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Hassanpour H, Mirshokraei P, Salehpour M, Amiri K, Ghareghani P, Nasiri L. Canine sperm motility is associated with telomere shortening and changes in expression of shelterin genes. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:236. [PMID: 37950187 PMCID: PMC10637008 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03795-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motion quality is a critical property for essential functions. Several endogenous and exogenous factors are involved in sperm motility. Here, we measured the relative telomere length and evaluated the gene expression of its binding-proteins, shelterin complex (TRF1, TRF2, RAP1, POT1, TIN2, and TPP1) in sperm of dogs using relative quantitative real-time PCR. We compared them between two sperm subpopulations with poor and good motion qualities (separated by swim-up method). Telomere shortening and alterations of shelterin gene expression result from ROS, genotoxic insults, and genetic predisposition. RESULTS Sperm kinematic parameters were measured in two subpopulations and then telomeric index of each parameter was calculated. Telomeric index for linearity, VSL, VCL, STR, BCF, and ALH were significantly higher in sperms with good motion quality than in sperms with poor quality. We demonstrated that poor motion quality is associated with shorter telomere, higher expression of TRF2, POT1, and TIN2 genes, and lower expression of the RAP1 gene in dog sperm. The levels of TRF1 and TPP1 gene expression remained consistent despite variations in sperm quality and telomere length. CONCLUSION Data provided evidence that there are considerable changes in gene expression of many shelterin components (TRF2, TIN2, POT1and RAP1) associated with shortening telomere in the spermatozoa with poor motion quality. Possibly, the poor motion quality is the result of defects in the shelterin complex and telomere length. Our data suggests a new approach in the semen assessment and etiologic investigations of subfertility or infertility in male animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Hassanpour
- Department of Gametes and Cloning, Research Institute of Animal Embryo Technology, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Pezhman Mirshokraei
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marzieh Salehpour
- Department of Gametes and Cloning, Research Institute of Animal Embryo Technology, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Khadije Amiri
- Department of Gametes and Cloning, Research Institute of Animal Embryo Technology, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Parvin Ghareghani
- Department of Gametes and Cloning, Research Institute of Animal Embryo Technology, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Leila Nasiri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Medoro A, Saso L, Scapagnini G, Davinelli S. NRF2 signaling pathway and telomere length in aging and age-related diseases. Mol Cell Biochem 2023:10.1007/s11010-023-04878-x. [PMID: 37917279 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04878-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is well recognized as a critical regulator of redox, metabolic, and protein homeostasis, as well as the regulation of inflammation. An age-associated decline in NRF2 activity may allow oxidative stress to remain unmitigated and affect key features associated with the aging phenotype, including telomere shortening. Telomeres, the protective caps of eukaryotic chromosomes, are highly susceptible to oxidative DNA damage, which can accelerate telomere shortening and, consequently, lead to premature senescence and genomic instability. In this review, we explore how the dysregulation of NRF2, coupled with an increase in oxidative stress, might be a major determinant of telomere shortening and age-related diseases. We discuss the relevance of the connection between NRF2 deficiency in aging and telomere attrition, emphasizing the importance of studying this functional link to enhance our understanding of aging pathologies. Finally, we present a number of compounds that possess the ability to restore NRF2 function, maintain a proper redox balance, and preserve telomere length during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Medoro
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Via F. De Sanctis, s.n.c., 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scapagnini
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Via F. De Sanctis, s.n.c., 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Via F. De Sanctis, s.n.c., 86100, Campobasso, Italy.
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3
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Sienkiewicz M, Sroka K, Binienda A, Jurk D, Fichna J. A new face of old cells: An overview about the role of senescence and telomeres in inflammatory bowel diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 91:102083. [PMID: 37802318 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a pivotal factor contributing to aging and the pathophysiology of age-related diseases. Despite the presence of inflammation and abnormal immune system function in both inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and senescence, the relationship between the two remains largely unexplored. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate the intricate connection between cellular senescence, telomeres, and IBD. The review highlights the presence of senescence markers, particularly p16 and p21, in IBD patients, suggesting their potential association with disease progression and mucosal inflammation. We emphasize the critical role of macrophages in eliminating senescent cells and how disturbance in effective clearance may contribute to persistent senescence and inflammation in IBD. Additionally, we shed light on the involvement of telomeres in IBD, as their dysfunction impairs enterocyte function and disrupts colonic barrier integrity, potentially exacerbating the pathogenesis of the disease. Targeting senescence and telomere dysfunctions holds promise for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches to mitigate intestinal inflammation and alleviate symptoms in IBD patients. By unraveling the precise role of senescence in IBD, we can pave the way for the discovery of novel therapeutic interventions that effectively address the underlying mechanisms of intestinal inflammation, offering hope for improved management and treatment of IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Sienkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kamila Sroka
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | - Agata Binienda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Diana Jurk
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center On Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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4
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Jain A, Casanova D, Padilla AV, Paniagua Bojorges A, Kotla S, Ko KA, Samanthapudi VSK, Chau K, Nguyen MTH, Wen J, Hernandez Gonzalez SL, Rodgers SP, Olmsted-Davis EA, Hamilton DJ, Reyes-Gibby C, Yeung SCJ, Cooke JP, Herrmann J, Chini EN, Xu X, Yusuf SW, Yoshimoto M, Lorenzi PL, Hobbs B, Krishnan S, Koutroumpakis E, Palaskas NL, Wang G, Deswal A, Lin SH, Abe JI, Le NT. Premature senescence and cardiovascular disease following cancer treatments: mechanistic insights. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1212174. [PMID: 37781317 PMCID: PMC10540075 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1212174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, especially among the aging population. The "response-to-injury" model proposed by Dr. Russell Ross in 1999 emphasizes inflammation as a critical factor in atherosclerosis development, with atherosclerotic plaques forming due to endothelial cell (EC) injury, followed by myeloid cell adhesion and invasion into the blood vessel walls. Recent evidence indicates that cancer and its treatments can lead to long-term complications, including CVD. Cellular senescence, a hallmark of aging, is implicated in CVD pathogenesis, particularly in cancer survivors. However, the precise mechanisms linking premature senescence to CVD in cancer survivors remain poorly understood. This article aims to provide mechanistic insights into this association and propose future directions to better comprehend this complex interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashita Jain
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Diego Casanova
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Sivareddy Kotla
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kyung Ae Ko
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Khanh Chau
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Minh T. H. Nguyen
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jake Wen
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Shaefali P. Rodgers
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Dale J. Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Cielito Reyes-Gibby
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sai-Ching J. Yeung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - John P. Cooke
