1
|
Villagómez-Estrada S, Pérez JF, Melo-Durán D, Gonzalez-Solè F, D'Angelo M, Pérez-Cano FJ, Solà-Oriol D. Short Communication: Body weight of newborn and suckling piglets affects their intestinal gene expression. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6577224. [PMID: 35511683 PMCID: PMC9175296 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern hyperprolific sows must deal with large litters (16–20 piglets) which reduce piglet birthweight with a concomitant increase in the proportion of small and intrauterine growth retarded piglets. However, larger litters do not only have a greater variation of piglet weights, but also a greater variation in colostrum and milk consumption within the litter. To further understand the impact that body weight has on piglets, the present study aimed to evaluate the degree of physiological weakness of the smallest piglets at birth and during the suckling period (20 d) compared to their middle-weight littermates through their jejunal gene expression. At birth, light piglets showed a downregulation of genes related to immune response (FAXDC2, HSPB1, PPARGC1α), antioxidant enzymes (SOD2m), digestive enzymes (ANPEP, IDO1, SI), and nutrient transporter (SLC39A4) (P < 0.05) but also a tendency for a higher mRNA expression of GBP1 (inflammatory regulator) and HSD11β1 (stress hormone) genes compared to their heavier littermates (P < 0.10). Excluding HSD11β1 gene, all these intestinal gene expression differences initially observed at birth between light and middle-weight piglets were stabilized at the end of the suckling period, when others appeared. Genes involved in barrier function (CLDN1), pro-inflammatory response (CXCL2, IL6, IDO1), and stress hormone signaling (HSD11β1) over-expressed compared to their middle-weight littermates (P < 0.05). In conclusion, at birth and at the end of suckling period, light body weight piglets seem to have a compromised gene expression and therefore impaired nutrient absorption, immune and stress responses compared to their heavier littermates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Villagómez-Estrada
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNIBA), Department of Animal and Food Science, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain.,Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH), Riobamba 060155, Ecuador
| | - José F Pérez
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNIBA), Department of Animal and Food Science, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Diego Melo-Durán
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNIBA), Department of Animal and Food Science, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain.,Faculty of Medical Sciences "Eugenio Espejo", UTE University, Quito 17012764, Ecuador
| | - Francesc Gonzalez-Solè
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNIBA), Department of Animal and Food Science, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Matilde D'Angelo
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNIBA), Department of Animal and Food Science, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Francisco J Pérez-Cano
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08007, Spain
| | - David Solà-Oriol
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNIBA), Department of Animal and Food Science, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Understanding host-microbiota interactions in the commercial piglet around weaning. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23488. [PMID: 34873196 PMCID: PMC8648723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02754-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Weaning is a critical period in the life of pigs with repercussions on their health and welfare and on the economy of the swine industry. This study aimed to assess the effect of the commercial early weaning on gut microbiota, intestinal gene expression and serum metabolomic response via an integrated-omic approach combining 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the OpenArray gene expression technology and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Fourteen piglets from different litters were sampled for blood, jejunum tissue and caecal content two days before (− 2d), and three days after (+ 3d) weaning. A clearly differential ordination of caecal microbiota was observed. Higher abundances of Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Coprococcus, Dorea and Lachnospira genera in weaned piglets compared to prior to weaning showed the quick microbial changes of the piglets’ gut microbiota. Downregulation of OCLN, CLDN4, MUC2, MUC13, SLC15A1 and SLC13A1 genes, also evidenced the negative impact of weaning on gut barrier and digestive functions. Metabolomic approach pinpointed significant decreases in choline, LDL, triglycerides, fatty acids, alanine and isoleucine and increases in 3-hydroxybutyrate after weaning. Moreover, the correlation between microbiota and metabolome datasets revealed the existence of metabolic clusters interrelated to different bacterial clusters. Our results demonstrate the impact of weaning stress on the piglet and give insights regarding the associations between gut microbiota and the animal gene activity and metabolic response.
