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Kazemi M, Tohidi R. Can conventional forages be replaced with cotton plant (Gossypium hirsutum) wastes in fattening lambs? Laboratory and animal studies. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:405. [PMID: 37971707 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03816-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The cotton plant (Gossypium hirsutum) is a shrub native to many arid and semi-arid regions around the world, while the nutritional value of its wastes has been less scientifically investigated. Different components of whole cotton plant wastes (WCPW) including leaf blade, cotton pod, stem, root, bract, petiole, and cottonseed were evaluated for their nutritional values by standard laboratory methods. After that, we tested the WCPW for partial substitution (0, 20, 40, and 60% substitution or 0, 10, 20, and 30% of dietary dry matter (DM)) with dietary common forage in a completely randomized design with 32 feedlot male lambs for 90 days. A diverse range of chemical and mineral compositions was found among the different WCPW's components. The cottonseed had the highest crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) contents, while the lowest neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were observed in the leaf blade (P < 0.0001). The highest contents of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, and iron were also observed in the leaf blade (P < 0.0001). Higher potential gas production, in vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD), in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD), and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) were also related to the leaf blade (P < 0.0001). Bract had the highest acid-base buffering capacity (P < 0.0001). The lambs fed on 30% of dietary DM with WCPW exhibited lower final body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), CP or NDF digestibility, ruminal TVFA, propionate, plasma total protein, and higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the control group. Generally, WCPW can be substituted up to 40% of common forages (or 20% of diet DM) without any adverse effect on growth performance and blood metabolites of feedlot lambs, especially during feed shortages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Kazemi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Science, University of Torbat-e Jam, Torbat-e Jam, Iran.
| | - Reza Tohidi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Science, University of Torbat-e Jam, Torbat-e Jam, Iran
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Shakeri P, Reiasi A, Tahmasbi R. The effect of pistachio by-product extracts treatment in protecting soybean meal and canola meal protein from rumen microbial degradation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:5222-5229. [PMID: 32520392 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The industrial de-hulling of fresh pistachio generates a large quantity of pistachio by-products (PBP). The present study aimed to investigate the effects of treating soybean meal (SBM) and canola meal (CM) with tannin extracts derived from PBP on the protein fractions according to the Cornell Net Carbohydrates and Protein System (CNCPS), rumen degradability, and ruminal and post-ruminal crude protein (CP) disappearance in an in situ trials using three fistulated steers. The extracts of PBP were obtained via different solvents and then added to SBM and CM, so that the final concentrations of added tannins were 0, 5 and 10 g kg-1 dry matter. RESULTS The CNCPS soluble proteins (fractions A + B1 ) of CP and B1 fraction of CP were lower (P < 0.01) in SBM and CM treated with PBP extracts than untreated meals. Treating SBM with different PBP extracts (except 5 g kg-1 tannin water extract) and CM with 5 g kg-1 tannin water extract and 10 g kg-1 tannin ethanol extract decreased (P < 0.01) ruminal disappearance of CP. From the in situ results, the rapidly degradable fraction (a) of CP decreased (P < 0.01) by treating SBM with different PBP extracts and CM with 5 and 10 g kg-1 tannin water extracts, whereas the slowly degradable fraction (b) of CP remained unchanged in SBM. Treatment of SBM and CM with PBP extracts decreased (P < 0.01) the effective degradability of crude protein estimated with different outflow rates. CONCLUSION Some of the tannin extracts derived from PBP by water, ethanol and methanol could be effective with respect to protein protection of SBM and CM from degradation in the rumen; however, the use of tannin from water extracts can be more economical and practical. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirouz Shakeri