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Joerg Herrmann
- Cardio Oncology Clinic, Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Eduardo N. Chini
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Syed Wamique Yusuf
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Momoko Yoshimoto
- Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Philip L. Lorenzi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Division of VP Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Brain Hobbs
- Department of Population Health, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Efstratios Koutroumpakis
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nicolas L. Palaskas
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Guangyu Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Anita Deswal
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Steven H. Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jun-ichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nhat-Tu Le
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
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5
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Hassanpour H, Farhadi N, Bahadoran S, Akbari MR. Cardiac telomere attrition following changes in the expression of shelterin genes in pulmonary hypertensive chickens. Br Poult Sci 2023:1-7. [PMID: 36607418 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2163877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
1. The alterations of relative telomere length and expression of shelterin genes (TRF1, TRF2, RAP1, POT1, and TPP1) were evaluated from the chickens' right heart ventricle in the early and last stages of cold-induced pulmonary hypertension (PHS) at 21 and 42 d of age.2. The relative telomere length in the right ventricular tissues was significantly shorter in the PHS group of broilers than in the control group at 42 d, but did not statistically change at 21 d of age. There was a significant negative correlation between relative telomere length and RV:TV ratio in the broilers at 42 d of age.3. The relative expression of POT1, RAP1 and TPP1 genes in the right ventricular tissues was significantly lower in the PHS group than in the control group at 21 d. The relative expression of the TRF2 gene was only higher in the PHS group of broilers than control at 42 d. The mRNA level of the TRF2 gene exhibited a significant positive correlation with RV:TV ratio at 42 d.4. It was concluded that most shelterin genes are dysregulated in the early stage of PHS (right ventricular hypertrophy) while telomere attrition occurs only at the last stage (heart dilation/failure).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hassanpour
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - N Farhadi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - S Bahadoran
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shaharekord, Iran
| | - M R Akbari
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
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6
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Effect of oxidative stress on telomere maintenance in aortic smooth muscle cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166397. [PMID: 35346819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and telomere dysfunction are both associated with aging and the development of age-related diseases. Although there is evidence for a direct relationship between ROS and telomere dysfunction as well as an independent association of oxidative stress and telomere attrition with age-related disorders, there has not been sufficient exploration of how the interaction between oxidative stress and telomere function may contribute to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). To better understand the complex relationships between oxidative stress, telomerase biology and pathophysiology, we examined the telomere biology of aortic smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) isolated from mutant mouse models of oxidative stress. We discovered that telomere lengths were significantly shorter in ASMCs isolated from superoxide dismutase 2 heterozygous (Sod2+/-) mice, which exhibit increased arterial stiffness with aging, and the observed telomere attrition occurred over time. Furthermore, the telomere erosion occurred even though telomerase activity increased. In contrast, telomeres remained stable in wild-type and superoxide dismutase 1 heterozygous (Sod1+/-) mice, which do not exhibit CVD phenotypes. The data indicate that mitochondrial oxidative stress, in particular elevated superoxide levels and decreased hydrogen peroxide levels, induces telomere erosion in the ASMCs of the Sod2+/- mice. This reduction in telomere length occurs despite an increase in telomerase activity and correlates with the onset of disease phenotype. Our results suggest that the oxidative stress caused by imbalance in mitochondrial ROS, from deficient SOD2 activity as a model for mitochondrial dysfunction results in telomere dysfunction, which may contribute to pathogenesis of CVD.
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7
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Low E, Alimohammadiha G, Smith LA, Costello LF, Przyborski SA, von Zglinicki T, Miwa S. How good is the evidence that cellular senescence causes skin ageing? Ageing Res Rev 2021; 71:101456. [PMID: 34487917 PMCID: PMC8524668 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ of the body with important protective functions, which become compromised with time due to both intrinsic and extrinsic ageing processes. Cellular senescence is the primary ageing process at cell level, associated with loss of proliferative capacity, mitochondrial dysfunction and significantly altered patterns of expression and secretion of bioactive molecules. Intervention experiments have proven cell senescence as a relevant cause of ageing in many organs. In case of skin, accumulation of senescence in all major compartments with ageing is well documented and might be responsible for most, if not all, the molecular changes observed during ageing. Incorporation of senescent cells into in-vitro skin models (specifically 3D full thickness models) recapitulates changes typically associated with skin ageing. However, crucial evidence is still missing. A beneficial effect of senescent cell ablation on skin ageing has so far only been shown following rather unspecific interventions or in transgenic mouse models. We conclude that evidence for cellular senescence as a relevant cause of intrinsic skin ageing is highly suggestive but not yet completely conclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evon Low
- Ageing Biology Laboratories, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Ghazaleh Alimohammadiha
- Ageing Biology Laboratories, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Lucy A Smith
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Lydia F Costello
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Stefan A Przyborski
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Thomas von Zglinicki
- Ageing Biology Laboratories, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK.
| | - Satomi Miwa
- Ageing Biology Laboratories, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
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8
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Lee HY, Jeon Y, Kim YK, Jang JY, Cho YS, Bhak J, Cho KH. Identifying molecular targets for reverse aging using integrated network analysis of transcriptomic and epigenomic changes during aging. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12317. [PMID: 34112891 PMCID: PMC8192508 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91811-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with widespread physiological changes, including skeletal muscle weakening, neuron system degeneration, hair loss, and skin wrinkling. Previous studies have identified numerous molecular biomarkers involved in these changes, but their regulatory mechanisms and functional repercussions remain elusive. In this study, we conducted next-generation sequencing of DNA methylation and RNA sequencing of blood samples from 51 healthy adults between 20 and 74 years of age and identified aging-related epigenetic and transcriptomic biomarkers. We also identified candidate molecular targets that can reversely regulate the transcriptomic biomarkers of aging by reconstructing a gene regulatory network model and performing signal flow analysis. For validation, we screened public experimental data including gene expression profiles in response to thousands of chemical perturbagens. Despite insufficient data on the binding targets of perturbagens and their modes of action, curcumin, which reversely regulated the biomarkers in the experimental dataset, was found to bind and inhibit JUN, which was identified as a candidate target via signal flow analysis. Collectively, our results demonstrate the utility of a network model for integrative analysis of omics data, which can help elucidate inter-omics regulatory mechanisms and develop therapeutic strategies against aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwang-Yeol Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Genome Research Institute, Clinomics Inc, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsu Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.,Korea Genomics Center (KOGIC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Kyung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.,Korea Genomics Center (KOGIC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Jang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.,Korea Genomics Center (KOGIC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Sung Cho