Collapse
|
3
|
Chalvon-Demersay T, Luise D, Le Floc'h N, Tesseraud S, Lambert W, Bosi P, Trevisi P, Beaumont M, Corrent E. Functional Amino Acids in Pigs and Chickens: Implication for Gut Health. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:663727. [PMID: 34113671 PMCID: PMC8185281 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.663727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In pigs and broiler chickens, the gastrointestinal tract or gut is subjected to many challenges which alter performance, animal health, welfare and livability. Preventive strategies are needed to mitigate the impacts of these challenges on gut health while reducing the need to use antimicrobials. In the first part of the review, we propose a common definition of gut health for pig and chickens relying on four pillars, which correspond to the main functions of the digestive tract: (i) epithelial barrier and digestion, (ii) immune fitness, (iii) microbiota balance and (iv) oxidative stress homeostasis. For each pillar, we describe the most commonly associated indicators. In the second part of the review, we present the potential of functional amino acid supplementation to preserve and improve gut health in piglets and chickens. We highlight that amino acid supplementation strategies, based on their roles as precursors of energy and functional molecules, as signaling molecules and as microbiota modulators can positively contribute to gut health by supporting or restoring its four intertwined pillars. Additional work is still needed in order to determine the effective dose of supplementation and mode of administration that ensure the full benefits of amino acids. For this purpose, synergy between amino acids, effects of amino acid-derived metabolites and differences in the metabolic fate between free and protein-bound amino acids are research topics that need to be furtherly investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Luise
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Bosi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martin Beaumont
- GenPhySE, Université De Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rawat C, Sahoo NR, Wagh SS, Kumar P, Kumar S, Sonwane A, Qureshi S, Kumar A, Panigrahi M. Association of ACK1, TFRC polymorphism with diarrhoeagenic E. coli adhesion patterns and their jejunal expression profile in Indian Ghurrah pigs. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:422. [PMID: 31696027 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1956-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 9 SNPs located in TFRC and ACK1 genes of SSC13q41 genomic region were examined for their association with the adhesion pattern of native Indian pigs using local isolate of diarrhoeagenic E. coli. Phenotypic evaluation of adhesion pattern of 150 pigs revealed 116 animals positive for adhesion, whereas 34 animals had non-adhesive phenotype. Among the adhesive animals, 6, 87 and 23 pigs were strongly adhesive, weakly adhesive and adhesive, respectively. PCR-RFLP study revealed 8 polymorphic SNPs with low to moderate PIC ranging from 7.39 to 37.25% and low to high heterozygosities (8-70%). The loci g.291 C > T, rs81218930 C > T, rs318751568 C > T of TFRC and g.93222 C > A g.94600 C > T of ACK1 showed significant departure from HWE. The genotypic frequencies of the SNPs as well as the haplotypes did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) across the adhesion patterns except one SNP (ACK1-g.107371 A > C). Among the g.107371 A > C genotypes observed, CA was associated with non-adhesive phenotype. Furthermore, TFRC mRNA expression levels were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) different among various adhesive phenotypes, whereas that of ACK1 was significantly (P < 0.05) different between non-adhesive and adhesive groups. The significant association of SNP (ACK1-g.107371 A > C), which was also previously reported to influence ETECF4 mediated diarrhoea susceptibility, implicates its wider application in genetic control of piglet diarrhoea. Furthermore, the up-regulation of TFRC gene expression in adhesive group supports its proposed role in activation of immune cells against E. coli and intracellular iron transport.