- Animal Science Research Department, Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resource Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Kerman, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reiasi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Tahmasbi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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Herremans S, Vanwindekens F, Decruyenaere V, Beckers Y, Froidmont E. Effect of dietary tannins on milk yield and composition, nitrogen partitioning and nitrogen use efficiency of lactating dairy cows: A meta-analysis. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:1209-1218. [PMID: 32166839 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tannins are secondary plant compounds which have been extensively studied in order to improve the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of ruminants. A meta-analysis was performed of 58 in vivo experiments comparing milk yield, composition and nitrogen metabolism of lactating dairy cows fed diets with or without tannins. The meta-analysis shows that tannins have no impact on corrected milk yield, fat and protein content or NUE (p > .05). However, tannins reduce ruminal ammoniacal nitrogen (N) production by 16% (from 10.95 to 8.47 mg/dl on average), milk urea by 9% (from 15.82 to 14.03 mg/dl) and urinary N excretion (-11%; p < .05). This is compensated for by a lower apparent N digestibility (61.51% with dietary tannins compared to 66.17% without). The effect of tannin on N metabolism parameters increases with tannin dose (p < .05). The shift from urinary to faecal N may be beneficial for environment preservation, as urinary N induces more harmful emissions than faecal N. From a farmer's perspective, tannins seem unable to increase fat- and protein-corrected milk yield or reduce feed protein requirements and thus have no direct economic benefit. Potentially less costly than tannin extracts, forage or by-products naturally rich in tannins could still be useful to reduce the environmental impact of ruminant protein feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Herremans
- Production and Sectors Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Center, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Vanwindekens
- Agriculture and Natural Environment Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Center, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Virginie Decruyenaere
- Production and Sectors Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Center, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Yves Beckers
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition, University of Liège - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Eric Froidmont
- Production and Sectors Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Center, Gembloux, Belgium
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Akbari-Alavijeh S, Soleimanian-Zad S, Sheikh-Zeinoddin M, Hashmi S. Pistachio hull water-soluble polysaccharides as a novel prebiotic agent. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 107:808-816. [PMID: 28928068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We isolated and characterized pistachio hull polysaccharides (PHP). The PHP was a heteropolysaccharide mainly contained 75.50% (w/w) total sugar and 9.51% (w/w) uronic acid. As determined by GPC analysis, the polysaccharide with a molecular weight of 3.71×106 D (83.2%) was the most dominant fraction. Moreover, HPLC analysis indicated that PHP was predominantly composed of xylose, glucose, arabinose, and fructose with a molar ratio of 1.00:2.50:19.67:28.81. FT-IR and NMR analysis also confirmed the results obtained by HPLC and characterized preliminary structure features of the PHP. Functional properties of the PHP including water holding capacity (WHC: 2.44±0.05g water/g DM), and oil holding capacity (OHC: 11.53±0.04g oil/g DM) were significant compared to inulin used as reference prebiotic (p<0.01). Furthermore, the PHP remained 94.37% undigested in the simulated digestion process and stimulated the growth of L. plantarum PTCC 1896 and L. rhamnosus GG and increased the acetate, propionate and butyrate production over inulin in vitro. Totally, the PHP showed a considerable prebiotic capability and high WHC, OHC suggesting that the PHP is a potent pharmaceutical with good technological properties which can be used in food and drug industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safoura Akbari-Alavijeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran; Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University,180 Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Sabihe Soleimanian-Zad
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran; Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Mahmoud Sheikh-Zeinoddin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Sarwar Hashmi
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University,180 Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Denek N, Aydin SS, Can A. The effects of dried pistachio (Pistachio vera L.) by-product addition on corn silage fermentation and in vitro methane production. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2016.1141778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nihat Denek
- Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Animal Science, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Sadik Serkan Aydin
- Sanliurfa Food Control Laboratory, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Can
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