- Genome Research Institute, Clinomics Inc, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Bhak
- Genome Research Institute, Clinomics Inc, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea. .,Korea Genomics Center (KOGIC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea. .,Personal Genomics Institute (PGI), Genome Research Foundation (GRF), Osong, 28160, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwang-Hyun Cho
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Abstract
Significance: Cell senescence was originally defined by an acute loss of replicative capacity and thus believed to be restricted to proliferation-competent cells. More recently, senescence has been recognized as a cellular stress and damage response encompassing multiple pathways or senescence domains, namely DNA damage response, cell cycle arrest, senescence-associated secretory phenotype, senescence-associated mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy/mitophagy dysfunction, nutrient and stress signaling, and epigenetic reprogramming. Each of these domains is activated during senescence, and all appear to interact with each other. Cell senescence has been identified as an important driver of mammalian aging. Recent Advances: Activation of all these senescence domains has now also been observed in a wide range of post-mitotic cells, suggesting that senescence as a stress response can occur in nondividing cells temporally uncoupled from cell cycle arrest. Here, we review recent evidence for post-mitotic cell senescence and speculate about its possible relevance for mammalian aging. Critical Issues: Although a majority of senescence domains has been found to be activated in a range of post-mitotic cells during aging, independent confirmation of these results is still lacking for most of them. Future Directions: To define whether post-mitotic senescence plays a significant role as a driver of aging phenotypes in tissues such as brain, muscle, heart, and others. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 308-323.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas von Zglinicki
- Ageing Research Laboratories, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Molecular Biology and Genetics, Arts and Sciences Faculty, Near East University, Nicosia, Turkey
| | - Tengfei Wan
- Ageing Research Laboratories, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Satomi Miwa
- Ageing Research Laboratories, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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10
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Pańczyszyn A, Boniewska-Bernacka E, Goc A. The role of telomeres and telomerase in the senescence of postmitotic cells. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 95:102956. [PMID: 32937289 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Senescence is a process related to the stopping of divisions and changes leading the cell to the SASP phenotype. Permanent senescence of many SASP cells contributes to faster aging of the body and development of age-related diseases due to the release of pro-inflammatory factors. Both mitotically active and non-dividing cells can undergo senescence as a result of activation of different molecular pathways. Telomeres, referred to as the molecular clock, direct the dividing cell into the aging pathway when reaching a critical length. In turn, the senescence of postmitotic cells depends not on the length of telomeres, but their functionality. Dysfunctional telomeres are responsible for triggering the signaling of DNA damage response (DDR). Telomerase subunits in post-mitotic cells translocate between the nucleus, cytoplasm and mitochondria, participating in the regulation of their activity. Among other things, they contribute to the reduction of reactive oxygen species generation, which leads to telomere dysfunction and, consequently, senescence. Some proteins of the shelterin complex also play a protective role by inhibiting senescence-initiating kinases and limiting ROS production by mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pańczyszyn
- University of Opole, Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Biology and Genetics, Opole 45-040, Pl.Kopernika 11a, Poland.
| | - Ewa Boniewska-Bernacka
- University of Opole, Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Biology and Genetics, Opole 45-040, Pl.Kopernika 11a, Poland.
| | - Anna Goc
- University of Opole, Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Biology and Genetics, Opole 45-040, Pl.Kopernika 11a, Poland.
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11
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Razgonova MP, Zakharenko AM, Golokhvast KS, Thanasoula M, Sarandi E, Nikolouzakis K, Fragkiadaki P, Tsoukalas D, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A. Telomerase and telomeres in aging theory and chronographic aging theory (Review). Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:1679-1694. [PMID: 32705188 PMCID: PMC7411297 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The current review focuses on the connection of telomerase and telomeres with aging. In this review, we describe the changes in telomerase and telomere length (TEL) during development, their role in carcinogenesis processes, and the consequences of reduced telomerase activity. More specifically, the connection of TEL in peripheral blood cells with the development of aging‑associated diseases is discussed. The review provides systematic data on the role of telomerase in mitochondria, the biology of telomeres in stem cells, as well as the consequences of the forced expression of telomerase (telomerization) in human cells. Additionally, it presents the effects of chronic stress exposure on telomerase activity, the effect of TEL on fertility, and the effect of nutraceutical supplements on TEL. Finally, a comparative review of the chronographic theory of aging, presented by Olovnikov is provided based on currently available scientific research on telomere, telomerase activity, and the nature of aging by multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayya P. Razgonova
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Zakharenko
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Kirill S. Golokhvast
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia
- Pacific Geographical Institute, Far Eastern Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Maria Thanasoula
- Metabolomic Μedicine, Health Clinics for Autoimmune and Chronic Diseases, 10674 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Sarandi
- Metabolomic Μedicine, Health Clinics for Autoimmune and Chronic Diseases, 10674 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Persefoni Fragkiadaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
- Spin-Off Toxplus S.A., 71601 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dimitris Tsoukalas
- Metabolomic Μedicine, Health Clinics for Autoimmune and Chronic Diseases, 10674 Athens, Greece
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
- Spin-Off Toxplus S.A., 71601 Heraklion, Greece
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Abstract
Telomeres are specialised structures at the end of linear chromosomes. They consist of tandem repeats of the hexanucleotide sequence TTAGGG, as well as a protein complex called shelterin. Together, they form a protective loop structure against chromosome fusion and degradation. Shortening or damage to telomeres and opening of the loop induce an uncapped state that triggers a DNA damage response resulting in senescence or apoptosis.Average telomere length, usually measured in human blood lymphocytes, was thought to be a biomarker for ageing, survival and mortality. However, it becomes obvious that regulation of telomere length is very complex and involves multiple processes. For example, the "end replication problem" during DNA replication as well as oxidative stress are responsible for the shortening of telomeres. In contrast, telomerase activity can potentially counteract telomere shortening when it is able to access and interact with telomeres. However, while highly active during development and in cancer cells, the enzyme is down-regulated in most human somatic cells with a few exceptions such as human lymphocytes. In addition, telomeres can be transcribed, and the transcription products called TERRA are involved in telomere length regulation.Thus, telomere length and their integrity are regulated at many different levels, and we only start to understand this process under conditions of increased oxidative stress, inflammation and during diseases as well as the ageing process.This chapter aims to describe our current state of knowledge on telomeres and telomerase and their regulation in order to better understand their role for the ageing process.
