverse diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, controlling the activation of glial cells and their neuroinflammatory responses has been considered as a potential therapeutic strategy for treating neuroinflammatory diseases. Recently, receptor-mediated lysophospholipid signaling, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor- and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor-mediated signaling in particular, has drawn scientific interest because of its critical roles in pathogenies of diverse neurological diseases such as neuropathic pain, systemic sclerosis, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury, hypoxia, hydrocephalus, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Activation of microglia and/or astrocytes is a common pathogenic event shared by most of these CNS disorders, indicating that lysophospholipid receptors could influence glial activation. In fact, many studies have reported that several S1P and LPA receptors can influence glial activation during the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia and multiple sclerosis. This review aims to provide a comprehensive framework about the roles of S1P and LPA receptors in the activation of microglia and/or astrocytes and their neuroinflammatory responses in CNS diseases.
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Govindula A, Pai A, Baghel S, Mudgal J. Molecular mechanisms of cordycepin emphasizing its potential against neuroinflammation: An update. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 908:174364. [PMID: 34297967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent research emphasizes the central role of neuroinflammation in complex neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression, multiple sclerosis, and traumatic brain injury. Multiple pathological variables with identical molecular mechanisms have been implicated in the development of CNS inflammatory diseases. Therefore, one of the most crucial tasks in the management of CNS disorders is the alleviation of neuroinflammation. However, there are many drawbacks of new pharmacological drugs used in the management of CNS disorders, including medication side effects, and treatment complications. There is a growing inclination towards bioactive constituents of natural origin to unearth the potential remedies. Cordycepin, an adenosine analogue, is one such bioactive constituent with multiple actions, viz., anticancer, anti-inflammatory, hepato-protective, antidepressant, anti-Alzheimer's, anti-Parkinsonian and immunomodulatory effects, along with the promotion of remyelination. This review highlights the converging neuroinflammatory targets of cordycepin in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and depression, to substantiate its anti-neuroinflammatory property. Cordycepin acts by downregulation of adenosine A2 receptor, inhibition of microglial activation, and subsequent inhibition of several neuroinflammatory markers (NF-κB, NLRP3 inflammasome, IL-1β, iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, and HMGB1). Cordycepin mitigates LPS-mediated toll-like receptor activation by activating adenosine receptor A1, thereby improving antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase) levels. These pieces of evidence point to the probable anti-neuroinflammatory mechanisms of cordycepin, which could facilitate the development of new remedies against neuroinflammation-associated CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Govindula
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Anuja Pai
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Saahil Baghel
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India.
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Wu Y, Huang D, Wang X, Pei C, Xiao W, Wang F, Wang Z. Suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome by Platycodin D via the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway contributes to attenuation of lipopolysaccharide induced acute lung injury in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107621. [PMID: 33872850 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common clinical condition with a high mortality rate and no specific treatment is available. An excessive inflammatory response contributes to the development of ALI and accelerates its progression, and the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB signaling pathways are key players in inflammation. Platycodin D has been reported to have anti-oxidant and anti-stress properties in various diseases. However, the effects of PLD in ALI has not been clearly demonstrated. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of PLD on ALI and its possible mechanism. Our study found that PLD pre-treatment attenuated lung histopathological injury in LPS-induced SD rats and reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines and lung wet/dry ratio in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). In addition, PLD modulate LPS-induced production of MDA, MPO, GSH, GSH-Px and CAT in lung tissue. In addition, PLD suppressed the activation of NLRP3 inflammatory microsomes and the NF-κB signaling pathway. Thus, our results suggest that PLD are protective against LPS-induced ALI by inhibiting NLRP3 and NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongcan Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Demei Huang
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Caixia Pei
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
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