Collapse
|
5
|
Effect of mucin 4 allele on susceptibility to experimental infection with enterotoxigenic F4 Escherichia coli in pigs fed experimental diets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:56. [PMID: 31346463 PMCID: PMC6636048 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0366-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated the validity of the DNA-marker based test to determine susceptibility to ETEC-F4 diarrhoea by comparing the results of two DNA sequencing techniques in weaner pigs following experimental infection with F4 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC-F4). The effects of diet and genetic susceptibility were assessed by measuring the incidence of piglet post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD), faecal E. coli shedding and the diarrhoea index. Results A DNA marker-based test targeting the mucin 4 gene (MUC4) that encodes F4 fimbria receptor identified pigs as either fully susceptible (SS), partially or mildly susceptible (SR), and resistant (RR) to developing ETEC-F4 diarrhoea. To further analyse this, DNA sequencing was undertaken, and a significantly higher proportion of C nucleotides was observed for RR and SR at the XbaI cleavage site genotypes when compared to SS. However, no significant difference was found between SR and RR genotypes. Therefore, results obtained from Sanger sequencing retrospectively allocated pigs into a resistant genotype (MUC4–), in the case of a C nucleotide, and a susceptible genotype (MUC4+), in the case of a G nucleotide, at the single nucleotide polymorphism site. A total of 72 weaner pigs (age ~ 21 days), weighing 6.1 ± 1.2 kg (mean ± SEM), were fed 3 different diets: (i) positive control (PC) group supplemented with 3 g/kg zinc oxide (ZnO), (ii) negative control (NC) group (no ZnO or HAMSA), and (iii) a diet containing a 50 g/kg high-amylose maize starch product (HAMSA) esterified with acetate. At days five and six after weaning, all pigs were orally infected with ETEC (serotype O149:F4; toxins LT1, ST1, ST2 and EAST). The percentage of pigs that developed diarrhoea following infection was higher (P = 0.05) in MUC4+ pigs compared to MUC4– pigs (50% vs. 26.8%, respectively). Furthermore, pigs fed ZnO had less ETEC-F4 diarrhoea (P = 0.009) than pigs fed other diets, however faecal shedding of ETEC was similar (P > 0.05) between diets. Conclusion These results confirm that MUC4+ pigs have a higher prevalence of ETEC-F4 diarrhoea following exposure, and that pigs fed ZnO, irrespective of MUC4 status, have reduced ETEC-F4 diarrhoea. Additionally, sequencing or quantifying the single nucleotide polymorphism distribution at the XbaI cleavage site may be more reliable in identifying genotypic susceptibility when compared to traditional methods.
Collapse
|
6
|
Luise D, Motta V, Bertocchi M, Salvarani C, Clavenzani P, Fanelli F, Pagotto U, Bosi P, Trevisi P. Effect of Mucine 4 and Fucosyltransferase 1 genetic variants on gut homoeostasis of growing healthy pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:801-812. [PMID: 30734380 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Putative genetic markers have been associated with ETEC F4 (Mucine 4 [MUC4]; MUC4GG;CG as susceptible; MUC4CC as resistant) and F18 (Fucosyltransferase 1 [FUT1]; FUT1GG;AG as susceptible; FUT1AA as resistant) resistances respectively. In this study, 71 post-weaning pigs were followed from d0 (35 days old) to d42 (77 days of age) to investigate the effect of MUC4 or FUT1 genotypes on the mid-jejunal microbiota composition, pigs expression of genes related to inflammation (IL8, GPX2, REG3G, TFF3, CCL20 and LBPI) and glycomic binding pattern profile (Ulex europaeus agglutinin I [UEA] fucose-binding lectin and peanut agglutinin [PNA] galactose-specific), and on blood plasma targeted metabolomics profile, faecal score and performance parameters of growing healthy pigs. The MUC4 and FUT1 resistant genotypes improved the pigs' growth performance and had firmed faecal score susceptible genotypes in d0-d21 period. Pigs with MUC4GG genotype had a higher jejunal expression of genes relate to immune function (CCL20 and REG3G) than MUC4CG and MUC4CC pigs (p < 0.05). MUC4CG pigs had higher expression of TFF3 (implicated in mucosal integrity) than MUC4GG and MUC4CC (p < 0.05). FUT1 influenced the alpha- and beta-jejunal microbial indices. The FUT1AA group had a higher number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to Lactobacillus genus, while FUT1GG group had a higher number of OTUs belonging to Veillonella genus. MUC4CC pigs had lower scores for UEA on brush borders and goblet cells in villi than MUC4GG (p < 0.05). FUT1AA pigs had lower UEA positivity and higher PNA positivity on brush borders and goblet cells than FUT1AG and FUT1GG (p < 0.05). Both FUT1 and MUC4 influenced the metabolic profile of healthy pigs. Results highlight the role of MUC4 and FUT1 on pig intestinal homoeostasis and improved the knowledge regarding the potential interaction between host genetics, gut microbiota composition and host metabolism in a healthy status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Luise
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Motta
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Micol Bertocchi
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Chiara Salvarani