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13
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Parikh P, Wicher S, Khandalavala K, Pabelick CM, Britt RD, Prakash YS. Cellular senescence in the lung across the age spectrum. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L826-L842. [PMID: 30785345 PMCID: PMC6589594 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00424.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence results in cell cycle arrest with secretion of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and remodeling proteins (senescence-associated secretory phenotype; SASP) that have autocrine and paracrine effects on the tissue microenvironment. SASP can promote remodeling, inflammation, infectious susceptibility, angiogenesis, and proliferation, while hindering tissue repair and regeneration. While the role of senescence and the contributions of senescent cells are increasingly recognized in the context of aging and a variety of disease states, relatively less is known regarding the portfolio and influences of senescent cells in normal lung growth and aging per se or in the induction or progression of lung diseases across the age spectrum such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or pulmonary fibrosis. In this review, we introduce concepts of cellular senescence, the mechanisms involved in the induction of senescence, and the SASP portfolio that are relevant to lung cells, presenting the potential contribution of senescent cells and SASP to inflammation, hypercontractility, and remodeling/fibrosis: aspects critical to a range of lung diseases. The potential to blunt lung disease by targeting senescent cells using a novel class of drugs (senolytics) is discussed. Potential areas for future research on cellular senescence in the lung are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Parikh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sarah Wicher
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Karl Khandalavala
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Christina M. Pabelick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Rodney D. Britt
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Y. S. Prakash
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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14
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Li F, Kim H, Ji Z, Zhang T, Chen B, Ge Y, Hu Y, Feng X, Han X, Xu H, Zhang Y, Yu H, Liu D, Ma W, Songyang Z. The BUB3-BUB1 Complex Promotes Telomere DNA Replication. Mol Cell 2019; 70:395-407.e4. [PMID: 29727616 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres and telomere-binding proteins form complex secondary nucleoprotein structures that are critical for genome integrity but can present serious challenges during telomere DNA replication. It remains unclear how telomere replication stress is resolved during S phase. Here, we show that the BUB3-BUB1 complex, a component in spindle assembly checkpoint, binds to telomeres during S phase and promotes telomere DNA replication. Loss of the BUB3-BUB1 complex results in telomere replication defects, including fragile and shortened telomeres. We also demonstrate that the telomere-binding ability of BUB3 and kinase activity of BUB1 are indispensable to BUB3-BUB1 function at telomeres. TRF2 targets BUB1-BUB3 to telomeres, and BUB1 can directly phosphorylate TRF1 and promote TRF1 recruitment of BLM helicase to overcome replication stress. Our findings have uncovered previously unknown roles for the BUB3-BUB1 complex in S phase and shed light on how proteins from diverse pathways function coordinately to ensure proper telomere replication and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hyeung Kim
- Verna and Marrs Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhejian Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tianpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Bohong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuanlong Ge
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xuyang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Han
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Huimin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Youwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Dan Liu
- Verna and Marrs Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wenbin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Zhou Songyang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Verna and Marrs Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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15
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Barnes RP, Fouquerel E, Opresko PL. The impact of oxidative DNA damage and stress on telomere homeostasis. Mech Ageing Dev 2019; 177:37-45. [PMID: 29604323 PMCID: PMC6162185 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres are dynamic nucleoprotein-DNA structures that cap and protect linear chromosome ends. Because telomeres shorten progressively with each replication, they impose a functional limit on the number of times a cell can divide. Critically short telomeres trigger cellular senescence in normal cells, or genomic instability in pre-malignant cells, which contribute to numerous degenerative and aging-related diseases including cancer. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms of telomere loss and preservation is important for human health. Numerous studies have shown that oxidative stress is associated with accelerated telomere shortening and dysfunction. Oxidative stress caused by inflammation, intrinsic cell factors or environmental exposures, contributes to the pathogenesis of many degenerative diseases and cancer. Here we review the studies demonstrating associations between oxidative stress and accelerated telomere attrition in human tissue, mice and cell culture, and discuss possible mechanisms and cellular pathways that protect telomeres from oxidative damage.
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16
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Liu Y, Bloom SI, Donato AJ. The role of senescence, telomere dysfunction and shelterin in vascular aging. Microcirculation 2018; 26:e12487. [PMID: 29924435 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the United States and other westernized nations, CVDs are the leading cause of death in adults over 65 years of age. Large artery stiffness and endothelial dysfunction are increased with age and age-associated arterial dysfunction is an important antecedent of CVDs. One age-associated change that may contribute to vascular dysfunction and CVD risk is an increase in the number of resident senescent cells in the vasculature. Senescent cells display a pro-oxidant, pro-inflammatory phenotype known as the SASP. However, the mechanisms that drive the SASP and the vascular aging phenotype remain elusive. A putative mechanism is the involvement of oxidative stress and inflammation in telomere function. Telomeres are the end caps of chromosomes which are maintained by a six-protein complex known as shelterin. Disruption of shelterin can uncap telomeres and induce cellular senescence. Accordingly, in this review, we propose that oxidative stress and inflammation disrupt shelterin in vascular cells, driving telomere dysfunction and that this mechanism may be responsible for the induction of SASP. The proposed mechanisms may represent some of the initial changes that lead to vascular dysfunction in advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Samuel I Bloom
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Anthony J Donato
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
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17
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Programming of Cell Resistance to Genotoxic and Oxidative Stress. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6010005. [PMID: 29301323 PMCID: PMC5874662 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Different organisms, cell types, and even similar cell lines can dramatically differ in resistance to genotoxic stress. This testifies to the wide opportunities for genetic and epigenetic regulation of stress resistance. These opportunities could be used to increase the effectiveness of cancer therapy, develop new varieties of plants and animals, and search for new pharmacological targets to enhance human radioresistance, which can be used for manned deep space expeditions. Based on the comparison of transcriptomic studies in cancer cells, in this review, we propose that there is a high diversity of genetic mechanisms of development of genotoxic stress resistance. This review focused on possibilities and limitations of the regulation of the resistance of normal cells and whole organisms to genotoxic and oxidative stress by the overexpressing of stress-response genes. Moreover, the existing experimental data on the effect of such overexpression on the resistance of cells and organisms to various genotoxic agents has been analyzed and systematized. We suggest that the recent advances in the development of multiplex and highly customizable gene overexpression technology that utilizes the mutant Cas9 protein and the abundance of available data on gene functions and their signal networks open new opportunities for research in this field.
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18
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Fan R, Olbricht G, Baker X, Hou C. Birth mass is the key to understanding the negative correlation between lifespan and body size in dogs. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 8:3209-3222. [PMID: 27956710 PMCID: PMC5270664 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Larger dog breeds live shorter than the smaller ones, opposite of the mass-lifespan relationship observed across mammalian species. Here we use data from 90 dog breeds and a theoretical model based on the first principles of energy conservation and life history tradeoffs to explain the negative correlation between longevity and body size in dogs. We found that the birth/adult mass ratio of dogs scales negatively with adult size, which is different than the weak interspecific scaling in mammals. Using the model, we show that this ratio, as an index of energy required for growth, is the key to understanding why the lifespan of dogs scales negatively with body size. The model also predicts that the difference in mass-specific lifetime metabolic energy usage between dog breeds is proportional to the difference in birth/adult mass ratio. Empirical data on lifespan, body mass, and metabolic scaling law of dogs strongly supports this prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Fan
- Biology Department, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA.,Second Hospital Affiliated to Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Gayla Olbricht
- Mathematics and Statistics Department, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Xavior Baker
- Biology Department, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Chen Hou
- Biology Department, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
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19
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Chandrasekaran A, Idelchik MDPS, Melendez JA. Redox control of senescence and age-related disease. Redox Biol 2017; 11:91-102. [PMID: 27889642 PMCID: PMC5126126 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling networks that drive the aging process, associated functional deterioration, and pathologies has captured the scientific community's attention for decades. While many theories exist to explain the aging process, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) provides a signaling link between engagement of cellular senescence and several age-associated pathologies. Cellular senescence has evolved to restrict tumor progression but the accompanying senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) promotes pathogenic pathways. Here, we review known biological theories of aging and how ROS mechanistically control senescence and the aging process. We also describe the redox-regulated signaling networks controlling the SASP and its important role in driving age-related diseases. Finally, we discuss progress in designing therapeutic strategies that manipulate the cellular redox environment to restrict age-associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Chandrasekaran
- SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | | | - J Andrés Melendez
- SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA.