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Shakeri P. Pistachio by-product as an alternative forage source for male lambs: Effects on performance, blood metabolites, and urine characteristics. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Pomegranate seed pulp, pistachio hulls, and tomato pomace as replacement of wheat bran increased milk conjugated linoleic acid concentrations without adverse effects on ruminal fermentation and performance of Saanen dairy goats. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mokhtarpour A, Naserian AA, Pourmollae F, Ghaffari MH. Effect of treating alfalfa silage with pistachio by-products extract on Saanen dairy goats performance and microbial nitrogen synthesis. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:758-67. [PMID: 26336063 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A lactation experiment was conducted to determine the influence of addition of pistachio by-products extract (PBE) to alfalfa silage (AS) on performance, rumen fermentation, milk yield and composition, and microbial nitrogen synthesis. Eight multiparous dairy goats (1.8 ± 0.25 kg of milk yield) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to compare two types of AS (supplemented with or without PBE) with two levels of dietary crude protein (14% vs. 16% CP). Dietary treatments were (i) AS with 14% CP of DM diet without PBE (14%CP-PBE), (ii) AS with 14% CP of DM diet with PBE (14%CP + PBE), (iii) AS with 16% CP of DM diet without PBE (16%CP-PBE) and (iv) AS with 16% CP of DM diet with PBE (16%CP + PBE). PBE was sprayed on fresh alfalfa at a ratio of 500 ml/kg alfalfa DM to get the final concentration of 1% tannin as tannic acid equivalent on DM basis. Intake of CP was greater (p < 0.01) in goats fed 16% CP diets than those fed 14% CP diets, regardless of PBE supplementation. Supplementation of PBE tended to decrease (p = 0.09) rumen NH3 -N concentration regardless of the level of CP in the diet. Supplementation of PBE tended (p = 0.09) to decrease total purine derivatives regardless of the level of CP in the diet with no significant change in microbial nitrogen supply. Efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis (EMNS) had a tendency (p = 0.07) to decrease in PBE supplemented diets. There was also a tendency (p = 0.10) for more EMNS in 14% CP fed goats than those fed 16% CP diets. Therefore, AS supplemented with PBE may lead to less concentration of ruminal NH3 -N because of decreased degradation of CP by rumen micro-organisms in response to pistachio by-products tannins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mokhtarpour
- Research Center of Special Domestic Animals, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.,Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A A Naserian
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - F Pourmollae
- Agricultural Jihad Organization of Khorasan-Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
| | - M H Ghaffari
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Naserian AA, Staples CR, Ghaffari MH. Effects of replacing wheat bran by pistachio skins on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, milk yield, milk composition and blood metabolites of dairy Saanen goats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:256-63. [PMID: 26174030 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of pistachio skins (PiS) as a replacement of wheat bran on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, milk yield, milk composition and blood metabolites of dairy Saanen goats. Eight multiparous lactating Saanen goats (55 ± 7.2 days post-partum, 45 ± 2 kg body weight) were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments arranged in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. The dietary treatments were 1) 0 g/kg PiS and 210 g/kg wheat bran in the TMR (0PiS), 2) 70 g/kg PiS and 140 g/kg wheat bran in the TMR (7PiS), 3) 140 g/kg PiS and 70 g/kg wheat bran in the TMR (14PiS) and 4) 210 g/kg PiS and 0 g/kg wheat bran in the TMR (21PiS). The trial consisted of four 21-day periods, each composed of 14 days adaptation and 7 days data collection. Dry matter intake (p < 0.05) and crude protein digestibility (p < 0.01) increased linearly with increasing PiS proportions in the diet. Increasing the proportion of PiS in the diet caused a quadratic increase in apparent digestibility of dry matter (p < 0.05), and tended (p = 0.05) to increase quadratically organic matter, and ether extract digestibility. Replacing wheat bran with PiS in the diet had no effects on milk yield, whereas milk fat concentration increased linearly (p < 0.01) with increasing inclusion of PiS in the diet. As the dietary proportion of PiS increased, ruminal pH tended (p = 0.07) to increase linearly, whereas ammonia-N concentration declined in the rumen. Plasma concentrations of glucose and BUN remained unaffected, whereas triglycerides (p < 0.05) and cholesterol (p < 0.01) concentrations increased linearly with increasing inclusion of PiS in the diet. It was concluded that PiS based on local ingredients can successfully replace wheat bran in diets of dairy goats without detrimental effects on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Naserian
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - C R Staples
- Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - M H Ghaffari
