1
|
Wilson AC, Pountney DL, Khoo TK. Therapeutic Mechanisms of Exercise in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:4860. [PMID: 40429998 PMCID: PMC12112306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26104860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2025] [Revised: 05/15/2025] [Accepted: 05/16/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Despite being the second-most common neurodegenerative disease, the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains uncertain with current knowledge suggestive of multiple risk factors. Furthermore, curative treatment does not yet exist, and treatment is primarily symptomatic in nature. For this reason, supportive therapies such as exercise are a crucial tool in PD management. It is useful to better understand how exercise affects the brain and body in the context of PD to guide clinical decision-making and determine the optimal exercise intensity and modality for PD patients. This review outlines the various mechanisms by which exercise can be beneficial as a therapeutic option in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice C. Wilson
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Dean L. Pountney
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Tien K. Khoo
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
- Northern New South Wales Local Health District, NSW Health, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu G, Ma C, Yang Y. Intervention strategies for Parkinson's disease: the role of exercise and mitochondria. Front Aging Neurosci 2025; 17:1519672. [PMID: 40438505 PMCID: PMC12116464 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2025.1519672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2025] [Indexed: 06/01/2025] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with complex pathogenic mechanisms, exhibiting rising prevalence alongside global population aging. Its pathological hallmarks include substantial loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to motor symptoms (e.g., bradykinesia, rigidity) and non-motor manifestations (e.g., cognitive impairment, sleep disorders). Accumulating evidence underscores mitochondrial dysfunction-encompassing reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, defective mitophagy, and impaired biogenesis-as an important contributor to PD pathogenesis. Exercise, endorsed by leading medical and sports authorities as a non-pharmacological therapeutic strategy. While mitochondrial dysfunction impairs cellular energetics in PD patients, exercise can re-establish mitochondrial homeostasis through multiple pathways: stimulating neuroprotective exerkines, regulating mitochondrial ROS balance, modulating mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy, and enhancing brain-derived neurotrophic factor production. Many studies demonstrate that aerobic, resistance, and mind-body exercises demonstrably improve gait stability, postural control, and cognitive function in PD patients. However, standardized exercise prescriptions for PD prevention and treatment remain underutilized in clinical practice. This review synthesizes mitochondrial pathophysiology in PD progression, exercise-mediated regulatory mechanisms, and evidence-based exercise protocols, proposing accessible exercise regimens to support PD management. By integrating molecular insights with practical strategies, this work provides foundational evidence for utilizing exercise as a non-medical intervention against PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganggang Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, Department of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunlian Ma
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, Department of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
- Physical Fitness Monitoring and Chronic Disease Intervention Research Center, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, Department of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
- Physical Fitness Monitoring and Chronic Disease Intervention Research Center, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Minuti A, Raffaele I, Scuruchi M, Lui M, Muscarà C, Calabrò M. Role and Functions of Irisin: A Perspective on Recent Developments and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2025; 14:554. [PMID: 40427436 PMCID: PMC12108254 DOI: 10.3390/antiox14050554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2025] [Revised: 04/28/2025] [Accepted: 05/05/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Irisin is a peptide derived from fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) and is primarily produced by muscle fibers under the regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α) during exercise. Irisin has been the subject of extensive research due to its potential as a metabolic regulator and its antioxidant properties. Notably, it has been associated with protective actions within the brain. Despite growing interest, many questions remain regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects. This review summarizes recent findings on irisin, highlighting its pleiotropic functions and the biological processes and molecular cascades involved in its action, with a particular focus on the central nervous system. Irisin plays a crucial role in neuron survival, differentiation, growth, and development, while also promoting mitochondrial homeostasis, regulating apoptosis, and facilitating autophagy-processes essential for normal neuronal function. Emerging evidence suggests that irisin may improve conditions associated with non-communicable neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, and multiple sclerosis. Given its diverse benefits, irisin holds promise as a novel therapeutic agent for preventing and treating neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Minuti
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Ivana Raffaele
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Michele Scuruchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy;
| | - Maria Lui
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Claudia Muscarà
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Marco Calabrò
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.M.); (M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhu M, Peng Q, Li S, Zhang G, Zhang Z. Irisin promotes autophagy and attenuates NLRP3 inflammasome activation in Parkinson's disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2025; 149:114201. [PMID: 39914281 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2025] [Accepted: 01/29/2025] [Indexed: 02/22/2025]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the aggregation and prion-like propagation of α-synuclein (α-syn). Irisin is an exercise-induced myokine that regulates energy metabolism and exerts protective effects in PD by reducing α-syn pathology. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of irisin are not fully understood. Here, we show that irisin inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and promotes autophagy in cultured cells. Additionally, irisin alleviates oxidative stress and reduces cell apoptosis induced by α-syn fibrils. In a PD mouse model induced by intrastriatal injection of α-syn fibrils, irisin mitigated α-syn aggregation, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. These observations suggest that irisin functions as a protective mediator against α-syn pathology in PD and that irisin may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Qinyu Peng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Guoxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bhidayasiri R, Aiba I, Nomoto M. The centenarian blueprint: lessons in defying Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2025; 132:331-339. [PMID: 39729254 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-024-02875-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2024] [Accepted: 12/10/2024] [Indexed: 12/28/2024]
Abstract
Recent advancements in neurology have shifted focus from mere diagnosis to comprehensive management of movement disorders, particularly Parkinson's Disease (PD), which is rapidly increasing in prevalence due to global ageing trends. While age is a key risk factor for PD, centenarians often exhibit a remarkably low prevalence of the disease, presenting an intriguing paradox. This viewpoint explores potential reasons for this low prevalence, drawing on studies from regions with high centenarian populations, known as Blue Zones. The authors highlight the importance of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors in promoting healthy ageing and examines how these may contribute to the resilience against PD found in centenarians. By understanding the protective mechanisms in centenarians, particularly the concept of hormesis and factors like diet, exercise, and social connections, we may inform prevention strategies for PD. The study proposes the "EAT, MOVE, SLEEP, PROTECT, and REPEAT" approach as a framework for lifestyle interventions to counteract PD risk factors. Ultimately, centenarians offer valuable insights into delaying neurodegeneration, providing a model for potential preventive trials for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roongroj Bhidayasiri
- Chulalongkorn Centre of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease & Related Disorders, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, 10300, Thailand.
- Chulalongkorn Centre of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease & Related Disorders, Chulalongkorn University Hospital, 1873 Rama 4 Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Ikuko Aiba
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization, Higashinagoya National Hospital, Aichi, 465-8620, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nomoto
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Research Centre, Saiseikai Imabari Hospital, Ehime, 799- 1592, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kojović M. From the Dance Floor to the Brain: The Effects of Music and Dance on Movement Disorders. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2025; 12:267-268. [PMID: 39723669 PMCID: PMC11952953 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.14312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2024] [Accepted: 12/02/2024] [Indexed: 12/28/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Kojović
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Centre LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
| |
Collapse
|