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20
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Lee WP, Lan KH, Li CP, Chao Y, Hou MC, Lin HC, Lee SD. The telomere-binding protein TRF2 is required for metronomic therapeutic effects of gemcitabine and capecitabine. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:917-928. [PMID: 28088627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine and capecitabine are two effective anticancer agents against solid tumors. The pharmacological mechanisms have been known as incorporation into DNA and thereby inhibition of DNA synthesis. When used as metronomic chemotherapy, they may inhibit angiogenesis and induce immunity. In our previous study, we showed that low-dose gemcitabine caused telomere shortening by stabilizing TRF2 that was required for XPF-dependent telomere loss. In this report, we established a SKOV3.ip1 ascites cell model. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with low-dose gemcitabine (GEM) or capecitabine (CAP). Both GEM and CAP caused telomere shortening and increased expression of TRF2 with improved ascites in nude mice and decreased in vitro clonogenic activity. TRF2 knockdown altered telomeres to a shortened but new status that may evade XPF-dependent telomere loss and conferred resistance of SKOV3.ip1 ascites cells to low-dose GEM and CAP. Our study provides a new mechanism of metronomic chemotherapy i.e. TRF2 is required for metronomic therapeutic effects of gemcitabine and capecitabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ping Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Keng-Hsin Lan
- Department of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Pin Li
- Department of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yee Chao
- Cancer Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chih Hou
- Department of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chieh Lin
- Department of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Dong Lee
- Department of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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22
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Wang J, Uryga AK, Reinhold J, Figg N, Baker L, Finigan A, Gray K, Kumar S, Clarke M, Bennett M. Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Senescence Promotes Atherosclerosis and Features of Plaque Vulnerability. Circulation 2015; 132:1909-19. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.016457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Although vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation is implicated in atherogenesis, VSMCs in advanced plaques and cultured from plaques show evidence of VSMC senescence and DNA damage. In particular, plaque VSMCs show shortening of telomeres, which can directly induce senescence. Senescence can have multiple effects on plaque development and morphology; however, the consequences of VSMC senescence or the mechanisms underlying VSMC senescence in atherosclerosis are mostly unknown.
Methods and Results—
We examined the expression of proteins that protect telomeres in VSMCs derived from human plaques and normal vessels. Plaque VSMCs showed reduced expression and telomere binding of telomeric repeat-binding factor-2 (TRF2), associated with increased DNA damage. TRF2 expression was regulated by p53-dependent degradation of the TRF2 protein. To examine the functional consequences of loss of TRF2, we expressed TRF2 or a TRF2 functional mutant (T188A) as either gain- or loss-of-function studies in vitro and in apolipoprotein E
–/–
mice. TRF2 overexpression bypassed senescence, reduced DNA damage, and accelerated DNA repair, whereas TRF2
188A
showed opposite effects. Transgenic mice expressing VSMC-specific TRF2
T188A
showed increased atherosclerosis and necrotic core formation in vivo, whereas VSMC-specific TRF2 increased the relative fibrous cap and decreased necrotic core areas. TRF2 protected against atherosclerosis independent of secretion of senescence-associated cytokines.
Conclusions—
We conclude that plaque VSMC senescence in atherosclerosis is associated with loss of TRF2. VSMC senes cence promotes both atherosclerosis and features of plaque vulnerability, identifying prevention of senescence as a potential target for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Wang
- From Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna K. Uryga
- From Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Reinhold
- From Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nichola Figg
- From Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Baker
- From Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Finigan
- From Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly Gray
- From Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sheetal Kumar
- From Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Murray Clarke
- From Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Bennett
- From Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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23
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Saint-Léger A, Koelblen M, Civitelli L, Bah A, Djerbi N, Giraud-Panis MJ, Londoño-Vallejo A, Ascenzioni F, Gilson E. The basic N-terminal domain of TRF2 limits recombination endonuclease action at human telomeres. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:2469-74. [PMID: 25483196 DOI: 10.4161/cc.29422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The stability of mammalian telomeres depends upon TRF2, which prevents inappropriate repair and checkpoint activation. By using a plasmid integration assay in yeasts carrying humanized telomeres, we demonstrated that TRF2 possesses the intrinsic property to both stimulate initial homologous recombination events and to prevent their resolution via its basic N-terminal domain. In human cells, we further showed that this TRF2 domain prevents telomere shortening mediated by the resolvase-associated protein SLX4 as well as GEN1 and MUS81, 2 different types of endonucleases with resolvase activities. We propose that various types of resolvase activities are kept in check by the basic N-terminal domain of TRF2 in order to favor an accurate repair of the stalled forks that occur during telomere replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adélaïde Saint-Léger
- a Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN); CNRS UMR7284/INSERM U1081; Faculty of Medicine; Nice, France
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24
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Nasir NFM, Kannan TP, Sulaiman SA, Shamsuddin S, Azlina A, Stangaciu S. The relationship between telomere length and beekeeping among Malaysians. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 37:9797. [PMID: 26028466 PMCID: PMC4450150 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-015-9797-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The belief that beekeepers live longer than anyone else is present since ages. However, no research has been done to explore the longevity of life in beekeepers. Here, we investigated the telomere length in 30 male beekeepers and 30 male non-beekeepers and associated them with the longevity of life using Southern analysis of terminal restriction fragments (TRFs) generated by Hinf I/Rsa I digestion of human genomic DNA using TeloTAGGG Telomere Length Assay. Interestingly, we found that the telomere length of male beekeepers was significantly longer than those of male non-beekeepers with a p value of less than 0.05, suggesting that beekeepers may have longer life compared to non-beekeepers. We further found that the consumption of bee products for a long period and frequent consumption of bee products per day are associated with telomere length. An increase of year in consuming bee products is associated with a mean increase in telomere length of 0.258 kbp. In addition, an increase in frequency of eating bee products per day was also associated with a mean increase of 2.66 kbp in telomere length. These results suggested that bee products might play some roles in telomere length maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thirumulu Ponnuraj Kannan
- />School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150 Malaysia
- />Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150 Malaysia
| | - Siti Amrah Sulaiman
- />Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150 Malaysia
| | - Shaharum Shamsuddin
- />School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150 Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Azlina
- />School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150 Malaysia
| | - Stefan Stangaciu
- />Apitherapy Consulting & Trading International SRL, Sat Mereni, str. Principala nr. 106A, Comuna Contesti, Dambovita 137133 Romania
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25
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Pitman RT, Wojdyla L, Puri N. Mechanism of DNA damage responses induced by exposure to an oligonucleotide homologous to the telomere overhang in melanoma. Oncotarget 2014; 4:761-71. [PMID: 23800953 PMCID: PMC3742836 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