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Moradi M, Behgar M, Afzalzadeh A, Norouzian M. Effects of electron irradiation, sodium hydroxide and poly ethylene glycol on the utilization of pistachio by-products by Zandi male lambs. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sedighi-Vesagh R, Naserian AA, Ghaffari MH, Petit HV. Effects of pistachio by-products on digestibility, milk production, milk fatty acid profile and blood metabolites in Saanen dairy goats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014; 99:777-87. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Sedighi-Vesagh
- Department of Animal Science; Faculty of Agriculture; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad Iran
| | - A. A. Naserian
- Department of Animal Science; Faculty of Agriculture; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad Iran
| | - M. H. Ghaffari
- Department of Animal Science; Faculty of Agriculture; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad Iran
| | - H. V. Petit
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Sherbrooke QC Canada
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Kondo M, Hirano Y, Kita K, Jayanegara A, Yokota HO. Fermentation Characteristics, Tannin Contents and In vitro Ruminal Degradation of Green Tea and Black Tea By-products Ensiled at Different Temperatures. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 27:937-45. [PMID: 25050034 PMCID: PMC4093564 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Green and black tea by-products, obtained from ready-made tea industry, were ensiled at 10°C, 20°C, and 30°C. Green tea by-product silage (GTS) and black tea by-product silage (BTS) were opened at 5, 10, 45 days after ensiling. Fermentation characteristics and nutrient composition, including tannins, were monitored and the silages on day 45 were subjected to in vitro ruminal fermentation to assess anti-nutritive effects of tannins using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a tannin-binding agent. Results showed that the GTS and BTS silages were stable and fermented slightly when ensiled at 10°C. The GTS stored at 20°C and 30°C showed rapid pH decline and high acetic acid concentration. The BTS was fermented gradually with moderate change of pH and acid concentration. Acetic acid was the main acid product of fermentation in both GTS and BTS. The contents of total extractable phenolics and total extractable tannins in both silages were unaffected by storage temperatures, but condensed tannins in GTS were less when stored at high temperature. The GTS showed no PEG response on in vitro gas production, and revealed only a small increase by PEG on NH3-N concentration. Storage temperature of GTS did not affect the extent of PEG response to both gas production and NH3-N concentration. On the other hand, addition of PEG on BTS markedly increased both the gas production and NH3-N concentration at any ensiled temperature. It can be concluded that tannins in both GTS and BTS suppressed rumen fermentation, and tannins in GTS did more weakly than that in BTS. Ensiling temperature for both tea by-products did not affect the tannin’s activity in the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kondo
- Department of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan ; Nagoya University Farm, Nagoya University, Togo, Aichi 470-0151, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Hirano
- Nagoya University Farm, Nagoya University, Togo, Aichi 470-0151, Japan . ; Department of Health and Nutrition, Tokai Gakuen University, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8514, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kita
- Nagoya University Farm, Nagoya University, Togo, Aichi 470-0151, Japan . ; Department of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Anuraga Jayanegara
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Hiro-Omi Yokota
- Nagoya University Farm, Nagoya University, Togo, Aichi 470-0151, Japan
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Effects of long period feeding pistachio by-product silage on chewing activity, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation parameters of Holstein male calves. Animal 2014; 8:1826-31. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114001621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Ghaffari MH, Tahmasbi AM, Khorvash M, Naserian AA, Ghaffari AH, Valizadeh H. Effects of pistachio by-products in replacement of alfalfa hay on populations of rumen bacteria involved in biohydrogenation and fermentative parameters in the rumen of sheep. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013; 98:578-86. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. H. Ghaffari
- Department of Animal Science; Faculty of Agriculture; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad Iran
| | - A.-M. Tahmasbi
- Department of Animal Science; Faculty of Agriculture; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad Iran
| | - M. Khorvash
- Department of Animal Sciences; Faculty of Agriculture; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan Iran
| | - A.-A. Naserian
- Department of Animal Science; Faculty of Agriculture; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad Iran
| | - A. H. Ghaffari
- Department of Animal Science; Faculty of Agriculture; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad Iran
| | - H. Valizadeh
- Department of Animal Science; Faculty of Agriculture; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad Iran
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