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Clavenzani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Flaminia Fanelli
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna - S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Uberto Pagotto
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna - S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Bosi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Celi P, Verlhac V, Pérez Calvo E, Schmeisser J, Kluenter AM. Biomarkers of gastrointestinal functionality in animal nutrition and health. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
8
|
Soler L, Miller I, Nöbauer K, Carpentier S, Niewold T. Identification of the major regenerative III protein (RegIII) in the porcine intestinal mucosa as RegIIIγ, not RegIIIα. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 167:51-6. [PMID: 26187439 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the last years, an antimicrobial protein from the RegIII family has been consistently identified as one of the main up-regulated mRNA transcripts in the pig small intestinal mucosa during different infections such as enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). This transcript has been mainly referred to in the literature as pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP/RegIIIα). However, the identity of this transcript has not been confirmed, and no evidence of its expression at the protein level is available in the literature, because the absence of a specific antibody. In this study, we first unequivocally identified the PAP/RegIII family protein mainly expressed in ETEC infected pig intestine as RegIIIγ by 2D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF/TOF. This shows that the pig differs from species like human and mice in that RegIIIγ (and not RegIIIα) might be the major RegIII isotype during intestinal infection. Immunoblotting analysis with a specifically generated polyclonal rabbit antibody revealed that pig RegIIIγ is expressed throughout the intestinal tract, but most abundantly in the ileum. Although a higher abundance of mRNA was paralleled by higher protein abundance, a lack of linear relationship was found between RegIIIγ mRNA and protein abundances in the jejunal mucosa, the latter most pronounced in the case of natural infection. This may be related to the secretory nature of RegIIIγ. This would mean that the antimicrobial protein RegIIIγ is a good candidate as a non-invasive faecal intestinal health biomarker in swine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Soler
- Livestock-Nutrition-Quality Division, Biosystems Department, Faculty of Biosciences Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Heverlee 3001, Belgium
| | - I Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - K Nöbauer
- VetCore, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - S Carpentier
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, O&N II Herestraat 49 - Box 901, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - T Niewold
- Livestock-Nutrition-Quality Division, Biosystems Department, Faculty of Biosciences Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Heverlee 3001, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Messori S, Trevisi P, Simongiovanni A, Priori D, Bosi P. Effect of susceptibility to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4 and of dietary tryptophan on gut microbiota diversity observed in healthy young pigs. Vet Microbiol 2012; 162:173-9. [PMID: 23021862 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Healthy weaned pigs susceptible to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4 (ETEC) require more tryptophan (Trp) to maximize their performance. This may be related to an effect on intestinal microbiota. We studied the intestinal bacterial diversity of healthy pigs with different susceptibility to ETEC and fed different Trp levels. Thirty-six littermate weaned pigs were selected to obtain a set potentially formed of 50% ETEC-susceptible and 50% non-susceptible pigs, based on a Mucin 4 gene polymorphism. Pigs were fed a diet with 0.17 (TrpL) or 0.22 (TrpH) standardized ileal digestible Trp:Lys ratio for 21 days. Slaughtered pigs were classified into non-susceptible, mildly susceptible, and susceptible, by testing ETEC adhesion to intestinal villi. Bacterial diversity in jejunum content was assessed by the 16S rRNA gene-targeted denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting analysis and expressed by the Shannon index. Susceptible pigs had a reduced bacterial diversity, particularly with TrpL diet (p=0.003). The ETEC adhesion class affected the quantification of enterobacteria DNA (p=0.027). One DGGE band, which referred to Clostridium bartlettii, was not evidenced in all the susceptible pigs; less DNA from this microbe was quantified by RT-PCR in the jejunum from TrpH susceptible pigs (p=0.025) compared to TrpL. The gene expression for β-galactoside α-2,3-sialyltransferase 1 was higher in jejunal tissue of ETEC-susceptible pigs (p=0.019). In studies on pig gut microbiota, the presence of intestinal receptors for ETEC should be considered because of their contribution to a reduced bacterial diversity. This effect could be partially reversed by dietary Trp addition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Messori
- University of Bologna, Diproval, Via Rosselli 107, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|