T-oligo, an 11-base oligonucleotide homologous to the 3'-telomeric overhang, is a novel, potent therapeutic modality in melanoma and multiple other tumor types. T-oligo is proposed to function in a manner similar to experimental disruption of the telomere overhang and induces DNA damage responses including apoptosis, differentiation and senescence. However, important components involved in T-oligo induced responses are not defined, particularly the role of p53, TRF1 and TRF2 in mediating the T-oligo induced responses. In MU, PM-WK, and MM-MC melanoma cells, exposure to T-oligo upregulates p53 expression and phosphorylation, resulting in cellular differentiation and activation of a caspase-mediated apoptotic cascade. However, siRNA-mediated knockdown of p53 completely blocks T-oligo induced differentiation and significantly decreases apoptosis, suggesting that p53 is an important mediator of T-oligo induced responses. In addition, we characterized the roles of telomere binding proteins, TRF1, TRF2, and tankyrase-1, in T-oligo induced damage responses. We demonstrate that tankyrase-1 activity is required for initiation of T-oligo induced damage responses including p53 phosphorylation and reduction of cellular proliferation. These results highlight TRF1, TRF2, tankyrase-1 and p53 as important elements in T-oligo mediated responses and suggest new avenues for research into T-oligo's mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Pitman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, Illinois, USA
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26
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Friis-Ottessen M, Bendix L, Kølvraa S, Norheim-Andersen S, De Angelis PM, Clausen OPF. Telomere shortening correlates to dysplasia but not to DNA aneuploidy in longstanding ulcerative colitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14:8. [PMID: 24405569 PMCID: PMC3893461 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-14-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, inflammatory bowel disease which may lead to dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in patients when long-lasting. Short telomeres have been reported in mucosal cells of UC patients. Telomeres are repetitive base sequences capping the ends of linear chromosomes, and protect them from erosion and subsequent wrongful recombination and end-to-end joining during cell division. Short telomeres are associated with the development of chromosomal instability and aneuploidy, the latter being risk factors for development of dysplasia and cancer. Specifically, the abrupt shortening of one or more telomeres to a critical length, rather than bulk shortening of telomeres, seems to be associated with chromosomal instability. METHODS We investigated possible associations between dysplasia, aneuploidy and telomere status in a total of eight lesions from each of ten progressors and four nonprogressors suffering from longstanding UC. We have analyzed mean telomere length by qPCR, as well as the amount of ultra-short telomeres by the Universal STELA method. RESULTS An increased amount of ultra-short telomeres, as well as general shortening of mean telomere length are significantly associated with dysplasia in longstanding UC. Furthermore, levels of ultra-short telomeres are also significantly increased in progressors (colons harbouring cancer/dysplasia and/or aneuploidy) compared to nonprogressors (without cancer/dysplasia/aneuploidy), whereas general shortening of telomeres did not show such associations. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that ultra-short telomeres may be more tightly linked to colorectal carcinogenesis through development of dysplasia in UC than general telomere shortening. Telomere status was not seen to associate with DNA aneuploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariann Friis-Ottessen
- Department of Pathology, Division of Diagnostics and Intervention, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
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Ponsot E, Echaniz-Laguna A, Delis AM, Kadi F. Telomere length and regulatory proteins in human skeletal muscle with and without ongoing regenerative cycles. Exp Physiol 2012; 97:774-84. [PMID: 22366562 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2011.063818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
New insights suggest the existence of telomere regulatory mechanisms in several adult tissues. In this study, we aimed to assess in vivo telomere length and the presence of specific proteins involved in telomere regulation in a model of human skeletal muscle with (patients with dermatomyosis or polymyositis) and without ongoing regenerative events (healthy subjects). Mean (meanTRF) and minimal telomere (miniTRF) lengths and the expression of telomerase, tankyrase 1, TRF2 (telomeric repeat binding factor 2) and POT1 (protection of telomeres 1) were investigated in skeletal muscle samples from 12 patients (MYO) and 13 healthy subjects (CON). There was no significant shortening of telomeres in skeletal muscle from patients compared with control subjects (MYO, meanTRF length 11.0 ± 1.8 kbp and miniTRF length 4.7 ± 0.8 kbp; CON, meanTRF length 10.4 ± 1.1 kbp and miniTRF length 4.6 ± 0.5 kbp). Theoretically, telomere length can be controlled by endogenous mechanisms. Here, we show for the first time that expression levels of telomerase, tankyrase 1, TRF2 and POT1 were, respectively, six-, seven-, three- and fivefold higher in the nuclear fraction of skeletal muscle of MYO compared with CON (P < 0.05). This suggests the existence of endogenous mechanisms allowing for telomere regulation in skeletal muscle with ongoing cycles of degeneration and regeneration and a model where regulatory factors are possibly involved in the protection of skeletal muscle telomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Ponsot
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Örebro, 70182 Örebro, Sweden
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Hou YY, Toh MT, Wang X. NBS1 deficiency promotes genome instability by affecting DNA damage signaling pathway and impairing telomere integrity. Cell Biochem Funct 2011; 30:233-42. [PMID: 22161642 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Studies revealed that Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome protein 1 (NBS1) plays an important role in maintaining genome stability, but the underlying mechanism is controversial and elusive. Our results using clinical samples showed that NBS1 was involved in ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-dependent pathway. NBS1 deficiency severely affected the phosphorylation of ATM as well as its downstream targets. BrdU proliferation assay revealed a delay of NBS cells in inhibiting DNA synthesis after Doxorubicin (Dox) treatment. In addition, under higher concentrations of Dox, NBS cells exhibited a much lower level of apoptosis compared to their normal counterparts, indicating a resistance to Dox treatment. Accelerated telomere shortening was also observed in NBS fibroblasts, consistent with an early onset of cellular replicative senescence in vitro. This abnormality may be due to the shelterin protein telomeric binding factor 2 (TRF2) which was found to be upregulated in NBS fibroblasts. The dysregulation of telomere shortening rate and of TRF2 expression level leads to telomere fusions and cellular aneuploidy in NBS cells. Collectively, our results suggest a possible mechanism that NBS1 deficiency simultaneously affects ATM-dependent DNA damage signaling and TRF2-regulated telomere maintenance, which synergistically lead to genomic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan Hou
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Saliques S, Zeller M, Lorin J, Lorgis L, Teyssier JR, Cottin Y, Rochette L, Vergely C. Telomere length and cardiovascular disease. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2010; 103:454-9. [PMID: 21074124 DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres are structures composed of deoxyribonucleic acid repeats that protect the end of chromosomes, but shorten with each cell division. They have been the subject of many studies, particularly in the field of oncology, and more recently their role in the onset, development and prognosis of cardiovascular disease has generated considerable interest. It has already been shown that these structures may deteriorate at the beginning of the atherosclerotic process, in the onset and development of arterial hypertension or during myocardial infarction, in which their length may be a predictor of outcome. As telomere length by its nature is a marker of cell senescence, it is of particular interest when studying the lifespan and fate of endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes, especially so because telomere length seems to be regulated by various factors notably certain cardiovascular risk factors, such as smoking, sex and obesity that are associated with high levels of oxidative stress. To gain insights into the links between telomere length and cardiovascular disease, and to assess the usefulness of telomere length as a new marker of cardiovascular risk, it seems essential to review the considerable amount of data published recently on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Saliques
- IFR Santé-STIC, UFR de Médecine et Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie et Pharmacologie Cardiovasculaires Expérimentales (LPPCE), Université de Bourgogne, 7, Boulevard Jeanne-d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France.
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30
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Rhee DB, Ghosh A, Lu J, Bohr VA, Liu Y. Factors that influence telomeric oxidative base damage and repair by DNA glycosylase OGG1. DNA Repair (Amst) 2010; 10:34-44. [PMID: 20951653 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres are nucleoprotein complexes at the ends of linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and are essential in preventing chromosome termini from being recognized as broken DNA ends. Telomere shortening has been linked to cellular senescence and human aging, with oxidative stress as a major contributing factor. 7,8-Dihydro-8-oxogaunine (8-oxodG) is one of the most abundant oxidative guanine lesions, and 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) is involved in its removal. In this study, we examined if telomeric DNA is particularly susceptible to oxidative base damage and if telomere-specific factors affect the incision of oxidized guanines by OGG1. We demonstrated that telomeric TTAGGG repeats were more prone to oxidative base damage and repaired less efficiently than non-telomeric TG repeats in vivo. We also showed that the 8-oxodG-incision activity of OGG1 is similar in telomeric and non-telomeric double-stranded substrates. In addition, telomere repeat binding factors TRF1 and TRF2 do not impair OGG1 incision activity. Yet, 8-oxodG in some telomere structures (e.g., fork-opening, 3'-overhang, and D-loop) were less effectively excised by OGG1, depending upon its position in these substrates. Collectively, our data indicate that the sequence context of telomere repeats and certain telomere configurations may contribute to telomere vulnerability to oxidative DNA damage processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Rhee
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
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31
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Dong W, Wang L, Chen X, Sun P, Wu Y. Upregulation and CpG island hypomethylation of the TRF2 gene in human gastric cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55:997-1003. [PMID: 19399616 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-009-0810-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The telomere-binding protein TRF2 regulates both telomere protection and telomere length. The fact that TRF2 is up-regulated in some tumors indicates that TRF2 plays a role in cancer. However, the role of TRF2 in gastric cancer has not been fully understood. The aim of this study is to evaluate the expression pattern of TRF2 in gastric cancer and examine the potential mechanism of TRF2 regulation. Our study revealed that the expression of TRF2 analyzed by immunohistochemistry was significantly higher in gastric cancers compared to noncancerous tissues. Moreover, TRF2 methylation was detected in six of 30 (20%) primary gastric cancers and 18 of 30 (60%) paired normal tissues, and the downregulation of TRF2 was strongly correlated with the methylation status (P < 0.001). Our results suggest that hypomethylation might contribute to the upregulation of TRF2 in gastric cancers and this overexpression may play a role in the pathogenesis of gastric cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rui jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Road II, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
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32
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Wallace DC, Fan W, Procaccio V. Mitochondrial energetics and therapeutics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2010; 5:297-348. [PMID: 20078222 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to a wide range of degenerative and metabolic diseases, cancer, and aging. All these clinical manifestations arise from the central role of bioenergetics in cell biology. Although genetic therapies are maturing as the rules of bioenergetic genetics are clarified, metabolic therapies have been ineffectual. This failure results from our limited appreciation of the role of bioenergetics as the interface between the environment and the cell. A systems approach, which, ironically, was first successfully applied over 80 years ago with the introduction of the ketogenic diet, is required. Analysis of the many ways that a shift from carbohydrate glycolytic metabolism to fatty acid and ketone oxidative metabolism may modulate metabolism, signal transduction pathways, and the epigenome gives us an appreciation of the ketogenic diet and the potential for bioenergetic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Wallace
- Center for Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine and Genetics and Departments of Biological Chemistry, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Pediatrics, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3940, USA.
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Fordyce C, Fessenden T, Pickering C, Jung J, Singla V, Berman H, Tlsty T. DNA damage drives an activin a-dependent induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in premalignant cells and lesions. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009; 3:190-201. [PMID: 20028875 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-09-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of prostaglandins. Its overexpression induces numerous tumor-promoting phenotypes and is associated with cancer metastasis and poor clinical outcome. Although COX-2 inhibitors are promising chemotherapeutic and chemopreventative agents for cancer, the risk of significant cardiovascular and gastrointestinal complications currently outweighs their potential benefits. Systemic complications of COX-2 inhibition could be avoided by specifically decreasing COX-2 expression in epithelial cells. To that end, we have investigated the signal transduction pathway regulating the COX-2 expression in response to DNA damage in breast epithelial cells. In variant human mammary epithelial cells that have silenced p16 (vHMEC), double-strand DNA damage or telomere malfunction results in a p53- and activin A-dependent induction of COX-2 and continued proliferation. In contrast, telomere malfunction in HMEC with an intact p16/Rb pathway induces cell cycle arrest. Importantly, in ductal carcinoma in situ lesions, high COX-2 expression is associated with high gammaH2AX, TRF2, activin A, and telomere malfunction. These data show that DNA damage and telomere malfunction can have both cell-autonomous and cell-nonautonomous consequences and can provide a novel mechanism for the propagation of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Fordyce
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 94143, USA
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34
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Arora A, Kumar N, Agarwal T, Maiti S. Retraction: Human telomeric G-quadruplex: targeting with small molecules. FEBS J 2009; 277:1345. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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35
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Wallace DC, Fan W. Energetics, epigenetics, mitochondrial genetics. Mitochondrion 2009; 10:12-31. [PMID: 19796712 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The epigenome has been hypothesized to provide the interface between the environment and the nuclear DNA (nDNA) genes. Key factors in the environment are the availability of calories and demands on the organism's energetic capacity. Energy is funneled through glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), the cellular bioenergetic systems. Since there are thousands of bioenergetic genes dispersed across the chromosomes and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), both cis and trans regulation of the nDNA genes is required. The bioenergetic systems convert environmental calories into ATP, acetyl-Coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), s-adenosyl-methionine (SAM), and reduced NAD(+). When calories are abundant, ATP and acetyl-CoA phosphorylate and acetylate chromatin, opening the nDNA for transcription and replication. When calories are limiting, chromatin phosphorylation and acetylation are lost and gene expression is suppressed. DNA methylation via SAM can also be modulated by mitochondrial function. Phosphorylation and acetylation are also pivotal to regulating cellular signal transduction pathways. Therefore, bioenergetics provides the interface between the environment and the epigenome. Consistent with this conclusion, the clinical phenotypes of bioenergetic diseases are strikingly similar to those observed in epigenetic diseases (Angelman, Rett, Fragile X Syndromes, the laminopathies, cancer, etc.), and an increasing number of epigenetic diseases are being associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. This bioenergetic-epigenomic hypothesis has broad implications for the etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of a wide range of common diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Wallace
- Center for Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine and Genetics (MAMMAG), University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3940, USA.
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36
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Wong LSM, de Boer RA, Samani NJ, van Veldhuisen DJ, van der Harst P. Telomere biology in heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2008; 10:1049-56. [PMID: 18815070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2007] [Revised: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular disease increases progressively with advancing age. Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Western Countries. In the near future, as the population ages, it is expected that the population prevalence of cardiovascular disease will increase dramatically, imposing a major social and economical burden on society. Not only is age closely related to the development and progression of cardiovascular disease, but genetic and environmental factors also play an important role. Recently, a chromosomal mechanism, telomere shortening, has been considered a driving force by which genetic and environmental factors jointly affect biological aging, and possibly the risk for developing age-associated diseases. Telomeres are the extreme ends of chromosomes and shorten progressively during every cell cycle and therefore can be considered an indicator of biological age. In heart failure, telomere length is severely reduced. In the current review, we will discuss the emerging role of telomere biology in the pathophysiology of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza S M Wong
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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37
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Houben JMJ, Moonen HJJ, van Schooten FJ, Hageman GJ. Telomere length assessment: biomarker of chronic oxidative stress? Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:235-46. [PMID: 18021748 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres are nucleoprotein structures, located at the ends of chromosomes and are subject to shortening at each cycle of cell division. They prevent chromosomal ends from being recognized as double strand breaks and protect them from end to end fusion and degradation. Telomeres consist of stretches of repetitive DNA with a high G-C content and are reported to be highly sensitive to damage induced by oxidative stress. The resulting DNA strand breaks can be formed either directly or as an intermediate step during the repair of oxidative bases. In contrast to the majority of genomic DNA, there is evidence that telomeric DNA is deficient in the repair of single strand breaks. Since chronic oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathophysiology of several chronic inflammatory diseases, it is hypothesized that telomere length is reducing at a faster rate during oxidative stress. Therefore, assessment of telomere length might be a useful biomarker of disease progression. In this review several features of telomere length regulation, their relation with oxidative stress, and the potential application of measurement of telomere length as biomarker of chronic oxidative stress, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce M J Houben
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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38
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Saretzki G, Walter T, Atkinson S, Passos JF, Bareth B, Keith WN, Stewart R, Hoare S, Stojkovic M, Armstrong L, von Zglinicki T, Lako M. Downregulation of multiple stress defense mechanisms during differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2007; 26:455-64. [PMID: 18055443 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary theory predicts that cellular maintenance, stress defense, and DNA repair mechanisms should be most active in germ line cells, including embryonic stem cells that can differentiate into germ line cells, whereas it would be energetically unfavorable to keep these up in mortal somatic cells. We tested this hypothesis by examining telomere maintenance, oxidative stress generation, and genes involved in antioxidant defense and DNA repair during spontaneous differentiation of two human embryonic stem cell lines. Telomerase activity was quickly downregulated during differentiation, probably due to deacetylation of histones H3 and H4 at the hTERT promoter and deacetylation of histone H3 at hTR promoter. Telomere length decreased accordingly. Mitochondrial superoxide production and cellular levels of reactive oxygen species increased as result of increased mitochondrial biogenesis. The expression of major antioxidant genes was downregulated despite this increased oxidative stress. DNA damage levels increased during differentiation, whereas expression of genes involved in different types of DNA repair decreased. These results confirm earlier data obtained during mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation and are in accordance with evolutionary predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Saretzki
- Crucible Lab, Institute of Human Genetics, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom.
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Passos JF, Saretzki G, von Zglinicki T. DNA damage in telomeres and mitochondria during cellular senescence: is there a connection? Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:7505-13. [PMID: 17986462 PMCID: PMC2190715 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is the ultimate and irreversible loss of replicative capacity occurring in primary somatic cell culture. It is triggered as a stereotypic response to unrepaired nuclear DNA damage or to uncapped telomeres. In addition to a direct role of nuclear DNA double-strand breaks as inducer of a DNA damage response, two more subtle types of DNA damage induced by physiological levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can have a significant impact on cellular senescence: Firstly, it has been established that telomere shortening, which is the major contributor to telomere uncapping, is stress dependent and largely caused by a telomere-specific DNA single-strand break repair inefficiency. Secondly, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage is closely interrelated with mitochondrial ROS production, and this might also play a causal role for cellular senescence. Improvement of mitochondrial function results in less telomeric damage and slower telomere shortening, while telomere-dependent growth arrest is associated with increased mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, telomerase, the enzyme complex that is known to re-elongate shortened telomeres, also appears to have functions independent of telomeres that protect against oxidative stress. Together, these data suggest a self-amplifying cycle between mitochondrial and telomeric DNA damage during cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- João F Passos
- Henry Wellcome Laboratory for Biogerontology Research, Institute for Ageing and Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 6BE, UK
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Richter T, von Zglinicki T. A continuous correlation between oxidative stress and telomere shortening in fibroblasts. Exp Gerontol 2007; 42:1039-42. [PMID: 17869047 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Telomere shortening in cells with low intrinsic telomerase activity like fibroblasts is governed by various mechanisms including the so-called end-replication problem, end processing and oxidative DNA damage. To assess the impact of oxidative stress on telomere shortening rates, we compared telomere shortening rates measured in fibroblasts from two different donor species (human and sheep) under both pro- and antioxidative culture regimes. Over an almost 50-fold change in peroxide indicator dye fluorescence intensity, we found a continuous, exponential correlation between cellular oxidative stress levels and telomere shortening rates, which was independent of donor species and cell strain. This correlation suggests stress-mediated telomere DNA damage as an important determinant of telomere shortening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Richter
- Henry Wellcome Laboratory for Biogerontology Research, Institute for Ageing and Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 6BE, UK
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41
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De Cian A, Lacroix L, Douarre C, Temime-Smaali N, Trentesaux C, Riou JF, Mergny JL. Targeting telomeres and telomerase. Biochimie 2007; 90:131-55. [PMID: 17822826 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres and telomerase represent, at least in theory, an extremely attractive target for cancer therapy. The objective of this review is to present the latest view on the mechanism(s) of action of telomerase inhibitors, with an emphasis on a specific class of telomere ligands called G-quadruplex ligands, and to discuss their potential use in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne De Cian
- INSERM, U565, Acides nucléiques: dynamique, ciblage et fonctions biologiques, 43 rue Cuvier, CP26, Paris Cedex 05, F-75231, France
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